Parametric Design

Building sustainable and resilient lives in harmony with the ecosystems and local resources requires a bottom up approach as it starts from the analysis of people needs and social-economic trends. Most current social, environmental and economic challenges have multiple features, such as changes in people lifestyles, urban growth, energy and water expenditures, affordability and quality of living conditions. In order to rationalize these features, complex problem analysis and optimization tools are introduced into the design process. Evolutionary Computation (EC) techniques are considered to be suitable in solving most design problems (Kicinger et al., 2005). However EC solvers are slow (Rutten, 2010), unintuitive, hard to visualize and not verified (Vierlinger, 2013), therefore they are not widely adopted, resulting in many valuable design opportunities being missed. This paper visualizes how biological optimization techniques can assist with architectural design problems. Furthermore, a Swarm Intelligence (SI) approach is introduced as it is hypothesised to be fast, easy to tune and intuitive in its operation. The most popular platform for parametric modelling-Grasshopper® plug-in for Rhinoceros 3D® (Martyn, 2009) was selected as the demonstrator. Experimental results on four domains of increasing complexity show the effects of diversification in the mapping processes of solvers. The introduced Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) technique, which relies on SI rather than EC, demonstrated its computational speed, intuitiveness and robustness in complex optimization problems. Such problems increasingly occur in modern architectural practice, so PSO has the potential to become a revolutionary design tool.

The article aims to demonstrate the applicability of the use of programming in the formation of floor plans in the initial design of the architectural layouts of houses of social interest and to evaluate the possible cost of building these proposals. The development of the algorithm follows known programming rules and structures written in a visual modeling and programming software, in addition to using the methods of stochastic search, shape grammar, CUG (geometric unit cost) and CUB (basic unit cost). As a result, it was possible to develop space layouts that resemble the rooms of a single-family home and calculate their possible construction cost. The use of the complete process also brings the discussion of the use of technologies and automated processes within current design practices, demonstrating how the use of these technologies can enhance the imagination and present compositions and quantitative results not envisioned by the designers.

RESUMO A questão da habitação e os paradigmas que envolvem o habitar humano na contemporaneidade têm sido uma temática recorrente no panorama arquitetônico do século XXI; assim, torna-se necessário entendê-los como elementos fundamentais na estruturação das cidades. Essa problemática se intensifica ao analisarmos o tema da habitação de interesse social (HIS) e seu impacto na qualidade de vida dos habitantes e, como consequência, das cidades brasileiras. O presente trabalho é parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa de doutorado que utilizou o formalismo da gramática da forma e a abordagem da modelagem paramétrica como métodos para a geração de espaços públicos em conjuntos de HIS no Brasil, assumindo que essa metodologia possa contribuir para uma exploração mais ampla e aprofundada de diferentes soluções projetuais. A fim de testar o método proposto foram organizados três workshops com alunos do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Cada workshop foi direcionado para diferentes escalas do projeto de um conjunto habitacional: (1) desenho urbano, (2) implantação urbana do conjunto habitacional e (3) relação entre os edifícios e os espaços externos. Este artigo apresentará os resultados obtidos no workshop (1), denominado Parametric Urban Design. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Modelagem paramétrica, City Information Modeling, Habitação de interesse social. ABSTRACT The issue of housing and the paradigms related to human dwelling in the contemporary world have been a recurrent topic in the 21 st century architectural scenario; therefore, it is necessary to understand them as fundamental elements in the structuring of cities. This issue is even more relevant when we consider low-income housing and its impact on the life quality of people and, therefore, of Brazilian cities. This paper presents part of the results of a PhD research that used the Shape Grammar formalism and the parametric modeling approach as methods for the generation of public spaces in low-income housing developments in Brazil. The research assumed that these methods could contribute to the generation of a broader number of design alternative solutions. Aiming to test the proposed method, three workshops were offered to the University of Campinas Architecture and Urban Design students. Each workshop focused on a different design scale: (1) urban design, (2) site planning of the complex and (3) spatial relations between buildings and open spaces. In this paper the results of the first workshop, titled Parametric Urban Design, are described.

Students of the Ecole nationale supérieure d'architecture de Versailles participated in the workshop 'Intelligent Fabrication – Digital Bridges' where they investigated bridge designs using parametric simulation tools and numerical fabrication techniques. Working in the environment of CAD software (Rhino), extended with parametric plug-ins (Grasshopper and Karamba) the workshop focused on combining complex parametric modelling techniques with FEM simulation. Students developed an intuitive design approach through the analysis of digital and physical models. This paper explains the processes and outcomes of the two week workshop where three designs were constructed at 1:1 and others at 1:5 and 1:10. The proposals displayed a broad range of design and structural concepts, with some investigating topological and geometric optimization and others, the process of fabrication using 3d printing and laser-cutting. Fig. 1. Bridge designs developed over the two week workshop

Order in architecture, especially in traditional Iranian architecture plays a key role. This role seems to be innate in all human beings has been institutionalized. But in parametric architecture due to the lack of appropriate theoretical principles written in Persian, need to look at order and its effects in parametric architecture is felt. In this article we will review the order in the comments of visual perception and then by referring to the order form concepts such as: symmetry, hierarchy, repetition (rhythm), unity (coordination), similarity and axis (direction) as common concepts to all theories, try to communicate the definition of order with the basic parametric architecture theories. This paper deals with documentary and library methods and by use of resources and documents, attempts to clarify the concept of order in the field of visual perception as well as parametric architectural style, to achieve the same theoretical basics to how to introduce order in parametric architecture. The result of the comparison between visual perception and parametric architecture, was concluded that order in parametric architecture, is flexible order, leading to unity and simplify the visual forms in architectural monuments. The target of order in parametric architecture can be making the understanding of the architectural structures easier.

Anthropogenic degradation of the environment is pervasive and expanding. Human construction activities destroy or damage habitats of non-human lifeforms. In many cases, artificial replacement habitats become necessary. However, designing for the needs and preferences of nonhuman lifeforms is challenging. Established workflows for this type of designing do not exist. This paper hypothesises that a multi-scale modelling approach can support inclusive, more-than-human design. The case-study project tests this approach by applying computational modelling to the design of prosthetic habitats for the powerful owl (Ninox strenua). The proposed approach simulates owls' perception of the city based on scientific evidence. The tools include algorithmic mapping, 3D-scanning, generative modelling, digital fabrication and augmented-reality assembly. Outcomes establish techniques for urban-scale planning, site selection, tree-scale fitting, and nest-scale form-making. The findings demonstrate that computational modelling can (1) inform more-than-human design and (2) guide scientific data collection for more inclusive ecosystem management.

Fusion 360 es un programa de diseño ideal para iniciarse en la creación de productos. La primera versión comercial de Fusion 360 se pone a la venta en el año 2013 por la empresa americana Autodesk. Fusion 360 supone un nuevo paradigma en las aplicaciones de diseño de productos.

El modelado 3D digital es un proceso que permite crear en el ordenador un objeto virtual en tres dimensiones. Es decir, su representación tienen coordenadas x, y, z. En la actualidad existen decenas de programas que permiten modelar en 3D. Incluso en el entorno de Windows, el programa Paint tradicional ha sido sustituido por el Paint3D, el cual está pensado para trabajar en tres dimensiones. Cada día la tecnología de modelado 3D resulta más accesible y sencilla de utilizar.

Existen muchos tipos de modelado 3D, y para cada uno de ellos existe una aplicación o software adecuado a las carácterísticas del objeto que se pretende modelar. La lista de software que se deine como modelado 3D es cada día más amplia: Zbrush, Blender, Meshmixer, SolidWorks, Inventor, Revit, Rhinoceros... Además de los programas comerciales disponibles bajo licencia, desde hace años, están surgiendo aplicaciones opensource y de carácter gratuito que se están conviertiendo en alternativas a dichos programas comerciales.

Una manera de clasiicar las aplicaciones de modelado 3D, es según el tipo de objeto que se quiera realizar.
Modelado orgánico: Zbrush, Blender, Meshmixer, MudBox, Sculptris...
Modelado 3D animación: Maya, 3DStudio, Cinema 4D, Blender...
CAD 2D/3D tradicionales: AutoCad, Drafstsight, Rhinoceros, Microstation...
Modelado 3D conceptual: SketchUp, TinkerCad, Formit, Infraworks...
Modelado sólido paramétrico: Catia, Pro-Engineer, Solidworks, Inventor, Fusion 360, OnShape, FreeCad...
Modelado 3D BIM: Revit, ArchiCad...

Esto quiere decir, que a la hora de elegir un software de modelado 3D, debemos tener claro para qué lo vamos a utilizar puesto que la elección del software puede condicionar los modelos que podemos crear, así como la manera en la que se manipula el objeto virtual y sus características geométricas.

Por otro lado, a la hora de elegir el software de modelado 3D, también hay que tener en cuenta otras características como pueden ser el precio, la complejidad, la plataforma de trabajo ( ordenador, tableta digital, online...) así como necesidades adicionales al propio software CAD, como por ejemplo, la necesidad de trabajar en entornos colaborativos, la posibilidad de editar y compartir diseños ya creados....

Por lo tanto, en la industria del modelado 3D, existen a día de hoy algunas aplicaciones que se asocian a determinadas tareas y modelos de negocio:

Diseño de personajes 3D: Zbrush, Blender...
Animación 3D: 3DS, Cinema 4D, Maya, Blender...
Arquitectura: Revit, ArchiCad, Allplan...
Ingeniería / Diseño de Producto: ProEngineer, Inventor, SolidWork, Fusion360, Onshape... Modelado de supericies 3D: Rhinoceros...
Creación de videojuegos: Unity3D, Unreal...
Diseño Generativo: Houdini, Grasshopper, Nodebox...
Impresión 3D: Ultimaker Cura, Slic3r, Simplify 3D...

Cuando el modelado 3D se pretende utilizar en Ingeniería de producto, los programas deben permitir no sólo modelar en 3D, sino disponer de funciones adicionales que se adecuen a los entornos de ingeniería y fabricación. Por lo tanto, el software de diseño de producto, suele incluir diferentes entornos, como por ejemplo:

Entorno de modelado
Modelado sólido paramétrico
Modelado de supericies
Modelado de chapa
Entorno de Ensamblaje
Entorno de planos
Entorno de Animación y renderizado
Entorno de simulación estática y dinámica
Entorno de Fabricación

En concreto, Autodesk Fusion 360 es una aplicación pensada para diseño de productos que dispone de los entornos comentados anteriormente (entorno de modelado, de planos, de simulación...) y además, tiene otras características que la convierten en una aplicación ideal para iniciarse en el modelado de piezas tridimensionales.

https://www.bubok.es/libros/257862/Diseno-y-modelado-3D-Introduccion-a-Fusion-360

يعتبر التصميم الباراميتريParametric design  أحد الموضوعات البحثية التي توفر بناء التواصل بين التصميم والإنتاج ونحن هنا بصدد استخدام التصميم البارامتري كأحد نواتج التكنولوجيا الرقمية في تطوير منظومة تصميم الخزف المعماري عبر الاستفادة من التقنيات الرقمية الحديثة لاقامة نموذج بارامتري لوحدات معمارية خزفية.
وبعد أن أصبح من السهل تحليل الأشكال والكتل الطبولوجية رياضياً ، ظهرت العديد من الأفكار الجديدة التي تطوع الأسطح الغير منتظمة Nurbs لتساعد علي تكوين أفكار تصميمة فريدة و دائما وأبداً سيظل المصممين في حالة من البحث الدائم والشغف إلى استكشاف أشكال وهيئات جديدة باستخدام الخوارزميات التوليدية Generative Algorithm.
إنه من المفهوم ان بناء العمارة الحرة عبر العصور كان مكلفا نوعا ما و كان يتم عملها لغرض إنشاء البنايات الأيقونية المميزة و قد ظهرت الحاجة القوية إلي تبني منهجية و أداة تصميم تجعل من تصميم و بناء هذا النوع من المباني ذات الأشكال الحرة الفريدة و تعديل هذه المباني أمرا سلسا و موفرا للوقت و الجهد المبذول ومن خلال توضيح أهمية دور تكنولوجيا المعلومات علي عملية التصميم ، فإن هذا الدور لم يتوقف عند العملية التصميمية ، بل استمر إلي عملية الإنتاج والتصنيع الرقمي.

Today, on the one hand, while the traditional design process continues, on the other hand, digital design systems along with advances in computer technologies continue to present designers with new and effective ideas. Parametric design is preferred by designers for its relationality, contributing toward versatility, ensuring flexibility, simplifying diversification, and for presenting programmatic solutions. As is seen in a number of areas, we have also begun to encounter the use of parametric designs produced with parametric design systems and wooden materials in urban landscaping. The purpose of this study is to examine the upper cover application and seating elements generated by taking advantage of parametric designs from wooden construction materials in urban landscaping areas, and examine the impact of wooden material characteristics while generating behavior and parametric structures of technologies. After researching parametric design and wooden material concepts, an attempt was made to reach conclusions through analyses conducted by examining parametric wooden designed pavilion and seating element specimens applied in various regions of the world.

In this article we aim to give new light on the thinking of Luigi Moretti, first to have formulated the concept of parametric architecture, comparing it with those of some contemporary architectural theorists and designers. Latest researches on materials and form finding experiences have shown a new relationship between form and structure, Moretti understood it before the advent of internet. Moretti's parameter stems from the architectural tradition, as Carpo sees relations between parametric design and history. Moretti's Parametric architecture is interdisciplinary, open to science in ways that we are only now understanding. We therefore believe that recovering Moretti's methods of parametric architecture today, thanks to the power of artificial intelligence and the proliferation of big data, can open new opportunities for computational architecture, as well as Moretti's mistakes can be a precious teaching.

The increasing demand for energy efficient electric cars, in the automotive sector, entails the need for improvement of their structures, especially the chassis, because of its multifaceted role on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. The major criteria for the development of electric car chassis are the stiffness and strength enhancement subject to mass reduction as well as cost and time elimination. Towards this direction, this work indicates an integrated methodology of developing an electric car chassis considering the modeling and simulation concurrently. The chassis has been designed in compliance with the regulations of Shell Eco Marathon competition. This methodology is implemented both by the use of our chassis load calculator (CLC) model, which automatically calculates the total loads applied on the vehicle’s chassis and by the determination of a worst case stress scenario. Under this extreme stress scenario, the model’s output was evaluated for the chassis design and the FEA method was performed by the pre-processor ANSA and the solver Ansys. This method could be characterized as an accurate ultrafast and cost-efficient method.

Parametric Composition is an e-book introducing a progressive and very different way of thinking about the art and practice of music composition. This is achieved by networking the core symbolic parameters of music for human performance – pitch, rhythm, duration, tonality, dynamics and expression. Using a scripted coding language enables instant, far-reaching and interactive parametric change within score design and structure.

Parametric Composition is rich in exercises and examples, many available through links to scores and audio from the authors’ web archive and from YouTube. The text is illustrated by a combination of scripted code and musical notation from two of the most powerful parametric software systems, Opusmodus and Symbolic Composer. The book is an ideal companion for those wishing to enter the brave new world of computer-assisted composition through parametric design.

Personal and institutional licenses are available via tonalitysystemspress.co.uk

A breakthrough in the process method has been developed by combined considerations in the demands of "Shell Eco Marathon" using finite element modelling (FEM). Ultrafast calculations have revealed novel chassis development. The most critical factors in designing the new chassis are the reduction of the weight, the improvement of strength and stiffness, the reduction of material and the manufacturing cost. The simple structural surfaces (SSS) method was used for an electric car so as the type of loading conditions which are applied to the chassis structure to be predicted. Afterwards, a new design approach for a lightweight carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) monocoque chassis is proposed which conforms to structural, ergonomic, safety and aesthetic requirements. The SSS method in conjunction with the creation of the chassis load calculator (CLC) model and both the specialised and integrated methodology of the processing procedure through FEM, have attained the overcoming of the time consuming conceptual design process.