Wooden Architecture

Naqsh exhaustively explores and documents the art of wood carving in the traditional architecture of Gujarat. Traversing from the history and evolution of wood carving of India, the book investigates the tools and techniques applied by the craftsmen working within the trade guilds. The focus remains on ornamentation (symbols, motifs and patterns) witnessed on the wooden houses, categorized and analyzed by its aesthetics, occurrence in time and physical-symbolic relation. Their linkages found in other cultures are also in discussion through the dissemination of this art. You can also visit www.naqsh.in to get an overview on this book.

The object of research: wooden fortresses of the city of Samara that were built in close vicinity to each other 120 years apart – the first one in the end of the16th century (Prince Zasekin was the founder), the second one in the beginning of the 18th  century (Peter the Great's era). The construction of the fortresses took place in the time of fixing Russia’s state borders in the Middle Volga area. A special historic code of Samara territory development is one of the unique characteristics of the city: a new center emerged upwards the watershed along with every new period in the city development. This peculiarity of the spatial expansion first revealed itself during the erection of the second wooden fortress to function as the city center not on the place of the first fortress but in its vicinity. Nowadays only the foundation fragments of both fortresses remain in deep cultural soil. It is difficult to overestimate the possibilities for a new reading of the genius loci and restoration of the city’s cultural and genetic code. It is not limited to a literal reconstruction of the fortresses and their territorial integrity. The project plan involves the development and further complex implementation of the historical and cultural strategy of the city development that is based on the creation of unique models of public spaces capable of joining the past and the present in a new spatial paradigm; assistance to assignment the status of an “object of historical and cultural heritage of federal importance” to the remaining fragments of the two fortresses; the development of an interactive platform for the promotion of the project and the attraction of public opinion to the problem of irretrievable loss of historical and cultural heritage, including potential investors for the renovation of the territory as a recreational complex.

På Maihaugen finnes Norges eneste gjenstående laftekirke fra middelalderen: det såkalte Fiskerkapellet fra 1459. Innen forskningen forutsettes det ofte at middelalderens trekirker var bygget av stavverk, med noen svært få unntak. Fiskerkapellet er en viktig påminnelse om at man bør være forsiktig med slike antagelser. Middelalderens kirkekonstruksjoner av tre har trolig vært mer varierte enn faglitteraturen reflekterer, og en økt bevissthet rundt dette kan lede til at flere spor etter førreformatoriske laftekirker kommer for en dag.

Projekt „Drewniany Skarb. Chroniąc dziedzictwo, kreujemy przyszłość”
to działanie realizowane przez Ośrodek „Brama Grodzka – Teatr NN” na rzecz ochrony i promocji tradycyjnej architektury drewnianej miasteczek Lubelszczyzny. Jednym z celów projektu jest uwrażliwienie społeczności lokalnych na problem degradacji wielokulturowego dziedzictwa regionu. Projekt jest realizowany we współpracy z Muzeum Wsi Lubelskiej i Katedrą Architektury, Urbanistyki i Planowania Przestrzennego Politechniki Lubelskiej oraz z Norweskim Instytutem Badań nad Dziedzictwem Kulturowym (NIKU) oraz Vestoldmuseene IKS (Larvik Museum).

In this article, while introducing Kapar, its history, and varieties, we will describe the construction methods of Kapar and the advantages and disadvantages of this vernacular wooden architecture of Iran. This small provisional house, which is made of reed, wood and foliage of palm trees and is usually located in rural areas of Iran, demonstrates a flexible and reasonable way to address human needs. It was observed and concluded that this type of vernacular wooden architecture was created according to the needs of the residents and is adapted to its context and environment. Kapar is climatically suitable for warm and humid regions of Iran. The high speed of construction of Kapar can also be used to build temporary residences at the time of disasters or natural disasters like earthquakes, and even building schools and health centers in the nomadic areas.

Článek se věnuje okolnostem přesunu dřevěného kostelík sv. Paraskevy a jeho stavebnímu vývoji. Tento kostelík marmarošského typu stál původně v obci Nižné Seliště na území dnešní Ukrajiny v blízkosti hranic s Rumunskem. Vystavěn byl v 1. polovině 17. stol. Ve 30. letech 20. stol. byl přemístěn do města Blansko v Jihomoravském kraji. Kostelík byl slavnostně vysvěcen 23. května 1937, oproti původní lokaci zaznamenal na novém místě řadu stavebních úprav, které se promítly do celkové podoby kostelíka. Výrazné stavební úpravy na něm proběhly především po bombardování Blanska spojeneckými vojsky v květnu 1945, kdy byl značně poškozen. Stavbu spravuje církev Československá husitská, i přes řadu zásahů si dodnes zachovala svůj historický ráz a představuje jednu z nejvýznamnějších kulturních památek v regionu. / The article pays attention to the circumstances connected with transfer of the small wooden church of St Paraskevi and its building development. Originally, this church of Marmaros type used to stand in the village of Nižné Seliště in today's Ukraine. It was built in the mid- 17th century. In the 1930s, it was transferred to the town of Blansko in the South-Moravian Region. The church was ceremonially consecrated on 23 May 1937. As compared to its original location, remodelling made in the new place influenced the appearance of the church. Significant constructional changes were made especially after the Allied bombing of Blansko in May 1945 when the church was significantly damaged. The building is administrated by the Czechoslovak Hussite Church and despite many interventions, it has kept its historical character. The church is one of the most important cultural monuments in the region.

Монография доцента Санкт-Петербургского университета Е. В. Ходаковского продолжает изучение деревянного церковного зодчества XIX — начала ХХ в. на Русском Севере. В его предыдущем исследовании, удостоенном в 2021 г. Макариевской премии, была развернута история храмостроительства в Архангельской, Олонецкой и Вологодской губерниях. В настоящем издании представлен широкий искусствоведческий
анализ памятников северной деревянной архитектуры позднего периода. Они рассматриваются как самостоятельный феномен, а также во взаимосвязи с храмостроительными традициями Древней Руси и с процессами, происходившими в истории отечественной архитектуры в 1800–1910-е гг. Издание адресовано искусствоведам, историкам, специалистам в областях охраны культурного наследия, истории русского деревянного зодчества, истории и культуры Русского Севера.

Publication on vernacular architecture of northern Poland, contains over 500 color photos and engravings on the most recognizable monuments of the Vistula River Delta - arcaded houses. This extensive handbook presents the history and the present day of old wooden buildings, describing them against the background of the multicultural history of the region. In addition to the most popular, the book also describes less known examples that have not yet been included in the pages of albums or guides.
https://tuga.com.pl/produkt/dom-podcieniowy/

Versatile, wood has been used by mankind in furniture, instruments, utensils and construction. About timber buildings, this critical review discusses their valuable and sustainable features that label their multiple options. Numerous contributions were compiled from the author's collection and prospection in relevant databases. Construction techniques were featured, vocations were identified and production systems were remarked to detail wood-based resources and residues. Discussions and suggestions were raised as promoting strategies. Secular buildings prove the convenience of wood materials in construction, since they have decent levels in sustainability, durability, stability, value added, aesthetics, strength and weight. Timber construction enables artisanal to industrial productions and traditional to contemporary techniques with different materials, sizes and architectural styles. Global barriers are marked by obscurities about logging and illegal deforestation, and deficiencies in the regulations of native species. The utilization of sustainably sourced wood, sylviculture as a viable social-economic driving force and several advantages of timber construction are positive reasons. Actions were proposed to drive policy and multiply timber buildings, since they form a promising segment for emerging bioeconomies of innovative nations. Changes in wood consumption to enhance sylviculture combined with the waste reutilization should intensify the sustainability of timber construction and establish industrial synergies.

Casas del Valle Simpson: el patrimonio desconocido de Aysen es un libro que se suma a una serie de iniciativas previas que buscan el reconocimiento del valor de la arquitectura residencial de las primeras generaciones de pobladores de la region. El proyecto surge en respuesta a la escasa atencion y valoracion que han tenido estas construcciones en el tiempo y a la sostenida e inconsciente destruccion que les afecta.
Entendiendo que todo esfuerzo de valoracion implica necesariamente procesos de visibilizacion y toma de consciencia, el proyecto tiene por objeto generar una coleccion de imagenes que funcione como posible carta de navegacion para quienes quieran aproximarse a esta arquitectura y sus trayectorias. Aunque las imagenes que conforman esta muestra son de origen diverso, se ha optado por el dibujo arquitectonico (plantas, elevaciones, axonometricas y escantillones) como instrumento principal de representacion.
Esta opción implica la creacion de una imagen abstracta y simplicada de la realidad, que funciona como puente entre las casas mismas y su cultura constructiva. A traves de este ejercicio, se espera, por una parte, favorecer la reflexion disciplinar sobre manifestaciones arquitectonicas poco estudiadas, pero tambien generar imagenes que permitan sensibilizar y contextualizar la mirada sobre lo que hoy muchos consideran como una simple casa vieja.

L'architecte et le charpentier sont les deux principaux concepteurs et constructeurs de l'architecture en bois au Japon. Ces deux maîtres d'oeuvres, ingénieurs, artistes ou artisans, sont les héritiers d'une tradition constructive ancienne qui s'est adaptée aux standards de l'architecture contemporaine. Quels sont les grands principes constructifs de l'architecture japonaise et comment ont-il évolué au cours de l'histoire ? Ce livre prend le parti de montrer comment une culture, des techniques et des savoir-faire locaux, liés à un matériau particulier (le bois), se sont perpétués et transformés pour créer de nouvelles formes architecturales. Ecrit à six mains entre Tokyo et Kyoto, par trois architectes, historiens et théoriciens de l'architecture japonaise, ce " manuel " est destiné à des lecteurs qui apprécient les images synthétiques et parlantes, ceux qui cherchent une référence précise sans craindre l'érudition, ou encore ceux qui essaieront de reconstituer une longue histoire dans un format réduit. Chacune de ses lectures correspond à l'objectif de cet ouvrage dédié à l'étudiant, au chercheur, au praticien comme à l'usager, à qui s'intéresse à la culture japonaise ou tout simplement au bois, cet élément naturel qui fut le matériau essentiel de l'architecture japonaise et qui tend à le redevenir.

Des recherches archéologiques récentes ont mis en lumière l’existence de constructions en pan de bois à la période gauloise. Bien connue pour l’époque médiévale et moderne, cette technique architecturale, couramment désignée par l’expression « maisons à colombages, aurait donc des origines plus anciennes. Son étude permet de dépasser les clichés habituels sur la construction en terre et bois des Gaulois et d’en savoir plus sur le fonctionnement complexe de leurs sociétés.

EN/ The article deals with the defunct wooden church of St. John the Baptist in Vratimov and in wider context describes the history and the wooden vernacular architecture of the church in 15th-19th century. The first written references to the church date back to the year 1447, already as a parish church near the limits of Vratimov and Kunčice. The Vratimov church, which consisted of a bell tower, a church nave, a presbytery and a sacristy, was an typiccaly example of the wooden churches of Upper Silesia. On the start of the 19th century was the chruch so dilapidated, that must be disassembled in the year 1808. Nearby was build up the new stone church of the same dedication.
CS/ Článek se zabývá zaniklým dřevěným kostelem sv. Jana Křtitele ve Vratimově a v širším kontextu popisuje dějiny a dřevěnou lidovou architekturu kostela v 15.-19. století. Nejstarší písemná zmínka o kostele pochází z roku 1447, kdy se jako chrám farní nacházel na hranici katastrů Vratimova a Kunčic. Vratimovský kostel, který tvořila zvonice, loď, presbytář a sakristie, byl typickým zástupcem dřevěných kostelů Horního Slezska. Na počátku 19. století byl kostel již tak zchátralý, že musel být roku 1808 rozebrán. Poblíž byl postaven nový zděný kostel stejného patrocinia.

W Zgierzu, mieście położonym w centralnej części województwa łódzkiego, znajduje się unikalny zespół urbanistyczny miasta rzemieślniczego, założony od podstaw w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku. Działo się to w wyniku akcji osiedleńczej, którą prowadzono w Królestwie Polskim w celu ożywienia gospodarki nowopowstałego państwa. Sprowadzano głównie sukienników, zarówno pochodzenia polskiego, jak i niemieckiego, przede wszystkim z terenów zaboru pruskiego. Regularny układ miasta o symetrycznie rozplanowanych ulicach, z rynkiem pośrodku na szczycie zbocza doliny rzeki, zabudowany estetyczną i funkcjonalną architekturą późno klasycystyczną, pozwala na określenie tego ośrodka miastem w stylu biedermeier. Choć w powstającym mieście starano się wznosić budowle z materiałów trwałych, większość z zachowanych do dziś domów wybudowano z drewna. Mimo to, ich dekoracyjna oprawa architektoniczna wciąż jest czytelna w wielu obiektach. Obecnie domy te, dzielone na wiele mieszkań i zamieszkałe przez lokatorów z przydziału, są użytkowane niezgodnie z ich pierwotnym przeznaczeniem i nieodpowiednio do swej rangi. Do tej pory podjęto dwie próby rewitalizacji omawianego obszaru, w wyniku których powołano do życia Park Kulturowy Miasto Tkaczy, wyremontowano siedem domów oraz przywrócono dawny wygląd fragmentom dwóch ulic. Artykuł przedstawia przeszły oraz obecny stan zagospodarowania zabytkowego budownictwa Nowego Miasta, z uwzględnieniem jego społecznego tła, a także podejmuje próbę podsumowania dotychczas podjętych działań rewitalizacyjnych.

Pearl; mussel, oyster in the shell of marine animals such as shimmering, white, hard material. Placing the mother-of-pearl into the wood carving is called the mother-of-pearl inlay art. Psoriasis inlay; psoriasis is called psoriasis processing or sedefkâri. The master who makes inlaid mother of pearl is called mother of pearl.

Il contributo presenta gli esiti della ricerca svolta nell'ambito del dottorato presso il dipartimento Dicar del ricerca al Politecnico di Bari , sui principi formali e costruttivi delle antiche costruzioni in legno in Norvegia, indagata attraverso l'analisi evolutiva e costruttiva delle carpenterie lignee. Il caso studio affrontato è quello delle stavkirker, le antiche chiese medievali norvegesi costruite completamente in legno.

Önünüzdeki albüm “İslami dini yapılar” serisinin ikinci yayınıdır. Albümün ilk serisi, Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti sınırları içerisinde
bulunan dini yapılar hakkında olup 2010 senesinde yayınlanmıştır. Bu albüm ise, Artvin'de ki “İslami dini yapılar” ı içermektedir. Bu
çalışma,“Türkiye'deki Gürcü Müslümanların Maddi ve Manevi Kültür Mirası” başlığıylaŞotaRustaveli Ulusal Bilimsel Kurumu tarafından
verilenfinansal destek ile (Proje Numarası: HE/21/1-10/13) bize Türkiye'de bu çalışmaları hazırlama imkânı sunmuştur.
Belirtmemiz gerekir ki; yerli halk olan Gürcü ve Türk Müslümanların yaşamış oldukları bu bölge kültürel miras bakımından
oldukça zengindir. Ancak bu çalışma ile; günden güne kaybolan bu eserler en güncel haliyle hazırlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Günden güne hasar
gören bu eserler ya tamamen kaybolmakta ya da yerine yeni yapılar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma süresi boyunca; bölge ile ilgili yazılmış eski
literatür taranmış ve yeni bulduğumuz bulgularla karşılaştırma yapılmıştır.

Eastern Slovakia is one of the last islands of the traditional buildings with a timber skeleton structure, once common in the wider European area. The paper presents the research history,  evolution, technology and rich residential and farm typologies of the noteworthy buildings.

The traditional and vernacular houses constitutes a major section of built heritage in India generating a physical compendium of the rituals and culture of a civilization and its people. They were constructed by local craftspeople, using indigenous technologies which have evolved over the years. One of the most prominent natural material to be employed in these buildings is wood. The rich wooden heritage of India displays multiple types of crafts like wood carving, wood inlay, wood marquetry, wood turning and lacquer, carpentry and wood working.

The traditional wood craft practices are still thriving in India and they are embedded with an inherent empirical knowledge. The craftspeople not only encompasses the knowledge of material and skills of making in wood but also holds a holistic and intuitive understanding of sustainability in the larger context. But due to the shift in the building industry over period of time, the craftspeople working in the building wood craft sector have now moved to smaller scale of furniture and objects. Further over the last few decades the industrial production has reduced the skilled based handwork resulting into disintegration of wood craft practices.

The awareness about value of crafts is emerging back in India but the craftspeople are now posed with the challenge of blending traditional knowledge with emerging design trends to cater to the new markets. Design Innovation and Craft Resource Centre (DICRC), CEPT University has developed a comprehensive mapping, documentation and innovation models, not only preserve and revive the craft skills but also to fuse design, craft and industrial process with each other to create synergies for innovation and generate new directions for crafts in current milieu.

This presentation is the journey through the traditional Indian wooden architecture to the wood craft practices to a systematic institutional model of research and innovation in the wood crafts of India.

Wooden Articular churches in Slovakia are a special kind of wooden sacral structures, which are well known to the expert and lay public. The Evangelical believers of the Augsburg Confession built them following the findings of the Sopron Council (1681). At the time of promulgation of the Edict ofTolerance in 1781, the Evangelicals in our country didn’t only start building brick churches, but they continued, in some mountainous and submontane areas to build small wooden chapels.
The reason emerged not only from geographic and climatic conditions of the given regions, but mainly from the economic possibilities of individual congregations.Only when they economically stabilized and the number ofworshipers grew, could they afford a construction of bigger andmore spacious sacral structures.Then they usually demolished the simplewooden structures and on their place built larger brick churches, with a generous ground-plan and a specific architectural design.

Osmanlı konaklarında kullanılan ahşap iskelet sisteminin Hacılar, Çatalhöyük ve Boğazkale arkeolojik araştırmalarında gördüğümüz üzere çok uzun bir zamana yayılı teknolojik evrimi söz konusudur. Günümüze ulaşan Osmanlı konaklarının hemen tamamı 19. yüzyılda yapılmıştır. Anadolu'da 18. yüzyıldan kalan yalnızca 10 kadar ahşap konak bulunmaktadır, bunların da hemen tamamı yanlış restorasyonlarla kaybedilmiş bulunmaktadır. Osmanlı konakları üzerine yapılan araştırmalar elde kalmış çok kısıtlı sayıda örnek üzerinden yapılabilmektedir. Öte yandan, restorasyon etkinlikleri tüm hızıyla sürüyor olmakla birlikte, Osmanlı konakları ile ilgili araştırmalar 21. yüzyılda akademik gündemden düşmüş bulunmaktadır. Bildiride, arkeolojik araştırmaların bulguları ışığında ahşap iskelet sistemin nasıl geliştiği anlatılacak, Osmanlı kadı içtihatlarına dayanarak ahşap elemanların nasıl standartlaştırıldığı ve 18. yüzyılın sonlarında yürürlüğü giren Ebniye Nizamnamesi ile de yapı boyutlarının nasıl şekillendiğini tartışacağım. Küçük Kıyamet olarak isimlendirilen 10 Eylül 1509 depremi ile yine en büyük depremlerden biri olarak kaydedilen 10 Temmuz 1894 depremleri arasında Osmanlı yapı stokunun depreme dayanıklı hale getirilmesi çok önemli bir deneyimdir. Bu tartışmayı Osmanlının sosyo-ekonomik çevresinden bağımsız götürmek yanlış olur. Sonuçta Anadolu'dan Balkanlar'a uzanan bir kuşak üzerinde ortaya çıkan Osmanlı konaklarının arkitektoniğinin tanımladığım etkiler (impacts) altında nasıl oluştuğu konusunda savlarımı ortaya koyacağım. Bu araştırma Osmanlı sivil mimarisinin, geleneksel Mimarlık Tarihi izleği dışında bir okumadır.

Excerpt of publishing review
The book „Gazda czy pon?...” can successfully incorporate the aspect of cultural changes, involving living at the countryside with the globalization and civilizational exchange. Above publication is very interesting and can exemplify very traditional region of Poland called Podhale. The cultural exchange processes had very different character here than anywhere else. The process that took over 100 years, created the clash between higher culture and the mass (popular) culture, creating very specific changes clearly visible in everyday life but also in the language itself. Writer of this book Dr. Natalia Maksymowicz named above process the "dual culturalism". Both cultural patterns are being mixed here creating signum tempore of modern image of Podhale and so called highlander way of life. The author strongly based her opinion on cognitive methodology while recognizing emic meaning, which could be identified as seeing the aspect of an issue from the inside-out point of view. She was able to collect very reach in content empirical material and write it in the reader friendly manner. Her experience is based on direct, active and lasting for several years process of living among people of Podhale. It made the results of her research in above monograph reliable, and definitely worth reading. Prof. Dr hab. Anna Szyfer

Cartea prezintă vechea tradiţie dulgherească în care au fost construite bisericile de lemn în Maramureş cu intenţia de a aduce la lumină câteva din trăsăturile lor fundamentale. Vechea tradiţie se poate urmării pe o perioadă de trei secole, de la începutul secolului 16 până la sfârşitul secolului 18. Pentru a ne apropia cât mai mult de şantierele de biserici de lemn şi de oamenii care au participat la ele propun o citire cât mai intimă a bisericilor de lemn păstrate. Principalele întrebări pe care le pun acestor martori sunt: Cine le-a construit? Care au fost contribuţiile şi intenţiile lor? Care au fost mijloacele de diferenţiere a bisericilor de construcţiile profane? Ce spun aceste biserici despre cultura locală şi ce valoare au ele pentru patrimoniul european? Lucrarea de faţă este dispusă într-un triunghi cu intenţia de a aborda bisericile de lemn din următoarele trei perspective: arhitectura populară locală, meşterii şi ctitorii.

Din tripla percepţie oferită de tradiţia constructivă locală, meşteri şi ctitori, bisericile de lemn din Maramureş apar drept sinteze regionale unice ale curentelor culturale şi spirituale venind dispre est şi vest. Ele mărturisesc despre îndelunga distincţie a arhitecturii sacrale în cadrul celei tradiţionale rurale, despre participarea unor meşteri dulgheri specializaţi cu un nivel profesional la nivel european şi despre ambiţia elitelor şi a comunităţilor de rit oriental de a se integra într-un cadru de valori europene fără să-şi piardă esenţa identităţii lor spirituale.

În cadrul arhitecturii europene din bârne încheotorate bisericile de lemn din Maramureş prezintă printre cele mai semnificative performanţe, oferind excelente posibilităţi de comparaţie în istoria dulgheriei de pe continent. Situaţia întâlnită în Maramureş, împreună cu indicaţiile anterioare din Scandinavia şi Polonia, sugerează că elita meşterilor dulgheri rurali europeni era constituită îndeosebi din meşterii de biserici itineranţi specializaţi şi că cunoaşterea lor superioară a avut pentru o lungă vreme un scop exclusiv sacru. Între aceştia, cunoştinţele profesionale au putut circula mai uşor de la o regiune la alta, aducând îmbunătăţirile tehnice necesare în diferitele colţuri ale continentului. Din această perspectivă, varietatea regională evidentă între bisericile de lemn din nordul şi estul Europei ar putea să-şi aibă originea, ca în cazul Maramureşului, din exigenţele, idealurile şi resursele locale precum şi din alte condiţii istorice particulare. Cu alte cuvinte, bisericile de lemn existente sunt puternic ancorate în vechile culturi şi identităţi regionale, oglindind părţi din geografia lor complexă. Una din culturile regionale europene cu o puternică identitate în trecut s-a manifestat, desigur, în Maramureşul istoric iar bisericile de lemn păstrate aici mărturisesc din plin despre vitalitatea ei de odinioară.