Post-War Reconstruction

The city of Rijeka/Fiume underwent an array of transitions in the long twentieth
century, from the port of Hungary in the Dual Monarchy to a free
city, to D´Annunzio´s Italian Regency of Carnaro, annexation by Italy, incorporation
into Yugoslavia, and eventually the independence of Croatia. The
article examines the processes of urban reconstruction and architectural reconfigurations
in the city as “frontier urbanism”, building on Wendy Pullan’s
(2011) discussion of how various actors employ architectural and place-making
practices to secure the state in contested urban space. The article traces
Rijeka/Fiume´s urban development as a window of fixating state identities
in the built environment throughout the century, focusing on the aftermath
of the Second World War. It examines the urban transformations of the city
as the demographic landscape was reshaped after the departure of the local
Italian-speaking majority and the arrival of workers from various parts of
Yugoslavia, but also from Italy. By analysing decisions to rebuild or not
buildings damaged by war, as well as the demolition of the 1943-built votive
temple in Mlaka, the article inquires how reconstruction and urban planning
became avenues to secure the state at its new frontiers.

The publication of the 'First Report of the National Advisory Council on Art Education' (1960), otherwise known as the first ‘Coldstream Report’, is a graspable moment of displacement in the British art world. It represents a shift between an educational system based on disciplined studies of techniques and crafts to one based on conceptual thinking and design. Its legacy is marked by trauma and confusion that deepened as the decade matured, spilling over into creative outbursts and political revolt. It has become a symbol of oppressive, narrowly defined rigour and prejudiced artistic values. As such, both the report and the painter and educator who leant it his name, William Coldstream, have been blamed and demonised. This paper approaches the report as an image, for it is not only invested with symbolic, representational meaning, but it also is among those victims of iconoclasm – works of art, signs, inscriptions or pictures – that act in the words of theorist Bruno Latour “as a mediation to access something else”. The Report is a window to a set of values for education, but also for the perception of the artist’s relationship to society. Half a century later, it is important to carefully weigh the document itself against the politics and motivations of the diverse committee members who authored it. Using ministerial archival records opened in the late 1990s, this paper reflects on how such a document presents a methodological conundrum in tracing intention and effect, as well as the dangers of conflating it with any one participant.

This article examines the reshaping of Belgrade's memorial landscape after the Second World War and after the 1999 NATO bombings, with a focus on the role of architects. As such, the paper shifts the scale of memory debates in two ways: first, from the national to the urban; second, from 'classical' memory entrepreneurs of the political realm to city makers, usually perceived as 'technical' actors, but, as the paper argues, in fact relevant memory actors both through the way they influence sites of memory and through memory debates. The article places the engagement of architects with narratives of heroism and victimhood in Serbia in a historical perspective, examining the shift in memorialisation after the Second World War. It then discusses the hesitant approaches on engaging with ruins of the 1999 NATO bombing, highlighting frictions between various actors in the Generalštab debate. Finally, it analyses the distinctive memorial engagement with the ruins of the Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) building by examining the bottom-up process of the competition for the RTS memorial. The article highlights that, even if not intentionally or by embracing memory-work, architecture and architects play a role in memory processes, while deeply enmeshed in constellations of political and economic power.

Dr Vittorio Montemaggi & Dr Michelle Fletcher, King's College London.
Cities bring people together, and London unites everyone who studies and works at King's College London. Over centuries our remarkable city has been inscribed with layers of human meaning, housed in palaces and tube stations, cathedrals and coffee shops. In London's buildings we can connect in multi-dimensional ways with the richness and challenges of human life and culture.  This AKC series will explore the meaning of London, and our place within it: through historical "tours" of nine very different buildings, we will reflect afresh on how religion, art, politics, trade and scholarship have evolved, helping to build one of the world’s most important and vibrant cities.

"The author analyzes the role of the American Arts and Monuments Section, established in the summer of 1945 within the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (Scap) in order to protect, preserve and restore “recognized works of cultural, historical or artistic significance”.
As part of the complex program for the protection of cultural heritage in war zones developed by the Allied governments during the Second World War (Monuments, Fine Arts and Archive Program), the activities of the Arts and Monuments Section in Japan can be considered the only Asian case that can be compared to the work done in Europe by the Allied Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives Subcommission"

The article discusses the efforts to undertake economic reconstruction in Bosnia following the end of the war. It argues that, despite certain successes such as the rehabilitation of
infrastructure and the privatization of the banking sector, overall progress has been below expectations. The study, accordingly, attempts to analyse the reasons behind the reconstruction
failure by grouping Bosnia’s problems into four different challenges for analytical purposes: the post-Dayton institutional deficiency; overcoming political fragmentation; creating appropriate conditions for economic revival; and graduating from dependency on foreign economic aid. In this respect, it is concluded that the intersection between the economic and political dimensions of post-conflict reconstruction has generated a paradox: while huge amounts of economic assistance have intended to facilitate political reconciliation, the nature of the administrative (political) structure that was established in the post-war period has in turn hindered economic
recovery and the creation of a unified economic space. Moreover, political fragmentation and slow progress in economic reconstruction have been in a mutually constitutive relationship in which the existence of the one has contributed to the sustenance of the other.

Ever-increasingly, countries, states and regions are voicing a desire to be autonomous through a process of balkanization. This book explores the historical emergence, interdisciplinary application and current socio-spatial reasons why more places are seeking self-governance around the world. The spatialization of balkanization is particularly addressed in terms of destruction and renewal through a detailed socio-political interrogation of architecture and the urban, including their changing symbolic and functional forms.

Nella moderna storiografia occidentale, così come nella coscienza di massa dei cittadini, una visione unilaterale degli eventi che dalla prima crisi di Berlino hanno portato alla divi- sione della Germania è stata inevitabilmente stabilita. Approfittando di alcune fonti russe, proviamo a ricostruire passaggi chiave, utili ad analizzare il modus operandi sovietico e a carpirne le intenzioni.

Final report of  Commission on Wartime Contracting (CWC), an independent, bipartisan legislative commission established to study wartime contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan. Created in Section 841 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, this eight-member Commission is mandated by Congress to study federal agency contracting for the reconstruction, logistical support of coalition forces, and the performance of security functions, in Iraq and Afghanistan.

The aim of the study is the problem of protecting cultural and historic properties in the cities, that have been affected and damaged as a result of war. It is shown that the properties of cultural and historical heritage are significantly damaged, threatening their preservation, which can lead to their complete loss. In each case, the primary concern has been the impact of the reconstruction on the values for which the property was inscribed as a World Heritage site. The urgency of the problem is determined by the fact that cultural heritage sites that are not on the UNESCO list remain outside the attention of the authorities, the professional community and the public, which, as a result of reconstruction process, can lead to their loss, loss of urban identity, and not only negative humanitarian consequences, but also reduce significant economic potential. Materials and methods. The studies are based on a retrospective analysis of the territory, which can be used to identify the boundaries of the city, which have historical and cultural significance. The systematic approach and cartography method are used to determine the location of the historic center of Homs city and historical heritage objects within, which is necessary to assess their value and to face all the challenges and prevent further damages loss of cultural significance that was caused by the military conflict. Special approaches were proposed for protecting the objects which have historical and cultural significance. Also, a several points of weakness were presented in the reconstruction process of cities affected by the war. Results. Applying cartography method based on retrospective analysis of the city affected by military conflicts in our case Homs city. Both methods can help detecting the boundaries of the territory, which has signs of historical and cultural significance. Also, a recommendation mechanism was proposed for reconstruction process in the historical cities affected by military actions based on the preservation of their historical potential and urban identity, aimed at implementing the concept of sustainable development. Conclusions. The study of post-conflict reconstruction of historic cities, shown the necessity of using special urban planning techniques for the restoration process in the territories with historical and cultural significance.

The Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan submitted "At What Cost? Contingency Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan" to Congress on June 10, 2009, describing its operations to that date, identifying areas for research, and flagging eight "issues of immediate concern" for lawmakers to consider.

After the Civil War, much of Louisiana’s economy was left in ruins. Dealing with the loss of the war and the end of slavery, white Democrats in the Gulf South looked toward political leaders to reinstate a racial hierarchy and bring prosperity to their emptying coffers. Municipal politicians, charged with maintaining a balanced treasury and scheming new ways to bring wealth to their towns during an age of railroads and Gilded Age technologies and resources, became rallying figures of success. Local constituents challenged mayors to bring new industry and economic growth to their towns as well as uphold a racial hierarchy to which many white southerners desperately clung. The Reconstruction and post-Reconstruction South saw a surprising trend of Jewish municipal politicians in office and, in particular, an exceptionally long and mostly unstudied list of Jewish mayors who governed municipalities in the former Confederate states. Between 1865 and 1890, at least thirty Jewish mayors served in the former slave states (including Kentucky), with a particularly dense grouping of these civic leaders elected in Louisiana, which boasted at least ten during this era.  As a preliminary study, this essay will delve into the election story of one Jewish mayor, Edouard Weil of Alexandria, Louisiana, in Rapides Parish, who governed from 1875 through 1876.

As the United States descended into civil war, New Orleans’s century-old community of French-speaking free people of color — wealthy, educated, and influential — struck back against increased racial hostility and erosion of their rights. Their chosen weapon was newsprint. L’Union: mémorial politique, littéraire et progressiste appeared in 1862, succeeded by La Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans in 1864. Collected here for the first time, the poems printed in the newspapers bring to light a network of intimate connections and vibrant dialogue. In verse modeled on French Romantic poetry, more than twenty activist authors wrote poems back and forth to each other before a public audience. Differing in important ways from the tone of the newspapers’ prose, the poetry expands our understanding of the close-knit, politically progressive community of Creole gens de couleur and recovers their contributions to the fight for civil rights in the United States. The original French poems appear here alongside Clint Bruce’s sensitive English translations, mindful of meaning, meter, and sound. A comprehensive introduction, biographies of the poets, and extensive annotations immerse the reader in Civil War–era Louisiana.

Essay written for University of York MA in Conservation Studies (Building Conservation), 2017.
In this essay I will focus on the issues of authenticity and integrity in post- war reconstruction by analysing two sites with opposing ideas of recovery. Both were effected by the Second World War however Oradour-sur-glane, in France, is a memorialised site left “in ruins” within France, whilst Dresden, in Germany, is a reconstructed historic asset. This essay will consider the issues which may arise in dealing with assets in a post-war environment, with authenticity and integrity being central to the debate. The dictionary definition of authenticity is of something which is genuine, real and not copied, whilst the definition of integrity is “an adherence to moral and ethical principles and soundness of moral character” as well as a “state of being whole, entire or undiminished” (Oxford Dictionaries, 2012). Concepts of integrity and authenticity must also embody issues of ethics, memory, promotion of dark heritage, identity, trauma and sustainability within them. These issues must all be considered in the ethics of retention or reconstruction of post-war structures.

A assombrosa riqueza petrolífera de Angola e as suas histórias de conflito e desigualdade atrai-nos a construir narrativas binárias sobre o poder e a exploração, as quais não são, todavia, suficientes para uma compreensão precisa e uma ação esclarecida. O presente artigo utiliza uma perspectiva geográfica relacional que pretende ir além dos binarismos simplistas mediante uma análise conjunta da Praça 4 de Fevereiro, situada no centro da cidade de Malanje, e da proposta de construção do novo memorial rural da revolta da Baixa de Kassanje, a leste da cidade no Município de Kela. Com base em notícias dos meios de comunicação social e em registos etnográficos e históricos, situo a Praça 4 de Fevereiro na história mais geral da cidade na era colonial e assinalo as suas atuais tensões, ironias e utilizações práticas e políticas na geografia quotidiana da cidade. O memorial de Kassanje é um projeto relativamente desconhecido e tem vindo a estiolar desde que o Presidente Agostinho Neto anunciou a construção de uma primeira aldeia-piloto modelo, numa visita realizada em 1979. Analiso os planos e a cobertura dada pelos meios de comunicação social à construção em Kassanje de um projecto de aldeia e de um novo monumento e memorial, bem como de novas habitações e infra-estruturas sociais na mesma zona. Examino igualmente os pedidos de restabelecimento sobre o feriado nacional de 4 de Janeiro em memória dos mártires da repressão colonial (incluindo em Kassanje) e de atribuição de pensões militares aos angolanos da área afectados pela revolta de Kassanje. A análise mostra como os planos e o debate sobre a revolta revelam vozes diversas em conversa, e alterações significativas nas narrativas dominantes a seu respeito. De um modo mais geral, as discussões sobre Kassanje mostram as geografias rurais do nacionalismo (e dos monumentos que lhes estão associados), com a especificidade que lhes é própria e as respetivas ligações às zonas urbanas. Analogamente, uma compreensão dos dois monumentos nos respetivos contextos provinciais – tal como as suas ligações a Luanda – pode abrir novas perspectivas aos trabalhos que se têm centrado em Luanda e nas cidades de maior dimensão.

Après quinze années de guerre civile et dans un climat politique très instable, Beyrouth, entre ruines et chantiers, s'est renouvelée dans un mouvement effréné qui échappe au consensus. La métropole libanaise, palimpseste où affleurent de multiples strates d'urbanisation, a été et reste le champ d'une opposition farouche entre, d'un côté, partisans de l'effacement des traces d'un passé violent et de l'autre, défenseurs de la cause patrimoniale. Mais dans cet espace urbain complexe, comment identifier ce qui relève du patrimoine?
Loin d'être univoque, cette notion fait ici l'objet d'un état des lieux, dans l'histoire récente et à travers le prisme des différents protagonistes de la cité. De l'urbaniste au citadin ordinaire, chacun dessine une conception singulière du passé dans le paysage de la ville.
Dès lors, des enjeux de tous ordres surgissent et se heurtent. Les ambitions politiques ou spéculatives rivalisent avec les stratégies de promotion ou de défense d'un capital culturel et symbolique.
Ainsi, bien plus que des traces comme témoignage d'une douloureuse période historique, les îlots ruinés de Beyrouth révèlent les conflits irrésolus qui secouent toujours la société libanaise.

Jelen tanulmányban azt mutatom be, hogy az élelmiszerellátás 1945-ös állapota szempontjából a beszolgáltatási rendszer közösségre gyakorolt hatása, a kormányzás technológiája, a vidék-város kapcsolat, valamint az ember-állat viszony voltak a legfontosabb tényezők. Ebből a kérdésfelvetésből következik, hogy a  front átvonulása és 1946 nyara, vagyis a forint bevezetésének időpontja, közötti élelmiszerhiány kapcsán számos szereplő döntéseit kell figyelembe vennünk. Az egyes szereplőknek igen eltérő elképzelései voltak az igazságos és kívánatos élelmiszer elosztás mibenlétéről.

This paper is concerned with the British experience of reconstruction following the destruction of World War 2, central to which was the question of cultural continuity at a time of radical reinvention of Britain’s towns and cities. This story of recon- struction is often told either from the point of view of heritage lost or of architecture (of whatever quality) gained, reflecting the typical division of both professional life and academic research into narrow specialisms. But the question of cultural continuity requires these and other strands to be brought into dialogue with one another, and there is much to be gained in reflecting on how they interrelated.
After WW II, Coventry was amongst the first British cities to begin rebuilding, implementing a relatively radical redevelopment of its central core, broadly along Corbusian principles of the ‛Functional City’. The preference for radical redevelopment was not a foregone conclusion either in Coventry or elsewhere, and the post-war debate, characterised by Donald Gibson as a ‛second Battle of Britain’, helped lay the foundation for current British conservation processes, for example the designation of conservation areas. One principal form of resistance to the ‛Functional City’ orthodoxy was the Townscape movement, an alternative approach which was developed in the pages of the Architectural Review from a distinctive theoretical framework including Nikolaus Pevsner’s work on the English Picturesque.
By combining this earlier thinking with a narrative understanding of time and culture the outline of a new framework is offered to address the ongoing issue of how the historic environment should be reconstructed in the aftermath of conflict, and the wider question of the place of new design in historic settings.

Vingt-huit ans après sa fin, la guerre civile libanaise demeure un thème prégnant des oeuvres et discours d'artistes beyrouthins là où la société et les institutions en ont fait un tabou. L'art constitue dès lors une entrée privilégiée d'appréhension du contexte social et de ses évolutions dans l'après-guerre. L'effectivité du processus de réconciliation, voire sa monopolisation par les acteurs du monde de l'art, peut être mesurée par des voies non-institutionnelles. Plus encore, la mutation des représentations de guerre dans l'art, entre une génération de guerre et une génération d'après-guerre, reflète une redéfinition de la figure et du rôle de l'artiste dans son rapport au politique : autrefois artiste-historien, l'artiste-citoyen d'aujourd'hui révèle un changement notable dans la conception sociale du Liban, qui repose sur la décommunautarisation urbaine et la désassignation identitaire. MOTS-CLES : mémoire-représentations mentales-réconciliation-après-guerre-artiste-citoyen-pratiques artistiques. "It was very difficult for me to talk about something else. I wanted to exorcise the war from within me. War is imprinted on our memories, and it's difficult to erase", Bahij Hojeij 1989. Les artistes libanais s'emparent du thème de la guerre et abreuvent d'images une scène artistique alors détruite ou exilée. Ils décident d'écrire l'histoire et transmettre la mémoire de la guerre pour une société bientôt plongée dans une amnésie imposée, devenant ainsi des artistes-historiens 1 qui façonnent les représentations de la guerre civile libanaise (1975-1990). Ce rôle sera confirmé par les conséquences d'une transition immorale 2 où la guerre devient le moteur de la création libanaise contemporaine autour d'artistes comme Ziad Doueiri, Fouad Elkoury, Ghassan Sallhab, Akram Zaatari… D'autres artistes, nés après la guerre civile, apparaissent ensuite dans le paysage artistique beyrouthin : ils sont photographes (

This dissertation argues that educational praxis rooted in local epistemologies can combat the erosion of ethno-histories and provide quotidian securities free of war and exploitative practices of extraction and overuse of the land for non-subsistence purposes, which deny basic human life. Colonial ethnocide, linguicide, and epistemicide serve as the central focus of this study, which uses mixed anthropological methods to investigate economic production, political history, and cultural transmission, with the goal of advancing language revitalization efforts concerning native epistemologies within the multidisciplinary fields of Africana, African, Black, African American, and African diaspora studies. I employ a toolbox of techniques unique to the four fields of anthropology (physical/biological, archaeological, but especially socio-cultural and linguistic anthropology) with a concentration on the four elements of culture [kinship/gender, economics, politics, and religion].

Three metaphors (Beer, Blood, and Bible) examine scientific agriculturalist economies, local jural systems of governance organized by uterine kinship tied to geospatial terrains among the Lunda, and sociolinguistic worlds of pre-colonial indigenous Kongo-Ngola, which occur contemporaneously alongside post-colonial capitalist, neoliberal geopolitical, and cosmological paradigms in present-day Congo-Angola. As such, geolinguistics, ethno-history, and terroir epistemologies become vital to survival and to the continuity of humanity and peace. By decolonizing science, deconstructing imperialist systems of power-knowledge, and reconfiguring ontologies of production and reproduction, this dissertation revitalizes locally grounded epistemologies which face extinction and extermination due to colonial wars of geological extraction, while recognizing significant depths of indigenous governance within opposing post-colonial structures, with respect to technologies of literacy, cosmological consciousness, and numeracy relevant to generational preservation and perpetuation of heritage into the future.

This work becomes significant to African American studies given the historical significance of missionaries educated at Historically Black Colleges and Universities who lived in Belgian Congo and Portuguese Angola from the 1880s into the early 1900s, both preserving and changing local culture, following the Conference of Berlin and leading to the independence movements. Their global goals of progressive work in the era of Old Jim Crow in US come to light in Chapter Four (Bible), which uses the legacy of these late nineteenth and early twentieth century Black American diasporic transnational returnees in order to transpose a practical five-language Swadesh list, where lexicography precedes cultural and linguistic revitalization techniques anthropologists on the ground would use to resurrect lost folkloric knowledge linked to local languages. Kongo-Ngola since migrations of Proto-Bantu speaking peoples parallels with Congo-Angola since 1880 as one of many contested sites, from whence to develop multiple comparative analyses of geolinguistic divisions of indigenous ethnic communities.

This triangular metaphor of Beer, Blood, and the Bible concludes with an analysis of education in multiple spaces such that museums and schools teaching Kongo-Ngola native epistemologies in Congo-Angola, the United States, and Europe in deracinated colonial spaces, as well as in reclaimed territories of indigeneity. Perhaps the solution to colonial erasure and epistemicide rests within local universities in Angola, such as Universidade Lueji a Nkonde (ULAN)—named for the ancestress and founder of the Lunda Empire. This ethno-history of scientific, economic, linguistic, political, religious, musical performance, and educational epistemologies in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Angola employs a rarely known interdisciplinary method known as geolinguistics, while following a metaphor of beer (production), blood (reproduction and power), and the bible (knowledge).

Maria Tatar states that the fairy-tale Beauty and the Beast depicts, “The transformative power of empathy, that encodes messages about […] romance, marriage, and ‘The Other’” (9). Because of these coded messages, the story and its many retellings have provided fertile ground for discussions on empathy and gender. The tale, from its very inception, has managed to resonate with how different eras view empathy and its interactions with gender relations, which can be seen through the multiple adaptations and variations of the tale. Through four chapters, my dissertation explores four iterations of Beauty and the Beast, along with other culturally mainstream “beastly” media, through the lens of gender and empathy. The first chapter explores Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont’s 1756 fairy-tale, and how it reflects conflicting ideas of sympathy and arranged marriage. The second chapter discusses how Jean Cocteau’s 1946 avant-garde film subverts the 1940s culture of gender conformism along with its forcing of female domesticity, and does so by reflecting Simone de Beauvoir’s ideas of gendered reciprocity. The third chapter considers the manifestation of the New Sincerity in Disney’s 1991 animated film, and how it prioritises male transformation over female self-definition. The fourth chapter, which covers the Disney 2017 remake, looks at how feminist critique targets the fairy-tale, and how it is counteracted by the trend of nostalgia within media. I conclude that the multiple iterations of Beauty and the Beast show that despite being a “Tale as old as time,” the story is still being told in accordance with western society’s view of gender relations and empathy, and it is very likely that the tale will continue to be told.

Antebellum racism did not doom the Reconstruction project of black citizenship to failure. In the 1850s, a flood of African travel accounts captivated Anglo-American readers. These appeared at an opportune time for Northerners committed to granting citizenship to 4 million newly emancipated slaves. Together with the glorious record of black military service, these books proved that people of African descent possessed the moral and intellectual qualities to participate in civic life. In the 1860s, however, a new rash of African travel accounts appeared that gave free rein to the most lurid images of African peoples. White Southerners and their Northern allies realized the potential of these accounts and weaponized them. They seized control of the terms of the debate over black citizenship. Instead of demanding that the defeated South obey the Union’s basic demands for just treatment of the freedpeople, Republicans allowed themselves to be diverted into a contest over the innate barbarity of African people. It was a wholly unnecessary debate and one that, given the ruthlessness of their opponents, Republicans were poorly positioned to win.

This article examines how education and conflict are intertwined. Most war-affected youth are not in school and have little reasonable chance of ever attending. Sheer demographics alone— today’s world population is history’s youngest ever—set significant limits on the effectiveness and reach of current efforts to address education needs during and after wars. Included in the article’s analysis is how youth exclusion and colossal youth populations create considerable education challenges in conflict-affected contexts.

One of the first essays to explore composite materials in architecture -- this article focuses on Postwar Plastics through precise analysis of Monsanto's House of the Future by MIT researchers for Tomorrowland -- Disneyland in the 1950s to 1960s. From original research on the successes in the plastic industry during World War II -- this article shows how Monsanto strategically went on to advance a "Second Modern Order" in architecture that opposed rectilinear panel/frame construction in favor of new "organic" curvilinear continuous-tension-shell composite sandwich panel technologies. It studies the successes and the failures of the architecture industry to advance plastics and composite fiberglass materials during the post-war period relevant to advances later made in digital design and fabrication practices of the early-twenty-first century.

Pred okvirno 70 leti je v drugi oziroma tretji številki Zgodovinskega časopisa potekala vroča diskusija, ki še danes ni razrešena. Gre za eno najbolj perečih vprašanj arheologije v Sloveniji, to je problem staroslovanskega svetišča na Ptuju. Avtor predstavi pester potek odkritja zloglasnega objekta v »podivjanih« povojnih letih v Jugoslaviji med velikimi arheološkimi izkopavanji na zahodnem platoju ptujskega gradu. Izkopavanja postavi v širši okvir povojne gradnje države in nacije (Jugoslovanov), ko so tudi arheologi in zgodovinarji pomagali postavljati novo državo na nove temelje.

Dans Mouchel (Didier) (dir.), 1945-1962. La reconstruction de la Normandie, Rouen : Éditions des Falaises, p. 168-173
article de synthèse sur l'ensemble des architectes et urbanistes ayant excercé dans la reconstruction normande, leur formation et leur carrière, tant pendant la reconstruction qu'après. Comment ont-ils été choisis, sur quels critères, en 1940 puis en 1944 ? Comment s'est déroulée l'acclimatation des architectes étrangers à la région, majoritairement  parisiens ? Comment était organisée la maîtrise d'œuvre ? Enfin et surtout, quelles furent les possibilités de développer une recherche architecturale innovante ?

Este libro se pregunta por algunas ideas naturalizadas. ¿Por qué el Estado debe hacerse cargo de los veteranos de Malvinas? ¿Por responsabilidad? ¿Porque son héroes? ¿Porque son víctimas? Y en todo caso, ¿cómo debe hacerse cargo? Cada respuesta que demos amerita desplegar una serie de clasificaciones y nociones que tenemos sobre el Estado, la guerra, y los individuos que participan en ella; respuestas que son tan históricas como los mismos cuestionamientos que las generan. De allí parte su título: la pregunta sobre qué hacer con los héroes desde el Estado aún motoriza una batería de respuestas.
En sus páginas se abordan las múltiples formas en que se intervino o se intentó intervenir en la vida de los ex soldados, oficiales y suboficiales partícipes de la guerra de Malvinas desde el Estado nacional argentino entre los años 1982 y 2017. Cuenta, además, con un digesto de leyes, decretos, resoluciones, proyectos de ley y otros documentos utilizados en el corpus analítico desde los que se ha tratado al veterano, los caídos y sus familias como un 'problema' de resolución estatal.

Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, tome LXXI, 2012, p. 9-52
Artilce de synthèse sur les bas-reliefs et œuvres d'art en lien avec l'architecture, dans le cadre de la reconstruction après la seconde guerre mondiale. Le texte s'appuie sur un inventaire photographique aussi large que possible. Pour voir les photos, suivez le lien.

İnsanlık tarihinde beş bin yıldır devam eden savaşlar nedeniyle yıkılan kentlerin rehabilitasyonu, günümüzde hala önemli bir mimarlık sorusudur. Fiziksel rehabilitasyon, savaş gibi olağanüstü haller sonrası politik, psikolojik ve sosyal rehabilitasyonun sağlanmasında önemli bir bileşendir.Bu nedenle fiziksel rehabilitasyonun sağlanmasında savaş öncesi hazırlanmayan acil durum planları ile irdelenmemiş tasarım yöntemleri, savaş sonrası zaman ve bütçe sıkıntısı yaşayan ülkeler için nitelikli, kullanıcı odaklı ve sürdürülebilir yeniden yapılanmada büyük sorunlar yaratmaktadır. Bu bilgiler ışığında bu tez çalışmasında, savaş sonrası kentlerin stabilizasyon evrelerindeki tasarım sürecine odaklanılarak; tarihsel deneyim analitik bir yaklaşımla analiz edilmiştir.
Çalışmaya doğru bir kuramsal çerçeve ile yaklaşabilmek amacıyla, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan bugüne kadar yıkılan kentlere dönük mimari tasarım yaklaşımları incelenerek genel bir sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Bu sınıflandırma sonrasında, bir yandan savaş sonrası fikir üretimlerinin baskın olduğu 1945 sonrası işlevselci yaklaşımla bağı olan, diğer yandan ise günümüzün post-modern yaklaşımları ile ilişki kuran, aynı zamanda tarihsel olarak bakıldığında 1960’dan günümüze mimarlık tartışmaları ile şekillenerek gelişen yöntemi ile Bernard Tschumi’nin olay-kentler serilerinde ortaya koyduğu yöntemler altlık olarak kullanılmıştır.
Savaş sonrası kentlerin fiziksel rehabilitasyonu, Durulma ve Stabilizasyon Evresi olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır. Stabilizasyon evresi ise kent planlaması, ulaşım ve alt yapı ağlarının
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rehabilitasyonu, konut ve toplu konut alanlarının tasarımı, tarihi merkezler ve tarihi yapıların rehabilitasyonu, kamu yapılarının tasarımı ve simgesel yıkım alanlarının rehabilitasyonu gibi alt başlıkları içermektedir. Her biri birbiriyle ilişkili olarak değerlendirilebilecek olan bu başlıklar arasından simgesel yıkım alanlarına odaklanılmıştır. Stabilizasyon evresinin unsurlarından biri olan simgesel yıkım alanlarının rehabilitasyonu, toplumsal travmaların rehabilitasyonu için de kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu bağlamda bu tez çalışmasında, simgesel yıkım alanlarından Hiroşima kentinin “birincil yıkım etki alanı” örnek alan olarak seçilmiş ve bu alan, Bernard Tschumi’nin olay-kentler serisinde geliştirdiği yöntemsel altlık çerçevesinde tümdengelimci bir yaklaşım ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizlerden elde edilen deneyimler tasnif edilerek, tümevarımcı kent rehabilitasyonu yöntemleri için bir çerçeve sunulmuştur.

The rehabilitation of post-war cities is still an important architectural problem. The lack of pre-war emergency plans and well-examined design methods creates many problems in terms of qualified, user-oriented and sustainable restructuring for post-war countries that lack time and budget or the physical rehabilitation of these cities, which are an important component in the provision of political, psychological and social rehabilitation after a state of emergency like war. In the light of this information, historical experience is analyzed with an analytical approach by focusing on the design process in the stabilization stages of post-war cities.
In order to approach the study with the right theoretical base, architectural design approaches towards the cities that were destroyed by the World War II is examined and a general classification is made. After this classification, Bernard Tschumi’s methods from the event-cities series are used. Tschumi’s methods are connected with post- 1945’s functionalist approach, relate to today’s post-modern approaches and at the same time, are shaped and developed by ongoing architectural debates since 1960s.
Symbolic destruction areas which are considered as critical areas for rehabilitation of social traumas, one of the elements of stabilization phase, are focused within the sub- headings of the physical rehabilitation of post-war cities which should be studied one by one. In this context, in the study, primary destruction impact area of Hiroshima city, which is one of the symbolic destruction areas is selected as an example and analyzed
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ABSTRACT

with a deductive approach within the framework of methodological base developed by Bernard Tschumi in the series of event-cities. The experiences extracted from the analyzes are classified and a framework for inductive urban rehabilitation methods is presented.

In Jajce, during the second congress of the Antifascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia, on November 30th 1943, the National Investigative Commission on War Crimes of the Occupation and Auxiliary Forces was established. The pre-war philosopher, writer, Skoplje University professor and the participant of the Yugoslav communist resistance movement, Dr Dušan Nedeljković, was appointed as the president of the National Commission. The basic task of the National Commission was to collect the evidence material on the crimes of the Axis aggressors as well as the members of local state, police, military and militia formations, with the purpose of performing arrests, extradition and judicial persecution. National Commission was also entrusted with keeping files on identified war criminals and informing the Yugoslav and foreign public about its findings. When the National Commission was disbanded on April 12th 1948, the president submitted the final report, now kept in the original National Commission fond in the Archives of Yugoslavia in Belgrade. This paper brings before the reader the transcription of the entire final report.

Encouraging intersections between reflection and intervention, via a better understanding of how different kinds of public spaces and spatial practices can provide possibilities and opportunities for collective action. Such procedure is particularly challenging in the case of cities like Beirut where spatial practices are largely restricted by regulations and practices prioritizing private property rights, at the expense of a substantive understanding of the commons. Interest groups dominating the neoliberal spatial production process in the Lebanese capital may well rapidly shut down potentials for mobilization and collective action within procedural spaces and by civil society initiatives.

The article discusses how the emerging genre of American and British science fiction symbolised and expressed Cold War anxieties after 1949. 
It begins by briefly showing how a popular Western symbolised the Berlin Airlift, then considers how several new Sci Fi novels, including "The Martian Chronicles," "The Day of the Triffids," "I am Legend," and "The Bodysnatchers" each respond more precisely to changing Soviet aggression. 
The chief writers explored are Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein, John Wyndham, Richard Matheson, Jack Finney, and the television writer Terry Nation.  Connections are drawn between key science fiction novels and public concerns about possible atomic war, espionage fears, future Soviet invasion, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
It then suggests a shift in meaning affecting British science fiction from the mid-1950s, with rising fears about the demise of empire, and concerns that European civilisation is waning.  The chief writers discussed in this regard are John Christopher, whose work is linked with the Suez Crisis, & J.G. Ballard's "The Drowned World."  Strong links are also established between several British science fiction novels and William Golding's "Lord of the Flies."
9pp.

dans Permis de (re)construire. VIre 1944-1965, Coutances : OREP, 2012, p. 44-59
La reconstruction de Vire est intéressante parce qu'on y lit bien le basculement de la doctrine urbanistique et architecturale du ministère de la reconstruction au tournant de l'année 1950. A ce moment, les services de l'Etat tentent de modifier le plan qu'ils avaient eux-mêmes soutenu quatre années plus tôt. En vain, car le milieu local n'est pas dépourvu de moyens d'intervention sur son propre territoire. L'épisode témoigne bien de la reconstruction comme un laboratoire de recherche urbaine et  architecturale.