Phrasal Verbs

Neste trabalho, investigo o desenvolvimento de phrasal verbs transitivos quanto à posição da partícula out, ora contínua a V – throw out the trash (jogar fora o lixo) – ora descontínua – throw the trash out (jogar o lixo fora). O objetivo central deste estudo é evidenciar, a partir de dados de escrita, que contínua e descontínua são duas construções distintas, licenciadas por um esquema de maior abstração, qual seja, phrasal verbs transitivos. A hipótese a ser sustentada é de que tal distinção pode ser constatada através da análise diacrônica do elemento que ocupa a posição V e dos processos cognitivos, como mental e material decorrentes dos enunciados (HALLIDAY; MATHIESSEN, 2004). Este estudo parte da perspectiva de Modelos Baseados no Uso e, mais especificamente, dos pressupostos da Gramática de Construções (GOLDBERG, 1995; BYBEE, 2010; TRAUGOTT; TROUSDALE, 2013). A análise dos dados inclui o período dos séculos XVII ao XX, e a amostra é constituída de enunciados coletados de duas bases: Corpus Representativo de Registros Históricos do Inglês (ARCHER – A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers) e Corpus Nacional do Inglês Britânico (BNC – British National Corpus). Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a alta
frequência token da construção contínua e sua expressiva produtividade. Depreende-se da análise um processo de mudança de processos materiais em direção a processos mentais, uma tendência perceptível tanto para [V out SN] quanto para [V SN out]. Os dados também revelam comportamentos distintos para as duas construções no século XX: há maior frequência de processos mentais do que materiais na construção contínua, com uma diferença que supera 60 pontos percentuais; a descontínua, por seu turno, tem frequências próximas para os processos mentais e materiais, mas verbais não foram encontrados nesta configuração. Os resultados obtidos mostram trajetórias distintas para [V out SN] e [V SN out], revelando a necessidade de considerá-las dois pareamentos de forma e significado.

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The present work investigates the development of continuous and discontinuous transitive phrasal verbs with the particle out: throw out the trash and throw the trash out, respectively. The work is based on the theoretical framework of Usage Based Models and, more specifically, in the Construction Grammar assumptions. From a diachronic analysis of these constructions throughout the 17th and 20th centuries (Late Modern English), the hypothesis established is that continuous and discontinuous TPVs constitute two distinct constructions which are enabled by a more general pattern of verb-particle combination. I also look for evidence to discuss the inheritance relationship between TPVs and the Caused-Motion Construction Goldberg (2016) in terms of a TPV default order. The hypothesis to be validated is that the continuous construction would have emerged from more general changes in the Middle English syntax, from OV to VO. The adjacency of the particle to V would have followed the same path, which resulted in a higher frequency of the pattern [V out SN] in Modern English. In order to verify the presented hypotheses, data from representative texts from the 17th to the 18th centuries are used for the writing sample, collected from the Representative Corpus of English Records (ARCHER) and the British National Corpus (BNC). BNC is also used for the oral sample in the 20th century. In the interest of identifying the path taken by [V out SN] and [V SN out], the evaluation of token and type frequencies of each of these constructions takes place. Moreover, the observation of the syntactic-semantic properties of the verbal forms that fill the V slot in addition to the morphosyntactic and semantic-discursive characteristics of the NP object are also taken into account. The results obtained attest a substantial high token frequency of the continuous construction and its expressive productivity in writing throughout the analyzed period, and in the twentieth century speech as well. As regards to the morphosyntactic type of the NP object, on the one hand, there is a strong association between clitic pronouns in the discontinuous construction. On the other hand, the relation between clausal objects and the continuous construction was confirmed. There results indicate the relevance of the
end-weight principle attached to the weight of the NP object. The diachronic analysis allowed me to identify a path of expansion of the discontinuous construction towards enabling objects with nominal head, predominantly defined, less extensive and which encode evoked information. It is clear from the analysis the evidence that the clitic can be considered the central member of the discontinuous pattern, which, by an analogical process, extended to nominal head phrases, driven by one of its inherent properties, i.e., its evoked informational status.

Key words: phrasal verb; transitive; particle out; construction; constructional change.

This paper focuses on a particular category of verbs known as multi-word verbs, verb combinations or group verbs, which category constitutes a key element of the English lexicon and is characterized by considerable dissensus among linguists. In order to shed some light on this topic, this work examines the concept of multi-word verbs, their main features, and the different subcategories they comprise, adopting a semantic and syntactic approach. For such end, it alludes to the most significant characteristics of each subcategory and provides examples thereof. Furthermore, it points out some of the problems that the lack of recognition of these verbs may pose for the understanding of texts.

Radford (1988: p. 101) differentiated between the phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs on both
conceptual and empirical grounds. He suggested eight different tests with respect to their empirical
dimensions. The aim of the study is to seek an answer to the question as to whether there is a
distinction between these two kinds of verbs within the framework of the tests of Radford (1988)
which are applicable to Turkish data (e.g. scrambling, sentence fragment and adverb placement)
and the tests we have suggested (preposition alteration, cleft structures and synonymy). The subsidiary
aim of the study is to observe the theoretical implications of such a distinction with respect
to the discussions over the question as to whether PPs do really constitute a phase in the sense of
Chomsky (2001 & subsequent studies). As for the first question, the first intuitional observations
show that there is a distinction between such verb phrases as “karşı çık-” (lit. to stand against),
and “karşısına çık-” (lit. to stand in front of sb.) on semantic grounds. The empirical tests also
show that phrasal verbs do exist in Turkish unlike the common view in literature, and that they
behave in a different manner than prepositional verbs. Depending on the above-stated empirical
tests and intuitive judgments, this distinction may also provide insights as to the phasehood of PPs
in that the agreeing PPs in Turkish can constitute phases while the bare PPs cannot.

In questo seminario si vogliono indagare le origini latine dei verbi sintagmatici romanzi. Definito l’oggetto della ricerca e analizzati i dati linguistici italiani e friulani, sono esaminate le diverse teorie con le quali gli studiosi hanno spiegato l’origine del fenomeno studiato, cioè l’ipotesi germanica, l’universale 7 di Greenberg e le opposte tipologie satellite-framed e verb-framed descritte da Talmy. Quindi è esaminata la diacronia dell’uso dell’avverbio foras negli autori latini dal periodo arcaico fino al tardo-antico: ogni attestazione può essere ascritta a una quadruplice tipologia che consente di tracciare chiare linee di tendenza nel corso dei secoli. Infine è proposta una formalizzazione del quadro evolutivo, articolato in quattro fasi successive, della modificazione verbale attraverso prefissi e avverbi lungo l’intero arco della storia della latinità.

I VERBI SINTAGMATICI DELL'ITALIANO FRA INNOVAZIONE E PERSISTENZA: IL RUOLO DEI DIALETTI* Claudio Iacobini e Francesca Masini Università di Salerno–Università Roma Tre 1. Introduzione Negli ultimi anni la ricerca sul rapporto tra italiano standard e dialetti si è ...

Among the structural and lexical factors claimed to account for avoidance in second language learning are (a) cross-linguistic difference, (b) cross-linguistic similarity, and (c) intrinsic complexity of the second language features avoided. This paper examines patterns of avoidance and preference for phrasal verbs or equivalent single-word verbs among Swedish learners of English. We assumed that if the subjects avoided English phrasal verbs, particularly the figurative ones, even though phrasal verbs exist in Swedish, this would indicate that inherent semantic difficulty of second language forms was the main factor contributing to the avoidance behavior. If, on the other hand, the learners did not show any preference for one-word verb forms in English, or indeed favored the phrasal forms, this would support the assumption that avoidance or nonavoidance depends largely on differences or similarities between the native and the foreign language.A multiple-choice test and a translation...

How can state-of-the-art computational linguistic technology reduce the workload and increase the efficiency of language teachers? To address this question, we combine insights from research in second language acquisition and computational linguistics to automatically generate text-based questions to a given text. The questions are designed to draw the learner's attention to target linguistic forms-phrasal verbs, in this particular case-by requiring them to use the forms or their paraphrases in the answer. Such questions help learners create form-meaning connections and are well suited for both practice and testing. We discuss the generation of a novel type of question combining a wh-question with a gapped sentence, and report the results of two crowdsourcing evaluation studies investigating how well automatically generated questions compare to those written by a language teacher. The first study compares our system output to gold standard human-written questions via crowdsourcing rating. An equivalence test shows that automatically generated questions are comparable to human-written ones. The second crowdsourcing study investigates two types of questions (wh-questions with and without a gapped sentence), their perceived quality, and the responses they elicit. Finally, we discuss the challenges and limitations of creating and evaluating question-generation systems for language learners.

Com o objetivo de investigar a metaforicidade dos phrasal verbs, em especial os que dizem respeito às partículas UP e DOWN, a presente pesquisa adota como pilar a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, idealizada por Lakoff e Johnson (1980), uma abordagem semântica cognitiva. Por meio dessa perspectiva propõe-se refletir sobre a semântica das construções verbo-partícula, cujos significados estão relacionadas à questões de idiomaticidade e composicionalidade, além de sentidos estentidos. Para verificar algumas das possíveis extensões
do sentido prototípico das partículas, considera-se a contribuição de Rudzka-Ostyn (2003). E para que se possa efetuar a coleta de dados que evidenciem o fenômeno investigado utiliza-se a Linguística de Corpus como recurso metodológico. Este trabalho, que diz respeito a uma parte teórica e a outra a um estudo aplicado, pertence a uma pesquisa maior, uma dissertação de mestrado ainda em fase de desenvolvimento. Apesar dos dados já estarem coletados, a análise
ainda não foi realizada.

RESUMEN
Los verbos sintagmáticos (VS) constituyen un fenómeno lingüístico muy productivo en la lengua italiana, en particular en los intercambios dialógicos más informales y espontáneos. Ante la parca productividad de dichos constructos en español, destacamos los recursos lingüísticos que se suelen emplear con más frecuencia en este idioma al traducir los VS italianos. Para ello, analizamos un corpus paralelo, basado en la obra Lessico famigliare de Natalia Ginzburg (1963) y su traducción al español. Tras detallar los VS que figuran en el texto origen, adoptamos un enfoque de tipo cognitivo para dilucidar las posibles causas de aparición de los patrones lingüísticos destacados en la traducción. Por último, tras señalar algunos errores de traducción que se hallan en el texto meta y los motivos por los que se producen, planteamos que los VS han de considerarse como problemas de traducción.

ABSTRACT
“A corpus-based translation study on Italian verb-particle constructions translated into Spanish. The case of Lessico famigliare”
Verb-particle constructions (VPCs) are considered to be a very productive linguistic phenomenon within the Italian language, especially in spontaneous and informal dialogues. On the contrary, in the Spanish language the productivity of such constructions appears to be low. In order to figure out which linguistic patterns seem to be more frequent while translating Italian verb-particle constructions into Spanish, a parallel corpus will be analysed. The corpus consists of the Italian novel Lessico famigliare (by Natalia Ginzburg, 1963) and its translation into Spanish. First, a list of the VPCs contained in the source text will be provided. Secondly, we will show which linguistic patterns are used in the translation, elucidating the reasons why they tend to appear, by means of a cognitive approach. Finally, some translation errors will be highlighted. The possible causes that resulted in such errors will lead us to allege that VPCs should be considered as translation problems.

Key words: Orality. Translation. Verb-Particle Constructions. Translation Techniques. Translation Problem.
Palabras clave: Oralidad. Traducción. Verbos sintagmáticos. Técnicas de traducción. Problema de traducción.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização dos verbi procomplementari (VPs) da língua italiana e a análise do tratamento lexicográfico recebido por dois VPs em três dicionários bilíngues italiano-português. Comparamos os VPs com os phrasal verbs (PhVs) da língua inglesa em relação às suas características e, sobretudo, ao tratamento lexicográfico recebido por dois PhVs em três dicionários bilíngues inglês-português. Além disso, discutimos a função e tipologia de dicionários bilíngues, especialmente os de língua italiana, e a relação de escolhas lexicográficas distintas concernentes às duas tipologias verbais aqui estudadas.

The objective of this work is the characterization of verbi procomplementari (VPs) of the Italian language and the analysis of the lexicographical treatment received by two VPs in three Italian-Portuguese bilingual dictionaries. We compared the VPs to phrasal verbs (PhVs) of the English language in relation to their features and, above all, to the lexicographical treatment received by two PhVs in three English-Portuguese bilingual dictionaries. Moreover, we discussed the role and typology of bilingual dictionaries, especially the ones in the Italian language, and the relationship of different lexicographical choices concerning both verbal typologies studied here.

Identifying informal words: the following lists provide contrasting examples of informal English (usually spoken) and formal English (used in academic writing). Depending on the context, the words on the right may be preferable to the words on the left for academic writing. Refer to a good English dictionary to check for meaning if you're not sure which word to use.

Phrasal verbs (e.g. fade away, give up) tend to be associated with spoken, colloquial registers, not only in Present-day English, but also in previous stages of the language. This view has recently been challenged by Thim's (2006a, 2012) ‘colloquialization conspiracy’, according to which the idea that phrasal verbs are colloquial is based on a misconception which first arose in the eighteenth century. In the current study we seek to verify Thim's claim by exploring phrasal verbs in A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760, a 1.2-million-word corpus of Early Modern English (EModE) speech-related text types. Based on a sample of over 7,000 examples, we demonstrate that the linguistic features, distribution and high productivity of phrasal verbs in the EModE period point towards a full entrenchment of these combinations in the spoken language, which leads us to the conclusion that the colloquial status of phrasal verbs in EModE is not merely a matter of a ‘colloquialization cons...

O objetivo do presente trabalho e investigar que metodos vem sendo utilizados no ensino de Phrasal Verbs, tanto por professores quanto por algumas gramaticas pedagogicas, a fim de verificar se a atual abordagem ajuda os alunos na aprendizagem dessas locucoes verbais de forma satisfatoria. Em um breve levantamento, mostramos a frequencia com que os phrasal verbs aparecem em tres tipos de generos textuais com niveis de formalidade diversos. Com isso, queremos apontar o seu amplo uso na producao escrita e ressaltar a importância de seu aprendizado pelos alunos que desejam desenvolver competencia na lingua inglesa.

This study analyses Chinese learners' use of phrasal verbs from a longitudinal perspective. Through a comparison of the learners' output of phrasal verbs with that of two groups of native English speakers (American university students and British secondary school leavers), Chinese learners were found to be capable of producing an adequate number of phrasal verbs. Yet, they did not demonstrate appropriate choice of phrasal verbs. The longitudinal data reveal that the learners? acquisition of phrasal verbs during their three years of study was not always linear. A considerable decrease in the number of phrasal verbs used in the students' writing in their second year was noticed. No considerable increase in the use of phrasal verbs was observed at the end of their third year. Another important finding of this study is that the American students tend to use far more phrasal verbs than their British and Chinese counterparts.

The present work investigates the English transitive phrasal verb construction (TPV) and the reasons for its variable particle placement. Particles can be placed continuously or discontinuously in relation to the construction verb, e.g. turn off the computer and turn the computer off, respectively. Several studies
point out that noun phrase (NP) length (Hawkings 1994, Gorlach 2004, Lohse et al. 2004; Quirk et al. 1985) and idiomaticity (Gries 2001, Gorlach 2004) motivate particle placement. A study of particles away, off and out in TPVs is developed in favour of an account that considers specific constructions as chunks due to repetition. The hypothesis supported in this work associates loss
of analysability and gain of entrenchment between verb and particle with high token frequency. Thus, a TPV becomes a sequence with verb + particle packaged together and accessed as a unit in consequence of its frequent use (Bybee 2010). Written discourse data collected from BNC (British National Corpus) show a significant preference for the continuous order in spite of
constructions’ variable levels of compositionality and idiomaticity. In relation to particles away, off and out, there is a difference in frequency and range of verbs used with each particle: while away is part of only 8% of the data and
off, 26%, the particle out is present in 66% of all TPVs, which makes out both
the most recurrent particle in the sample and the one with highest type frequency: 96 different verbs were part of out constructions. Results also demonstrate that some verbs are used in both continuous and discontinuous order, whereas others are restricted to one construction only: take joins all three particles and in both orders, while carry is always immediate to out. NPs that follow carry out all bear semantic resemblance, indicating they form equential and indivisible units which seem to be motivated by the NP characteristics.



ATINER's Conference Paper Series LNG2016-2186

This study purpose is to know the students' performance on the use of primary auxiliary and modal auxiliary in verb phrase through writing narrative text. The instrument of this study is writing text and to collect the data the researcher use descriptive quantitative method. The place that researcher will research at SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar.

Uma vez que os phrasal verbs são considerados pelos estudantes de língua estrangeira um desafio no processo de aprendizagem, considera-se neste estudo o fenômeno ‘construção verbo-partícula’ pelo viés da semântica cognitiva. O propósito é verificar suas peculiaridades no que tange às extensões metafóricas. A análise fundamenta-se nos estudos de LAKOFF (1987) e LAKOFF E JOHNSON (1980) e tem como foco as preposições espaciais up e down, apresentadas por esquemas imagéticos e que exercem um papel importante para a interpretação dos phrasal verbs.

A partire dagli anni Duemila, il fenomeno delle cosiddette risorgenze dialettali si è manifestato, nel panorama linguistico italiano, anche attraverso l’emergenza dei dialetti negli ambiti propri della Comunicazione Mediata dal Computer e, specialmente, sui siti internet creati ‘dal basso’, come l’enciclopedia libera e multilingue online Wikipedia. In questo articolo, si esaminerà il lascito di Cherubini e del suo Vocabolario milanese-italiano sull’edizione regionale lombarda della Wikipedia: gli articoli di quest’ultima saranno passati in rassegna, sia dal punto di vista ortografico, comparando le scelte del lessicografo milanese con quelle più in voga online, sia dal punto di vista morfo-sintattico, discutendo in questo secondo caso la presenza e la produttività di alcuni verbi sintagmatici.

On a très souvent affirmé que les particules verbales en anglais ont pour effet de rendre systématiquement télique l'événement dénoté par le verbe: on pense souvent que lorsqu'elles sont adjointes à des verbes, les particules servent à transformer en événements pourvus d'une fin intrinsèque des activités qui en dehors de ces configurations en seraient dépourvues. On cite souvent comme exemples typiques de ce phénomène drink et eat, qui désignent, hors complémentation spécifique bien entendu1, des activités non dotées de ...

This article analyses the formal and stylistic features of phrasal verbs in the Old Bailey Corpus and compares them with results obtained from the speech-related genres of ARCHER (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers), namely diaries, drama, letters and sermons. Phrasal verbs tend to be associated with spoken colloquial registers both in PDE and previous stages of the language, although this statement has been challenged by Thim (2006a, 2012), who argues that in EModE the (non-)occurrence of phrasal verbs in a particular text seems motivated by its contents, rather than its degree of formality. The results in this study show that phrasal verbs were a feature of the spoken language already in LModE, since their frequency is remarkably higher in trial proceedings, arguably the closest representation of the spoken word of the past. However, in contrast to other speech-related text types, the frequency of phrasal verbs in trial proceedings decreases over time, which seems to point towards a decolloquialisation of this genre over time. The study also shows differences at the formal level across genres, demonstrating that sermons display more formal and archaic characteristics, whereas trial proceedings contain features which bring them closer to the spoken language.