Preventive

Background. Reducing dietary fat has been identified as a potential means of preventing chronic disease. Several studies have identified methods of changing dietary fat consumption in small, intensive intervention settings. Fewer studies have examined how to improve dietary habits of individuals in the general public.Methods. The Eating for a Healthy Life (EHL) project was a randomized trial [n = 40 religious organizations (ROs) and 2175 individuals, 1099 in intervention]. The study tested an intervention package of self-help books, motivational messages, and social interactions designed to change dietary behaviors (lowering fat, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption) among members of religious organizations aged 18 and over. The primary outcomes are fat- and fruit- or vegetable-related behaviors measured using the Fat and Fiber Behavior (FFB) Questionnaire.Results. Religious organizations and their members participated fully in the initial study activities.Conclusions. This study will support a rigorous test of the intervention package.

To evaluate the combined effects and relative importance of socio-cultural factors as well as parents' subjectively perceived and objectively assessed environment on time children spent vigorously playing outdoors. Cross-sectional study conducted in Berne, Biel-Bienne, and Payerne (Switzerland) during the school year 2004/2005. Included 1345 parental questionnaires from children out of three age groups (6/7, 9/10, and 13/14 years). A total of 1081 (80%) provided a home address, which could be linked to environmental data using a geographic information system (GIS). GIS-derived main street density in a buffer of 100 m around the home was inversely associated with time playing outdoors in adolescents and younger children, but only in more urbanized areas. In addition and independently of GIS-based main street density, parental concern about traffic safety was associated with less time playing outdoors in primary school children. Girls, adolescents, and children from the French speaking part of the country spent less time playing outdoors. A non-Swiss nationality and having younger siblings increased time playing vigorously outdoors in adolescents. In addition to socio-cultural factors, parents' perceptions and objectively measured environmental factors were significantly associated with the time spent vigorously playing outdoors. These associations differed by age group.

Background.To address limited longitudinal nutrition data on children and adolescents, a self-administered food frequency questionnaire was designed for older children and adolescents. Initially, the Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire (YAQ) was developed and demonstrated to be reproducible. This study was conducted to evaluate its validity.Methods.The form was administered twice to a sample of 261 youths (ages 9 to 18) at an approximate interval of 1 year (1993–1994), and three 24-hr dietary recalls were collected during this period. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated on nutrient data.Results.Validity was first evaluated by comparing the average of the three 24-hr recalls to the average of the two YAQs. Similar mean nutrients were found by both methods. Correlation coefficients between the mean energy-adjusted nutrients computed by the two methods ranged from 0.21 for sodium to 0.58 for folate. After correction for within-person error, the average correlation coefficient was 0.54, similar to that found among adults.Conclusion.A simple self-administered questionnaire completed by older children and adolescents can provide nutritional information about this age group.

Объект и задачи исследования В основе выражения предостережения лежит желание/наме-рение говорящего известить, предусмотреть, предупредить, пре-дотвратить, предостеречь, (заблаговременно/своевременно) опо-вестить, посоветовать, уберечь, предуведомить, обезопасить, миновать, запретить, пресечь действия и события, которые, с его точки зрения, имеют, могут или могли бы иметь нежелательные последствия как для него самого, так и для адресата. В арсенале говорящего для этой цели имеется также и запугивание, т.е. угроза адресату, которую он также выражает в целях предосте-режения, так как он оценивает возможное или вероятное дейст-вие адресата или грядущее событие как неблагоприятное. С перспективы терминологической триады эмоция-значе-ние-смысл, в случае выражения предостережения страх, трево-га, беспокойство являются именно теми эмоциями или чувства-ми, которые служат основанием для говорящего оценить имею-щиеся, реальные или надвигающиеся события негативно, т.е. с нежелательными последствиями. В этой цепочке значение-это форма, или способ, т.е. грамматические/морфологические инструменты для выражения/коммуникации этих эмоций и, со-ответственно, негативной оценки, в то время как смысл-это субъективный образ, возникающий при их понимании в тексте, Сахатова 2020-Сахатова Г.С. Формальные способы выражения предостережения в тюркских языках на примере туркменского и турецкого языков // Вопросы тюркской филологии. Выпуск XIII. Материалы Дмитриевских чтений / М.М. Репенкова, Е.А. Оганова (отв.ред.). Москва, 2020. С. 212-247.

This study evaluated the effects of a school-based dietary intervention program to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among fourth-graders. Twenty-eight elementary schools were randomized to an immediate intervention condition or to a delayed intervention control condition. Measures of diet and psychosocial variables were collected at base line and 1 and 2 years post-baseline. The intervention included classroom, parent, and cafeteria components. Mean daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was higher for the intervention children compared with controls at Follow-up 1 (X(t) = 3.96, X(c) = 2.28) and at Follow-up 2 (X(t) = 3.20, X(c) = 2.21). Macro- and micronutrient changes favoring the intervention children were also observed at both Follow-up 1 and Follow-up 2. Mean daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was higher for intervention parents compared with controls at Follow-up 1 (X(t) = 4.23,X(c) = 3.94) but not at Follow-up 2. Strong effects were found for the High 5 intervention on fruit and vegetable consumption, on macro- and micro-nutrients, and on psychosocial variables. Future work is needed to enhance the intervention effects on parents' consumption and to test the effectiveness of the intervention when delivered by classroom teachers.

The Study To Enhance Prevention by Understanding Practice (STEP-UP) clinical trial (1997-2000) resulted in sustainable increases in preventive service delivery in primary care practices. However, the process by which practice change can be facilitated has not been well described. Comparative case studies were conducted of eight STEP-UP practices with the largest increases in preventive service delivery rates and compared to seven practices with the lowest increases. A multidisciplinary team (research nurse, nurse facilitator, physician principal investigator) used an editing analysis approach to create individual case studies. Then, using an immersion-crystallization approach, the team identified pragmatic lessons for people working to improve primary care practice, and validated these lessons with a participating practice and an additional facilitator. It is not always possible to predict which practices will change based on understanding initial practice conditions. "Malleabl...

Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) was a three-year cluster randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity and diminish increases in overweight and obesity in elementary school children. Twenty-four elementary schools were cluster randomized to the Physical Activity Across the Curriculum intervention or served as control. All children in grades two and three were followed to grades four and five. Physical Activity Across the Curriculum promoted 90 min/wk of moderate to vigorous intensity physically active academic lessons delivered by classroom teachers. Body Mass Index was the primary outcome, daily Physical activity and academic achievement were secondary outcomes. The three-year change in Body Mass Index for Physical Activity Across the Curriculum was 2.0+/-1.9 and control 1.9+/-1.9, respectively (NS). However, change in Body Mass Index from baseline to 3 years was significantly influenced by exposure to Physical Activity Across the Curriculum. Schools with > or =75 min of Physical Activity Across the Curriculum/wk showed significantly less increase in Body Mass Index at 3 years compared to schools that had <75 min of Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (1.8+/-1.8 vs. 2.4+/-2.0, p=0.02). Physical Activity Across the Curriculum schools had significantly greater changes in daily Physical activity and academic achievement scores. The Physical Activity Across the Curriculum approach may promote daily Physical activity and academic achievement in elementary school children. Additionally, 75 min of Physical Activity Across the Curriculum activities may attenuate increases in Body Mass Index.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine: (a) the effect of two physical activity modes on changes in subjective well-being (SWB) over the course of a 12-month period in older, formerly sedentary adults (N = 174, M age = 65.5 years) and (b) the role played by physical activity participation and social support in changes in SWB over time. Participants were randomized into either an aerobic activity group or a stretching and toning group. Structural equation modeling was employed to conduct multiple sample latent growth curve analyses of individual growth in measures of SWB (happiness, satisfaction with life, and loneliness) over time. A curvilinear growth pattern was revealed with well-being significantly improving over the course of the intervention followed by significant declines at the 6-month follow-up. Subsequent structural analyses were conducted showing that frequency of exercise participation was a significant predictor of improvement in satisfaction with life, whereas social relations were related to increases in satisfaction with life and reductions in loneliness. Improvements in social relations and exercise frequency also helped to buffer the declines in satisfaction with life at follow-up. It appears that social relations integral to the exercise environment are significant determinants of subjective well-being in older adults. Findings are discussed in terms of how physical activity environments might be structured to maximize improvements in more global well-being constructs such as satisfaction with life.

Fruits and vegetables may be beneficial on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic subjects. The present study was aimed to verify the effect of golden delicious apple on Lipid Profile in hyperlipidemic and overweight men. Forty six hyperlipidemic and overweight men were randomly divided into two groups. Intervention group received 300g golden delicious apple per day for 8 weeks. Control group had the regular dietary regimen for the same period of time. Blood samples were analyzed for serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), lipoprotein a (Lp a) and LDL/HDL ratio at baseline and after intervention. Total polyphenols and fibers were 485 mg/kg and 4.03 g/100g in fresh apple respectively. After 8 weeks, significant statistical differences were observed considering the TG and VLDL levels between two groups, but no signific...

A higher proportion of the control group had a postintervention STI or UP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–1.98]. Among participants who had no history of STIs or pregnancy, but who engaged in risky sexual behaviors just before recruit training, the ...