Peanut

A research initiative was set up to evaluate the comparative liming power of locally available dolomitic products and chicken manure, using an amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) test crop. The soil used was acidic, of low % base saturation and risks of Al toxicity, deficient in available P, exchangeable Mg, Ca and K. The experimental setup was a completely randomized design with 11 treatments and 3 replicates which included : a control treatment (equivalent to 100 kg DAP/ha), 4 mineral amendments (Moso Lime, Moso Ground Dolomite, Bubanza Ground Dolomite and Busiga Ground Dolomite) applied at equivalents of 1 T/ha and 2 T/ha, and chicken manure applied at equivalent of 10 and 20 T/ha. The study duration was three months with three test crop harvests at one-month interval. Monthly measured plant growth and production parameters were plant height, root length, shoot length, root biomass, shoot biomass and their summation (total biomass). Soil pH, available P and exchangeable acidity (Al 3+ + H +) were assessed at the start and the completion of the pot study. Obtained results could be summarized as follows : (i) the highest available P accumulation was associated with the equivalent of 20 T/ha of chicken manure ; (ii) application of equivalents 20 T/ha of chicken manure, 2 T/ha Moso Ground Dolomite and 2 T/ha Moso Lime increased soil pH by 0.2 to 0.5 pH-units and reduced exchangeable acdity ; (ii) DAP fertilized treatment was characterised by the lowest pH value and the highest Al 3+ and H + exchangeable acidity, illustrating the acidifying effect of this NH 4 +-bearing fertilizer ; (iv) amarant growth (root and height) and biomass (root + shoot) production were highest with 20 T/ha chicken manure, 2 T/ha Moso Ground Dolomite and 2 T/ha Moso lime. Application rate was only statisticallt detectable for Moso Ground Dolomite (+ 162 %) and chicken manure (+ 182 %). Overall, 20 T/ha chicken manure showed the highest and most stable amaranth root + shoot biomass yields, demonstrating its potential residual effect, which should be evaluated and confirmed under field conditions.

BackgroundEpicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) on intact skin with an epicutaneous delivery system has already been used in preclinical and clinical studies. In epicutaneous vaccination and immunotherapy, the stripping of skin before application of the allergen is suggested to facilitate the passage of allergen through immune cells.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the immunological response induced by EPIT performed on intact and stripped skin in a mouse model of peanut allergy.MethodsAfter oral sensitization with peanut and cholera toxin, BALB/c mice were epicutaneously treated using an epicutaneous delivery system (Viaskin® (DBV Technologies, Paris) applied either on intact skin or on stripped skin. Following EPIT, mice received an exclusive oral peanut regimen, aimed at triggering esophageal and jejunal lesions. We assessed eosinophil infiltration by histology, mRNA expression in the esophagus, antibody levels and peripheral T‐cell response.ResultsEPIT on intact skin s...

Peanut smut caused by Thecaphora frezii is a severe fungal disease currently endemic to Argentina and Brazil. The identification of smut resistant germplasm is crucial in view of the potential risk of a global spread. In a recent study, we reported new sources of smut resistance and demonstrated its introgression into elite peanut cultivars. Here, we revisited one of these sources (line I0322) to verify its presence in the U.S. peanut germplasm collection and to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially associated with resistance. Five accessions of Arachis hypogaea subsp. fastigiata from the U.S. peanut collection, along with the resistant source and derived inbred lines were genotyped with a 48K SNP peanut array. A recently developed SNP genotyping platform called RNase H2 enzyme-based amplification (rhAmp) was further applied to validate selected SNPs in a larger number of individuals per accession. More than 14,000 SNPs and nine rhAmp assays confirmed the prese...

ABSTRACTPeanut smut caused by Thecaphora frezii Carranza & Lindquist has been an issue for farmers and the peanut industry (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Argentina since the mid‐1990s. This disease causes pod malformation due to hypertrophy of seed tissues; in addition, colonized cells filled with teliospores give seeds a smutted mass appearance. Incidence may reach up to 52% in commercial plots, with up to 35% yield losses. Cultural management strategies and chemical treatment have not been effective; therefore, growing resistant varieties is likely to be the most effective control method for this disease. This study is aimed to identify sources of resistance in wild Arachis and to develop pre‐breeding materials for transferring the trait to cultivated peanut. After 3 yr of field trials using a randomized complete block design, the seven accessions of wild species assayed were resistant to smut. An amphidiploid [A. correntina (Burkart) Krapov. & W.C. Greg. × A. cardenasii Krapov. & W.C. ...

In Mediterranean semi-arid regions major constraints impinging on agricultural development are deficiency of water and nutrient depleted soils. The problem of enhancing crop yield in these areas is widely distinguished as a challenge. In order to evaluate the integrated application of urea fertilizer (0, 160, and 320 kg ha−1) and nano-metal oxide (Fe2O3, ZnO, and CuO) on safflower growth performance, a field experiment was carried out in the Baneh district, a semi-arid region in Western Iran. Urea fertilizer significantly increased the plant height (11%), canopy width (8%), ground cover percentage (6%), plant dry weight (35%), number of secondary branches (16%), seeds number per head (19%), and total seed yield (38%). However, the higher application of urea fertilizer resulted in a significant decrease in wrinkled seed percentage (3.25%), harvest index (2.62%), and thousand seed weight (2.67%). Also, nano-metal oxides significantly affected morphological traits and yield components....

The aims of this work were to evaluate antifeedant, horizontal transfer and repellent activities of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), free and microencapsulated, at different doses against Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Tribolium castaneum on peanut kernels. In general, negative values for the percentage feeding deterrence index (FDI) were found for Oryzaephilus surinamensis in the presence of these chemical treatments, suggesting a phagostimulant activity. In addition, untreated individuals died within 20 days of coming into contact with insects previously exposed to both antioxidants (BHA and BHT) and formulations (F- BHA and F-BHT), regardless of the dose, while the insects in the controls died after this time. Since this work revealed evidence for the transfer of both free and microencapsulated antioxidants from treated to untreated individuals, we can confirm that horizontal transfer of these compounds takes place between treated and untreated in...

In Argentina, peanuts are stored for 3-6 months. It is important to avoid the proliferation of fungi and insect pests during this period. In this study, the potential of BHA microcapsules to conserve peanut kernels was evaluated in microcosms and on a pilot scale. In microcosm assays, microcapsules containing BHA at the dose of 1802 μg g reduced 37% of total fungal count; while higher reductions (77-100%) were obtained with the combined treatment (BHA formulation 1802 μg g + fungicide (Methyl thiophanate 0.0100 g L + Metalaxyl 0.0133 g L ). However, germination levels of peanut seeds treated with the BHA formulation were less than 6% throughout the incubation time. In pilot scale trials, the storage conditions allowed the control of fungal development and the insect proliferation. In addition, quantifiable levels of BHA were detected during all the storage period. The combined treatment significantly reduced fungal contamination at the 2 months of storage (C1-2015: 37.41%; C1-2016: ...

Nitrogen is one of the essential plant nutrients and a major factor limiting crop productivity. To meet the requirements of sustainable agriculture, there is a need to maximize biological nitrogen fixation in different crop species. Legumes are able to establish root nodule symbiosis (RNS) with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria which are collectively called rhizobia. This mutualistic association is highly specific, and each rhizobia species/strain interacts with only a specific group of legumes, and vice versa. Nodulation involves multiple phases of interactions ranging from initial bacterial attachment and infection establishment to late nodule development, characterized by a complex molecular signalling between plants and rhizobia. Characteristically, legumes like groundnut display a bacterial invasion strategy popularly known as “crack-entry’’ mechanism, which is reported approximately in 25% of all legumes. This article accommodates critical discussions on the bacterial infection mo...

The oral mucosa is the first immune tissue that encounters allergens upon ingestion of food. We hypothesized that the bio-accessibility of allergens at this stage may be a key determinant for sensitization. Light roasted peanut flour was suspended at various pH in buffers mimicking saliva. Protein concentrations and allergens profiles were determined in the supernatants. Peanut protein solubility was poor in the pH range between 3 and 6, while at a low pH (1.5) and at moderately high pHs (>8), it increased. In the pH range of saliva, between 6.5 and 8.5, the allergens Ara h2 and Ara h6 were readily released, whereas Ara h1 and Ara h3 were poorly released. Increasing the pH from 6.5 to 8.5 slightly increased the release of Ara h1 and Ara h3, but the recovery remained low (approximately 20%) compared to that of Ara h2 and Ara h6 (approximately 100% and 65%, respectively). This remarkable difference in the extraction kinetics suggests that Ara h2 and Ara h6 are the first allergens a...

Peanut is not listed as one of the major crops in the Bulgarian agricultural sector, but its economic and fi nancial viability is promising, but unknown. We use enterprise budgets, capital budgeting techniques, risk analysis and logistic regression models to examine the fi nancial and economic structure of peanut farms and to evaluate the factors infl uencing short and long-term profi tability. The results show that peanut production is a profi table venture for most peanut farmers in Bulgaria. Long-run analyses show that peanut production may be economically feasible and producers engaged in production for a period of seven years, and at a discount rate of 13%, may generate internal rates of return (IRR) that vary from-20.57 % to 67.39%. About 70 % of the farms studied had IRRs greater than the discount rate. Sensitivity analyses show that profi tability of peanut production was infl uenced by yield and variable costs. There were risks at the village level associated with peanut pr...

BackgroundEpicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) on intact skin with an epicutaneous delivery system has already been used in preclinical and clinical studies. In epicutaneous vaccination and immunotherapy, the stripping of skin before application of the allergen is suggested to facilitate the passage of allergen through immune cells.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the immunological response induced by EPIT performed on intact and stripped skin in a mouse model of peanut allergy.MethodsAfter oral sensitization with peanut and cholera toxin, BALB/c mice were epicutaneously treated using an epicutaneous delivery system (Viaskin® (DBV Technologies, Paris) applied either on intact skin or on stripped skin. Following EPIT, mice received an exclusive oral peanut regimen, aimed at triggering esophageal and jejunal lesions. We assessed eosinophil infiltration by histology, mRNA expression in the esophagus, antibody levels and peripheral T‐cell response.ResultsEPIT on intact skin s...

Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne sp.) are a major threat to crops in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The use of resistant crop varieties is the preferred method of control because nematicides are expensive and hazardous to humans and the environment. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is infected by four species of RKN, the most damaging being M. arenaria, and commercial cultivars rely on a single source of resistance. In this study, we genetically characterize RKN resistance of the wild Arachis species A. stenosperma using a population of 93 recombinant inbred lines developed from a cross between A. duranensis and A. stenosperma. Four QTLs located on linkage groups 02, 04 and 09 strongly influenced nematode root galling and egg production. Drought-related, domestication and agronomically relevant traits were also evaluated, revealing several QTLs. Using the newly available Arachis genome sequence, easy-to-use KASP markers linked to the newly identified RKN resistance loci w...

In this research, the effects of the soil properties of the producer lands that have just started the production of roasted pumpkin seeds on the properties of the harvested seeds were investigated in the provinces and districts of Kütahya. For this purpose, soil samples (44 pieces) were taken from the fields of farmers who obtained pumpkin seeds from Kütahya Food and Forest Provincial Directorate. Soil analyzes were performed and according to the results, 100 kg of nitrogen (N), 300 kg of phosphorus (P2O5), 110 kg of potassium (K2O) per hectare, and the amount of fertilizers in which insufficient amount of microelements were determined. With this study, the yield, morphological characteristics, nutrient contents and oil contents of the harvested pumpkin seeds were determined. The soils of research area were mostly clayey loamy, calcareous, medium in organic matter content, sufficient in N content, insufficient in P content. The microelement contents of the soils were sufficient for ...

The seed bank has an ecological role of great importance in the re-composition of new individuals in plant communities. In the integration system livestock agriculture, the seed bank usually presents a serious problem, the agricultural activity, because this type of activity favors weed infestations over a long period of time. The different soil management systems and cultures have decisive influence on germination and composition of the flora of an area and in the seed bank of the agricultural soil. The objective of this study was to identify weed species that emerged during the analyzed period of the seed bank at different depths in an area of integration livestock agriculture. The present study was conducted in an area of integration livestock agriculture in the Center of Agrarian Sciences, of the Federal University of Alagoas (CECA - UFAL), located in the municipality of Rio Largo - AL, Brazil, in the year 2017. 20 samples at each depth: 0.0 to 10.0 cm and of 10.0 to 20.0 cm wer...

Sakız fasulyesi (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) bitkisi Fabaceae familyasında yer alan baklagil bitkisidir. Türkiye’de çok fazla tanınmamasına rağmen sağlık, gıda, kozmetik gibi birçok alanda sakız fasulyesi kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’deki en çok kullanım alanı; özellikle gıdalarda olmak üzere birçok alanda katılaştırıcı olarak kullanılması olup guar gum adı ile ithal edilmektedir. Denemede bitki materyali olarak Türkiye için yeni bir bitki olması ve kullanılacak olan hattın tescil aşamasında olması nedeni ile sakız fasulyesini seçilmiştir. Molibden elementinin verim ve verim özellikleri üzerine etkisi ile protein içeriğine katkısının belirlenmesi amacı ile yürütülen çalışmada 5 farklı molibden dozu (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 µgMo/kg) kullanılmıştır. Vejetasyon ortasında alınan yeşil bitki örneklerinde: bitki yaş ağırlık (g/bitki), bitki kuru ağırlık (g/bitki), bitki boyu (cm), bitki çapı (mm); yeşil bakla örneklerinde: bakla yaş ağırlık (g/bitki), bakla kuru ağırlık (g/bitki), bakla sayısı ...

Aflatoxins impact the entire food supply chain, from agricultural fields to processing facilities, markets, and consumer tables. In peanut cultivation, this threat poses a constant challenge throughout the cultivation, processing, and consumption stages. To confront this challenge, an exhaustive study was undertaken with the aim of investigating the effects of targeted soil amendments; namely, Vermicompost, Lentil crop residue, and Sulphate of Potash applied during the pivotal sowing phase at two distinct locations, Chakwal and Attock. The research includes meticulous groundnut sample analysis to quantify aflatoxin levels, revealing a significant reduction across all soil amendments compared to the control group. Vermicompost stands out as the most effective, achieving a remarkable 64.8% reduction, followed closely by Sulphate of Potash at 62.4%. Statistical analysis highlights non-significant differences among amendments. Beyond aflatoxin mitigation, the study underscores the dual benefit of these soil amendments, contributing not only to mycotoxin control but also enhancing overall crop productivity. Percent increase in number of grains per plant ranged between 58.82% to 43.53% whereas in hundred grain weight it ranged between 17.10% and 10.55%. In summary, the study emphasizes the importance of strategic soil amendments, particularly Vermicompost and Sulphate of Potash, in mitigating aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. The dual benefit of improved crop productivity adds significance to the findings, offering a holistic approach to address the multifaceted dimensions of aflatoxin challenges in peanut cultivation.

Microwave energy is a superior alternative to several other thermal treatments. Extraction techniques are widely employed for the isolation of bioactive compounds and vegetable oils from oil seeds. Among the different and new available techniques, microwave pretreatment of seeds is a simple and desirable method for production of high quality vegetable oils. Microwave pretreatment for oil extraction has many advantages as follow: improving oil extraction yield and quality, direct extraction capability, lower energy consumption, faster processing time and reduced solvent levels compared with conventional methods. It allows also for better retention and availability of desirable nutraceuticals, such as phytosterols and tocopherols, canolol and phenolic compounds in the extracted oil such as rapeseed oil. This can be a new step to produce nutritional vegetable oils with improved shelf life because of high antioxidant content.

Bu araştırmada, farklı azot dozlarının (0, 4, 8, 12 ve 16 kg da-1) Origanum syriacum var. bevanii ‘nin verim ve verim öğeleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak Eskişehir ekolojik koşullarında 2019-2020 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada bitki boyu, taze herba verimi, kuru herba verimi, kuru yaprak verimi, uçucu yağ oranı ve uçucu yağ verimi incelenmiş, farklı azot dozlarının uçucu yağ oranı hariç incelenen parametrelerin üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Çalışmada iki yılın ortalaması olarak verimler (2019 ve 2020 yılları ortalaması) taze herbada 787.65-1267.50 kg da-1, kuru herbada 440.10-708.22 kg da-1, kuru yaprakta 235.92-379.62 kg da-1 ve uçucu yağda 8.33-12.53 L da-1 arasında değişmiştir. Uçucu yağ oranları ise %3.23-3.47 arasında belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan parametrelerde (uçucu yağ oranı hariç) en yüksek değerler 16 kg da-1 azot dozundan elde edilmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Narince üzüm çeşidine (Vitis Vinifera L) üç farklı form (amonyum nitrat, amonyum sülfat, üre) ve 4 farklı dozda (kontrol, 5, 10 ve 15 kg/da N) azot uygulamalarının taze asma yaprak verimine olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. 2012 vejetasyon periyodunda kordon şeklinde terbiye edilmiş asmalar bir veya iki göz üzerinden (24 göz/asma) dekara 5000 göz olacak şekilde şarj edilmiştir. Azotun dört farklı dozu bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak asmalara uygulanmıştır. Salamuralık genç asma yaprakları beş dönemde hasat edilmiş ve taze yaprak verimi (kg/da) belirlenmiştir. Hasat edilen yaprak örneklerinde gübre formlarının yaprak verimi üzerine etkisi istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Taze asma yaprak verimi 312,4 kg/da (Kontrol) ile 437,1 kg/da (Amonyum nitrat 10 kg N/da) arasında değişmiştir. Azot dozları arttıkça asma yaprağı verimi de artmıştır. Azot uygulaması taze yaprak verimini yaklaşık %30 artırmıştır. Deneme sonuçlarına göre, en yüksek as...

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), which is one of the most cultivated plants among the forage crops in our country and other developed countries, and known as the queen of forage crops, has attracted attention in recent years on organic agricultural production and sustainability of agricultural lands. Many factors cause pathogenic effects in alfalfa. These are non-parasitic agents, parasitic disease agents fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma-like organisms, nematodes, and parasitic plants. Among them, fungi constitute an important group (Graham et al. 1979). The importance of disease factors that can occur in such a beneficial plant, the diagnosis of these factors, and the necessary management of them on time are of great value for obtaining quality products and for the country's economy.

Bolgede cerezlik yer fistigi ureticisi genel olarak toprak isleme konusunda fazla sayida alet ve makinanin kullanildigi, enerji girdisinin yuksek oldugu geleneksel toprak isleme yontemi ile uretim yapmaktadir. Toprak isleme yontemleri konusunda bitki icin ideal cimlenme ve cikisi saglayacak, alet-makina sayisini ve enerji girdisini azaltacak calismalar yapilmasi gerekmektedir. Bu calismada cerezlik olarak uretimi yapilan bazi yer fistigi cesitlerinde, farkli toprak isleme yontemlerinin topragin bazi fiziksel ozelliklerine, tarla filiz cikis derecesine (TFCD) ve yakit tuketimine etkileri arastirilmistir. Bu amacla tesaduf bloklari bolunmus parseller deneme desenine gore yurutulen arastirmada; 2 farkli yerfistigi cesidi ile 4 farkli toprak isleme yontemi kullanilmistir. Calisma sonucunda konulara ait toprak hacim agirliginin 1,35- 1,45 g/cm3, penetrasyon direncinin

Bu calisma farkli cinko ve demir dozlarinin NC-7 yer fistigi (Arachis hypogaea L.) cesidinin verim ve bazi verim kriterlerine etkilerini belirlemek icin Cukurova sartlarinda 2017 yilinda yurutulmustur. Deneme iki faktorlu faktoriyel deneme desenine gore uc tekerrurlu olarak kurulmus ve yurutulmustur. Calismada topraktan uygulanan farkli cinko ve demir dozlari yerfistiginda meyve verimi (kg/da), ic orani (%), 100 tohum agirligi (g), I. kalite meyve sayisi orani (%) ve II. kalite meyve sayisi oranini(%) istatistiki (p<0,05 ve p<0,01duzeyinde) bakimdan onemli seviyede etkilemistir. Farkli dozlarda cinko ve demirin topraga uygulanmasinda meyve verimi 252,4 kg/da ile 634,1 kg/da arasinda degismistir. Calismada; meyve verimi (kg/da), ic orani (%), 100 tohum agirligi (g), bakimindan en uygun dozun Zn3xFe1 (4 kg/da Zn x 1 kg/da Fe) interaksiyonu oldugu tespit edilmistir.