Origins

En las últimas décadas, los estudios de sociabilidad han sido protagonistas de grandes avances. Desde el momento en que son asumidos por los historiadores en sus investigaciones, se obtienen herramientas que les permiten repensar tales estudios y aportar elementos para una reconstrucción histórica más compleja e integral de una comunidad. Sobre esta base teórica, el presente artículo de investigación científica asume el estudio del proceso asociativo desarrollado en Santiago de Cuba, desde sus orígenes hasta su posterior evolución durante todo el siglo XIX.

The Mari costume included the following characteristic elements: headwear, neck and breast adornments, belt sets, and more rarely - bracelets and signet rings. Traditional features of the Mari costume formed in antiquity. The materials of excavations at the cemeteries of Mari Krai dating back to the early Iron Age feature all characteristic elements of the Mari costume. These are prototypes of forehead bands (nashmaks) - forehead circlets, breast embroideries with zoomorphic images and solar symbols of the later period replaced with iron plaques with the aforesaid elements, belt sets, and less frequently bracelets and signet rings. Elements of early Iron Age costume preserved in the medieval costume of the ancient Mari.

An original and provocative book that illuminates the origins of philosophy in ancient Greece by revealing the surprising early meanings of the word "philosopher."

Calling Philosophers Names provides a groundbreaking account of the origins of the term philosophos or "philosopher" in ancient Greece. Tracing the evolution of the word's meaning over its first two centuries, Christopher Moore shows how it first referred to aspiring political sages and advice-givers, then to avid conversationalists about virtue, and finally to disciplinary investigators who focused on the scope and conditions of those conversations. Questioning the familiar view that philosophers from the beginning "loved wisdom" or merely "cultivated their intellect," Moore shows that they were instead mocked as laughably unrealistic for thinking that their incessant talking and study would earn them social status or political and moral authority.

Taking a new approach to the history of early Greek philosophy, Calling Philosophers Names seeks to understand who were called philosophoi or "philosophers," and why, and how the use of and reflections on the word contributed to the rise of a discipline. Drawing on a wide range of evidence, the book demonstrates that a word that began in part as a wry reference to a far-flung political bloc, came, hardly a century later, to mean a life of determined self-improvement based on research, reflection, and deliberation. Early philosophy dedicated itself to justifying its own dubious-seeming enterprise. And this original impulse to seek legitimacy holds novel implications for understanding the history of the discipline and its influence.

This paper presents first results of our more recent research on the Bilbao stock exchange from its foundation in 1890 up to the Spanish civil war. We examine the stock market’s origins and follow its evolution over the first half century of existence. To this end we introduce some of the stock exchange indexes we have calculated for Bilbao and put them into comparative perspective with the existing series on general economic and industrial activity and the indexes for other Spanish exchanges for the period considered. Finally, we contrast the degree of market integration associated to the existing Spanish exchange indexes. We find strong support for considering the Bilbao Stock Exchange index an industrial index and little evidence of capital market integration between the principal Spanish exchanges before the 1920s.

L’origine est-elle une évidence ? Apparemment, car tout provient, et donc surgit d’une origine (préfiguration du telos pour les uns, simple provenance, ou effet de logique, pour les autres). Mais par cette apparence d’évidence même l’origine devient suspecte, tentation héritée de l’enfance, fétichiste, « mot équivoque » (Marc Bloch), mystique, impossible à saisir sinon dans la trace (Derrida), leurre, « chimère » (Foucault), tentation de simplification que l’on peut tenter, par le passage du singulier au pluriel (origine/origines), de revitaliser et de relégitimer – en vain ? L’origine/les origines est-elle/ sont-elles ainsi un concept utile, ou dangereux, pour les historiens, les géographes, les psychanalystes, les littéraires, les linguistes ? Quel sens y a-t-il, dans tous les champs des Humanités, à réfléchir sur, à partir de, l’origine, les origines ? Et pour les sciences, depuis en particulier Darwin et son « Origine des espèces » ? Quels effets pour ces champs et pour les positionnements méthodologiques qui en résultent ? Quels effets (pour le concept lui-même) se trouvent-ils induits par la manière dont ces champs se sont emparés du concept ? Peut-on (encore) prendre l’origine/les origines comme principe herméneutique ? Faut-il, comme Foucault le suggère, le déporter sur la question de l’« émergence », ou celle du commencement ?

The question of origins prompts a wide range of ideas and notions will be examined during the conference, starting with those relating to beginnings, genesis, and creation of the world; or, in other words, all that is considered as belonging to a primordial time outside of history. A reflection on origins also entails, however, an interrogation on the very notion of history and time, of genesis and its premises, - core and cradle, cause and agent, foundation and engine, generation and genealogy, ancestry and descent, as well as touching on issues of provenance, kinship, lineage, destiny, and originality. One might ever consider archaism, derived from the Greek arkhè, which refers to both commencement and commandment. All of these notions can also be expressed visually, through iconographic as well as meta- iconographic mechanisms.

This conference seeks to reconsider the full complexity of the topic of origins in the visual arts of the Renaissance. Relying on specific case studies and close readings of works of art, we will examine the conditions underlying the emergence and existence of a figurative discourse on origins. What are the themes, motifs or figures that more specifically reflect such a phenomenon? What might be the reasons for the use of such figures related to the theme of origins?

Rather than a general discourse, the conference aims to introduce papers that will disclose the common tendency of Renaissance art to focus on the poetic potentialities of origins.

This paper presents first results of our more recent research on the Bilbao stock exchange from its foundation in 1890 up to the Spanish civil war. We examine the stock market’s origins and follow its evolution over the first half century of existence. To this end we introduce some of the stock exchange indexes we have calculated for Bilbao and put them into comparative perspective with the existing series on general economic and industrial activity and the indexes for other Spanish exchanges for the period considered. Finally, we contrast the degree of market integration associated to the existing Spanish exchange indexes. We find strong support for considering the Bilbao Stock Exchange index an industrial index and little evidence of capital market integration between the principal Spanish exchanges before the 1920s.

Résumé

Cet article se propose d’analyser les variations de positionnement en France sur le droit aux origines de l’individu. En 2002, la possibilité d’anonymat de l’accouchement dans le cas d’un abandon est maintenue, mais la mère est invitée à laisser son identité au Conseil national pour l’accès aux origines personnelles (CNAOP), qui la transmet à l’enfant devenu adulte, à sa seule demande. Or la même année, pour l’assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP), l’anonymat du donneur de gamètes est préservé, sans prévoir un système similaire. L’examen d’une telle différence de traitement amène à se pencher sur les critères qui définissent la parentalité, la maternité et les origines, que les débats récents sur la gestation pour autrui ne manquent pas de renouveler.

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Abstract

This article examines the various stances in France about the individual's right to learn about his or her origins. In 2002, it was still possible to choose to give birth anonymously in cases where the child was to be given up at birth; however, birth mothers were invited to leave their identity information with the Conseil national pour l’accès aux origines personnelles, a national committee established to field questions about personal origin. This committee was authorized to give the birth mother's information to the child, only if requested, and once the child had reached the age of majority. In the same year, the anonymity of individuals who donated gametes for medically assisted procreation procedures was upheld, without a similar system for collecting information being established. A close examination of the differences in the handling of these two situations leads us to focus on the criteria that define parenthood, motherhood and origins – criteria that the recent debates about surrogacy are currently questioning, if not beginning to redefine.