Shapes

This work presents a three-dimensional CFD study of a two-phase flow field in a Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC) using CFX4.3 TM , a commercial code based on the finite volume method. The numerical analysis was made for air-water mixtures at near atmospheric conditions, while both liquid and gas flow rates were changed. The two-phase flow behavior is modeled using an Eulerian-Eulerian approach, considering both phases as an interpenetrating continuum. This method computes the inter-phase phenomena by including a source term in the momentum equation to consider the drag between the liquid and gas phases. The gas phase is modeled as a bimodal bubble size distribution to allow for the presence of free-and entrapment gas, simultaneously. The results (interface vortex shape and liquid angular velocity) show a reasonable match with experimental data. The CFD technique here proposed, demonstrates to satisfactorily reproduce angular velocities of the phases and their spatial distribution inside the GLCC. The experiments showed gas volume fractions smaller than 150 ppm along the liquid exit, however it was not possible to reproduce numerically these small volume fractions, since they had approximately the same order of magnitude of the error in the numerical method.

The aeration of an oil film flowing between the faces of two closely spaced circular plates (one stationary, and one rotating) is examined experimentally, numerically, and with an improved lubrication model. The gap between the plates is small compared to their radii, making lubrication theory appropriate for modeling the flow. However, standard lubrication boundary conditions suggested by Reynolds (1886, "On the Theory of Lubrication and its Application to Mr. Beauchamp Tower’s Experiments, Including an Experimental Determination of the Viscosity of Olive Oil," Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 177, pp. 157-234) of p = 0 and pn = 0 (Dirichlet and Neumann conditions on pressure) at the gas-liquid interface do not allow for the inclusion of a contact line model, a phenomenon that is important in the inception of aeration. Hence, the standard theory does not adequately predict the experimentally observed onset of aeration. In the present work, we modify the Neumann boundary con...

Multi-axis slicing for solid freeform fabrication (SFF) manufacturing process can yield non-uniform thickness layers, or 3-D layers. Using the traditional parallel layer construction approach to build such a layer leads to a staircase which requires machining or other post processing to form the desired shape. This paper presents a direct 3-D layer deposition approach. This approach uses an empirical model to predict the layer thickness based on experimental data. The toolpath between layers is not parallel; instead, it follows the final shape of the designed geometry and the distance between the toolpath in the adjacent layers varies at different locations. Directly depositing a 3-D layer not only eliminates the staircase effect, but also improves the manufacturing efficiency by shortening the deposition and machining times. A single track deposition experiment has demonstrated these advantages. Thus, it is a beneficial addition to the traditional parallel deposition method.

In this study, the shape of coarse aggregate particles has been related to the workability and compressive strength of cement concrete for rigid pavements. The shape characteristics such as elongation, flatness, shape factor, and sphericity were determined. Also,the slump and compressive strength of cement concrete were determined for various shapes of coarse aggregate. The test results indicated that there is a good correlation between some shape properties of aggregate, workability, and compressive strength.The highest compressive strength at different ages noted with concrete made from different shapes of coarse aggregates. Results indicate that the strength of concrete varies as a function of the shape of the coarse aggregate, which leads to the conclusion that the shape of aggregate shall be considered as an important parameter in deciding the suitability of coarse aggregate to prepare cement concrete for rigid pavements. I. INTRODUCTION To provide a stable and even surface for the traffic, the roadway is always provided with a suitably designed and constructed pavement structure. Thus, a pavement consisting of a few layers of pavement materials is constructed over a prepared layer of sub-grade to serve as a carriageway. Based on design consideration pavements can be classified as-Rigid pavements and Flexible pavement. Flexible pavements can be defined as the one consisting of a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous material and aggregates placed on a bed of compacted granular material of appropriate quality in layers over the subgrade. Rigid pavements are those, which possess noteworthy flexural strength or flexural rigid. The rigid pavement has the slab action and is capable of transmitting the wheel load stresses through a wider area below. Cement concrete is a composite material produced by the homogenous mixing of selected proportions of water, cement, and aggregates (fine and coarse). Strength is the most desired quality of a good concrete. It should be strong enough, at hardened state, to resist the various stresses to which it would be subjected. Aggregates are the most important constituents in cement concrete. For a long time aggregates were considered as inert materials, but after 1940 it was brought out that aggregates do show some reactivity. The mere fact that aggregates constitute 70-80% of the volume of concrete, their impact on various characteristics is undoubtedly considerable. Aggregates give the body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage, and affect the economy. Among all the characteristics of aggregates, the shape is most important because it affects the workability and compressive strength of cement concrete. Aggregates form the major portions of pavement structure and aggregates have to bear stresses occurring due to wheel loads on the pavement and on the surface-course they have to resist wear due to the abrasive action of traffic. Therefore, the properties of aggregates are of considerable significance to the highway engineers. Significant findings indicate that aggregate plays a more "active" role than was previously believed, and a better understanding will result from further research. Several authors have indicated the need for more research to determine the effect of aggregate particle shape on the properties of concrete at present there is only alimited amount of information concerning the effect of aggregate particle shape on concrete proportioning, workability, and strength. This lack of information is reflected in specifications that place conservative limits on allowable amounts of particles of certain shapes. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different types of coarse aggregate effect on the fresh and hardened Portland cement concrete behavior by a means of aggregate shape indexes such as elongation, flatness, roundness, shape factor, and sphericity.

This my demonstration teaching in pre-school applying Gagne's 9 Condition of Learning. It is quite effective. I made a simple workbook and sticker for each of them to enhance more their psychomotor skills and creativity. I found out that everybody is having fun during the activity.

A fin is a surface that extends from an object to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by increasing convection. Extensions on the finned surfaces is used to increases the surface area of the fin in contact with the fluid flowing around it. In the study of heat transfer, fins are surfaces that extend from an object to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by increasing convection. The amount of conduction, convection, or radiation of an object determines the amount of heat it transfers. Increasing the temperature gradient between the object and the environment, increasing the convection heat transfer coefficient, or increasing the surface area of the object increases the heat transfer. Sometimes it is not feasible or economical to change the first two options. Thus, adding a fin to an object, increases the surface area and can sometimes be an economical solution to heat transfer problems. There are two ways to increase the rate of heat transfer: 1) To increase the convection heat transfer coefficient h. 2) To increase the surface area As. It is noted that: Increasing h may require the installation of a pump or fan, or replacing the existing one with a large one. The alternative is to increase the surface area by attaching to the surface extended surfaces called fins made of highly conductive material such as aluminium.

This study discusses the linguistic forms of repetition that occurs in the Koran. Although there has been much study of repetition (takrâr) in the Koran, this study differs from previous studies because this study is a comprehensive linguistic research in the general frame. This makes the study of the Koran as meterial object on the basis of the Koran is a text language that includes various forms of repetitions (reps). By descriptive-qualitative method, repetition is studied in hierarchical linguistic units contained in the general linguistic forms which includes: the phonological repetition, grammatical repetition, and thematic repetition. This study also shows the types of repetition. The study found the type of phonological repetition include: rhyme, alliteration, assonance; the type of grammatical repetition include: reduplication, repetition of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and syntax repetition (parallelism); the type of thematic repetition includes paraphrasing.

All the fields of Mathematics-‘Algebra’, ‘Trigonometry’, ‘Geometry’, ‘Calculus’ and ‘Statistics’ are based on the Patterns, Shapes and Numbers and thus we can conclude that Mathematics is based on Pattern, Shapes and Numbers. Defining mathematics is always been keen concern of mathematicians as well as any introduction math class. One way of definition is defining it by “what it does in the era?” and that is the definition of mathematics for the era. So, in this era of analytical science where everyday people are dealing with lots and lots of data analysis in each and every field, the Pattern, Shapes and Numbers have become the limelight of Mathematics-Research and now mathematics has grown from just solving sums to an experimentation and observation, finding relation to the real world and thus it involves science which brings us to conclusion, “Mathematics is the Science of Patterns, Shapes and Numbers.” Thus, Mathematics can be defined as the science of “Pattern, Shapes and Numbers”.

We present a study of compression efficiency for binary objects or bi-level images for different chain-code schemes. Chain-code techniques are used for compression of bi-level images because they preserve information and allow a considerable data reduction. Furthermore, chain codes are the standard input format for numerous shape-analysis algorithms. In this work we apply chain codes to represent object with holes and we compare their compression efficiency for seven chain codes. We have also compared all these chain codes with the JBIG standard for bi-level images.

CHROMOSCALE presents a novel framework that integrates numerical systems with color representation through a unique chromatic approach based on cyclic orders. The concept revolves around the relationship between different numerical bases and their visual representations, specifically focusing on Base 7. The paper explores the mathematical properties of cyclic numbers, monotonic functions, and their implications for establishing a harmonic system that maps numbers to colors in a structured way, thereby creating a cohesive language for sounds, colors, and numbers.

For more information see the following link:
https://pdpseven.wixsite.com/sound-color

A new chain code for shapes composed of regular cells is defined. This boundary chain code is based on the numbers of cell vertices which are in touch with the bounding contour of the shape. This boundary chain code is termed vertex chain code (VCC). The VCC is invariant under translation and rotation. Also, it may be starting point normalized and invariant under mirroring transformation. Using this concept of chain code it is possible to relate the chain length to the contact perimeter, which corresponds to the sum of the boundaries of neighboring cells of the shape (Bribiesca, E., Comp. Math. Appl. 33(11) (1997) 1–9); also, to relate the chain nodes to the contact vertices, which correspond to the vertices of neighboring cells. So, in this way, these relations among the chain and the characteristics of interior of the shape allow us to obtain interesting properties. This work is motivated by the idea of obtaining various shape features computed directly from the VCC without going to Cartesian-coordinate representation. Finally, in order to illustrate the capabilities of the VCC: we present some results using real shapes.

Industrial applications, especially composite structures bearing high internal pressure, and fabricated using the filament winding process face certain difficulties like the reinforcement of complex shapes, as well as the correct placement of fibers over the surface of a mandrel. In some cases the definition of the manufacturing parameters respond more to cost or time criteria rather than engineering standards, reducing largely the advantages of the said manufacturing process. In order to overcome these obstacles, this research aims to propose a solution that permits to fabricate complex shapes with the desired winding angles at a certain region of complex-shaped mandrels. A numerical tool that simulates the placement of fiber tows over the surface of complex geometries is developed and validated by means of the fabrication of convex and concave composite structures using detachable mandrels. Previous results show that it is feasible to wind complex geometries with good accuracy.

Dividing the discipline’s metaphors between technical and conceptual is a reality not fully explored, nor I believe never noticed. In addition to the multidisciplinary relevance and general use of metaphors, metaphoric axioms, arguments in favor of the stasis of why interior design is an art the two realities of the metaphor work separately and together in six  creative ways.  Many of my monographs included analyzing and explaining the syllogism:
• Art[I]  is the making of metaphors
• Interior design  is an art[I]
• Therefore interior design is the making of metaphors.
Art [I] is only when skill is applied with intent and advanced development of some skill.
Till now we did nothing to reason why art [I] is the making of metaphors, nor why interior is an art [I]. Since 1967 I proceeded to analyze the presumptions and find its many applications. This new information in Metaphor and Thought by Andrew Ortony first published in 1979, provides information to support inductive reasoning and to this end each axiom is its own warrant to the inferences of the above syllogism and the answer to questions of why metaphor is the stasis to any of the syllogism’s claims and implications.
The six priciples explain the stasis in terms of metaphor’s two technical and conceptual dimensions.  Both are valid separately and even more acceptable in combination.  But how do they two operate and how does knowing this benefit design, use and evaluation of built works?
The technical is that all art [I], including interior design, expresses one thing in terms of another by its inherent and distinct craft. On the one hand there is the designer who acts as the owsnere’s surrogate  and on the other the fountain of conceptual metaphors which expresses ideas as built conceptual metaphors other wise known as interior desings. Techne is actually a system of practical knowledge as a craft or art informed by knowledge of forms. 
For  example,  the craft of managing a firm ofinterior designers where even virtue is a kind of technê of management and design practice, one that is based on an understanding of the profession, business and market. In this case the technai are such activities as drafting, specifying, managing, negotiating, programming, planning, supervising, and inspection.  By association with these technai, we can include decorationg, funiture selection, color coordianation, writing, and painting.  So much so that the study and practice of design is devoid from the humanities and downplays theories of design;  developing rather the crafts, skill and understandings needed to plan, sketch, draw, delineate, specify, write, and design.
Contemporary interior design is replete with axioms, principles and theorems guiding the geometry, applications of science, use of engineering, and formal logic to produce technical metaphors and justly excluding a whole conversation about the conceptual part of the built metaphor.

This paper reviews stochastic system identification methods that have been used to estimate the modal parameters of vibrating structures in operational conditions. It is found that many classical input-output methods have an output-only counterpart. For instance, the Complex Mode Indication Function (CMIF) can be applied both to Frequency Response Functions and output power and cross spectra. The Polyreference Time Domain (PTD) method applied to impulse responses is similar to the Instrumental Variable (IV) method applied to output covariances. The Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) is equivalent to stochastic subspace identification.

In another time when kingdoms created their dynasty’s iconic buildings, the architect and artisans took their ques from the reigning monarch. In our modern pluralistic society the free reign of ideas and opinions as to contexts and their meanings are diverse. As the doctor takes the Hippocratic oath, the lawyer vows to defend all so there is one whose call is to capture the ethos (4.0 The Oxford English Dictionary, is defined as "the characteristic spirit, prevalent tone of sentiment, of a people or community” ) of his time into built metaphors, he is called architect. Not only is my childhood quest relevant but the essence of the responsibility of today’s architect who not only reasons the technical but individually reasons the conceptual. It is to the architect that society turns to be informed about the shape and form of the context in which life will be played. With this charge the need to know that we know and do by reasoning what science verifies by the scientific method to know that we know about the buildings, parks, and places we set into the environment. It is a public and private charge included in the contract for professional services but unspoken as professional life’s experience; to prove the relevant, meaningful and beneficial metaphors that edify encourage and equip society as well as provide for its’ health, safety and welfare. So it is critical to realize, control and accept as commonplace that the role of the architect is to do much more than build but build masterfully.

The Augustan Period is of vital importance for the study of the history of glass production in the western provinces of the Imperium Romanum. The technique of glassblowing was introduced during the second quarter of the first century B.C. in the eastern Mediterranean and meant a genuine revolution of the glass vessels, both for the number of vessels produced and for the variety of their shapes. The innovation reached Italy some decades later and spread quickly over all of the western provinces. In these regions the first workshops for vessel glass arose at the end of the first century B.C. and the beginning of the first century A.D., probably mostly directed by immigrants from the East, e.g. the well-known Artas from Sidon, who worked in central and northern Italy.
Very important for this period is also the concept of skeuomorphism, the analogy of shape in different materials. By means of the new technique the production of glass vessels could be significantly increased. Therewith, a necessity of new shapes arose, the production of which was made possible just thanks to the technical innovations. The existence of a new wealthy clientele fostered the rise of the western production, which began to develop own innovations, affecting also the East, which was now losing its former hegemony.
Consequently many shapes of the glass vessels from this period can also be found in ceramics and precious metal. The specific study of these shapes reveals multilateral relations between the different materials and shows that the products of the glass workshops not only repeated shapes known from other materials, but started to influence the potters’ work.

There is much documented information on abnormal fingernail shapes-acquired or congenital. There is a dearth of information on the shapes of the clinically healthy fingernail in medical textbooks and scientific journals. A study was carried out to determine the possible shapes of the healthy fingernails and the prevalence of each shape in the locality, i.e. in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria and to consider if there would be enough diversity in the shapes and sizes and their distribution on the different fingers to merit consideration for personal identification. The population included 496 consenting individuals, four family units and four sets of monozygotic twins. The latter two population samples were studied to assess the combinations possible within families and in monozygotic twins. Seven gross fingernail shapes were identified in the study population. Examination showed variations within members of the families i.e. no two members had identical shapes in the pair of hands. Examination of 4 sets of identical twins showed no difference in the shapes and sizes of the fingernails on each finger. It would appear that the finger nail plate shapes /sizes of the hands show diversities similar to finger prints and therefore can be considered and developed further for personal identification in developing countries such as Africa

Twenty eight dominant axioms and 54 sub-dominant axioms (total of 82) are evidence of the case that architecture is an art resolved that architecture was the making of metaphors because it (architecture) made metaphors, personified by metaphor stasis’ two technical and conceptual dimensions. Both are valid separately and even more usual in combination. But how do these two work, and, how does this knowledge benefit design, use and evaluation of built works? The axioms were derived by examining Andrew Ortony’s Metaphor and Thought’s evidence and works by Paul Weiss, William J.J. Gordon and the Yale lecture series titled architecture as the making of metaphors. . Prior monographs were steeped in deductive reasoning since there was no new information (evidence) pertaining to metaphors. Therefore the previous articles included analyzing and explaining the syllogism:
• Art [G] is the making of metaphors
• Architecture is an art [G]
• Therefore architecture is the making of metaphors.

Early monographs were steeped in deductive reasoning since we could not find new information pertaining to metaphors. This included analyzing and explaining the syllogism:
• Art[I]  is the making of metaphors
• Architecture (design)  is an art [I]
• Therefore architecture (design) is the making of metaphors.
Till now we did nothing to reason why art [I] is the making of metaphors nor why architecture is an art. Since 1967 I proceeded to analyze the presumptions and find its many applications. This new information by Andrew Ortony first published in 1979, provides information to support inductive reasoning and to this end each axiom is its own warrant to the inferences of the above syllogism and the answer to why metaphor is the stasis to any of the syllogism’s claims and implications. The axioms are presented in labeled paragraph and subparagraphs format for easy reference and applications.
Keywords:
metaphor, architecture, thought, commonality, commonplace, dubbing, cognitive, knowing, stasis, art , [I]  linguistic analogy, equilibrium, equipoise, topoi, top-down, frame conflict, appreciate, conduit, parte, design system, modified culture, mapping, structure, domain, signs, apparatus, spaces, volumes, shapes, forms, metaphorical mappings, invariance principle, alive, dead, onomatopeics, surrogates, appetite, desire, mind, indirect use, direct use, vision, gestalt, formulae, grand design, psychological, processes, metaphor comprehension, memory, mnemonics, encoding, mapping, categorizing, inference, assimilation, accommodation, attribution, inferential import,  structured programming, stability, referential specificity, general acceptance of terms, vividness thesis, difference, identity, comparison sensible, communications.

Twenty eight dominant axioms and 54 sub-dominant axioms (total of 82) are evidence of the case that architecture is an art resolved that architecture was the making of metaphors because it (architecture) made metaphors, personified by metaphor stasis’ two technical and conceptual dimensions. Both are valid separately and even more usual in combination. But how do these two work, and, how does this knowledge benefit design, use and evaluation of built works? The axioms were derived by examining Andrew Ortony’s Metaphor and Thought’s evidence and works by Paul Weiss, William J.J. Gordon and the Yale lecture series titled architecture as the making of metaphors. . Prior monographs were steeped in deductive reasoning since there was no new information (evidence) pertaining to metaphors. Therefore the previous articles included analyzing and explaining the syllogism:
• Art [G] is the making of metaphors
• Architecture is an art [G]
• Therefore architecture is the making of metaphors.

Origami is traditionally implemented in paper, which is a passive material. This research explores the use of material with embedded electronics such as PCB (Printed Circuit Boards) as the medium for origami folding in order to create an interactive folding experience and to generate foldable objects with added functionalities. PCBs are produced as 2D shapes. By folding PCB arrays it is possible to create 3D objects that contain electronic functions. Conductivity, output devices (such as Light Emitting Diodes) and microcontroller computation can create an interactive folding experience, for user guidance and verification of the folding. We call this approach and methodology PCB Origami. The work presented in this paper describes two unique interaction and fabrication techniques for creating and folding electronic materials. We demonstrate prototypes and present verification/evaluation strategies for guiding the user through the folding process.

To utilize beam flexures in constraint-based flexure mechanism design, it is important to develop qualitative and quantitative understanding of their constraint characteristics in terms of stiffness and error motions. This paper provides a highly generalized yet accurate closed-form parametric load-displacement model for two-dimensional beam flexures, taking into account the nonlinearities arising from load equilibrium applied in the deformed configuration. In particular, stiffness and error motions are parametrically quantified in terms of elastic, load-stiffening, kinematic, and elastokinematic effects. The proposed beam constraint model incorporates a wide range of loading conditions, boundary conditions, initial curvature, and beam shape. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed beam constraint model is verified by nonlinear finite elements analysis.

Oxide nanofluids were produced and their thermal conductivities were measured by a transient hot-wire method. The experimental results show that these nanofluids, containing a small amount of nanoparticles, have substantially higher thermal conductivities than the same liquids without nanoparticles. Comparisons between experiments and the Hamilton and Crosser model show that the model can predict the thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing large agglomerated Al 2 0 3 particles. However, the model appears to be inadequate for nanofluids containing CuO particles. This suggests that not only particle shape but size is considered to be dominant in enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.

This work is devoted to the study of nonlinear dynamics of structures with cyclic symmetry under geometrical nonlinearity using the harmonic balance method (HBM). In order to study the influence of the nonlinearity due to large deflection of blades, a simplified model has been developed. It leads to nonlinear differential equations of the second order, linearly coupled, in which the nonlinearity appears by cubic terms. Periodic solutions in both free and forced cases are sought by the HBM coupled with an arc length continuation and stability analysis. In this study, specific attention has been paid to the evaluation of nonlinear modes and to the influence of excitation on dynamic responses. Indeed, several cases of excitation have been analyzed: punctual one and tuned or detuned low engine order. This paper shows that for a localized, or sufficiently detuned, excitation, several solutions can coexist, some of them being represented by closed curves in the frequency-amplitude domain....

There are a number of applications where heat and fluid flow at the micro-scale level play an important role in the macroscopic behaviour. Two such situations are studied: a 40 PPI metal foam as an extended heat transfer surface and a carbon cloth as a PEM fuel cell gas diffusion layer. In both cases the micro-scale geometry is numerically reconstructed in the three dimensional space based on the production process which allows for a realistic representation of the actual geometry. The heat and fluid flow conservation equations are based on the volume averaged Navier-Stokes and energy equations and they are solved numerically on a fully unstructured tetrahedral element grid. Model predictions show acceptable agreement against experimental measurements of the pressure drop while promising results can be extracted for the detailed mechanism of the heat transfer in such complicated geometries.

The present paper explores experimentally the performance of two types of hinged plates which rotate about vertical axis when submitted to uniform current. A flat plate configuration and also a flapped plate (say, S shape) configuration have been investigated. The Vertical axis Auto rotation Current Turbine (VAACT) is one degree of freedom system (free to rotate in yaw direction). It is shown that a high efficiency for S shape type can be obtained of the order of 30 percent while flat blade type reaches approximately to 7 percent. Upper limit of tip speed ratio for flat blade type has been expanded approximately 0.9 whereas S shape approaches 1.3.

the shape of the lateral condyle. This design can accommodate preservation of either of the cruciates while deficiencies in the functions of the other are compensated by contributions of the articular geometry in guiding the motion and stabilizing the joint. The preliminary kinematic tests on a prototype demonstrated viability of the features in guiding motion under compression.

An oval or ellipse is a shape that is constructed by having 2 points and a rope/wire is put around them that is bigger than the double distance in between and a pen/pencil is "circled around" in that wire. But what happens if the number of points are 3, 4, 5, 6 and so on ? What if the points are not points but shapes themselves, like circles triangles, squares or even ellipses or a combination of these. The figures that arise from that are distorted ellipses or distorted ovals. Now since they are new objects the math around them is still unknown as well as the practical applications except maybe in orbits of small objects in a solar system since gravity of planets may cause them to have similar features as these distorted ellipses

A number of researchers have shown concern at the difficulties that primary school pupils cope with in learning geometry, and have tried to explain why this happens and what can be done to make the subject more understandable to young learners. Van Hiele's theoretical model postulates five levels of geometric thinking as visualisation, analysis, abstraction, formal deduction and rigour. Each level uses its own language and symbols. Pupils pass through the levels 'step by step'. This hierarchical order helps them to achieve better understanding and results. In this research the teacher taught geometry in the 2nd class in a primary Greek school with the use of information and communication technologies. The aim is to find out the level of geometrical thought of the pupils and how geometrical activities-based on online tools-concerning the geometrical shapes and their properties, help students improve their mathematical knowledge in the class.

Whewellite crystals are most commonly found in kidneys, ureter and urinary bladder causing urolithiasis. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to observe the possible growth patterns and morphology of whewellite crystals. The study was carried out in U-shaped test tubes. Bow shape, donuts and their aggregates, dumbbell, platy, prismatic, rosette, styloid, X-shape and tetragonal bipyramidal crystals were observed. Energy Dispersive X-ray, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopies and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to characterize the crystals. This study will be helpful to determine the promotion, modulation and inhibition of the crystals evaluate risk factors and prophylactic management of urinary stones.

A microscopic three-dimensional ͑3-D͒ shape measurement system based on digital fringe projection has been developed and experimentally investigated. A Digital Micromirror Device along with its illumination optics is integrated into a stereomicroscope, which projects computer-generated fringe patterns with a sinusoidal intensity profile through the microscope objective onto the object surface being measured. The fringe patterns deformed by the object surface are recorded by a CCD camera. The microscopic 3-D shape of the object surface is measured and reconstructed by use of a phase-shifting technique. We discuss design considerations and error analysis of the system. Experimental results successfully demonstrate the capability of this technique for surface profile measurement of rough surfaces at the micrometer level.

Two-dimensional and quasi-3D in-flight ice accretion simulation codes have been widely used by the aerospace industry for the last two decades as an aid to the certification process. The present paper proposes an efficient numerical method for calculating ice shapes on simple or complex 3D geometries. The resulting ice simulation system, FENSAP-ICE, is built in a modular fashion to successively solve each flow, impingement and accretion via field models based on partial differential equations (PDEs). The FENSAP-ICE system results are compared to other numerical and experimental results on 2D and slightly complex 3D geometries. It is concluded that FENSAP-ICE gives results in agreement with other code calculation results, for the geometries available in the open literature.

This paper describes the process of constructing a fair, open or closed C1 surface over a given irregular curve mesh. The input to the surface construction consists of point and/or curve data which are individually marked to be interpolated or approximated and are arranged according to an arbitrary irregular curve mesh topology (Fig. 1). The surface constructed from these data will minimize flexibly chosen fairness criteria. The set of available fairness criteria is able to measure surface characteristics related to curvature, variation of curvature, and higher order surface derivatives based on integral functionals of quadratic form derived from the second, third and higher order parametric derivatives of the surface. The choice is based on the desired shape character. The construction of the surface begins with a midpoint refinement decomposition of the irregular mesh into aggregates of patch complexes in which the only remaining type of building block is the quadrilateral Be´zier...

Some engineering applications require structures to expand and contract in size, while retaining their exterior shape. The applications range from mundane daily life objects to more fancy art structures. In contrast to a multi degree-of-freedom structure, a single degree-of-freedom structure can be driven by a single actuator, reducing cost and simplifying the control. In this paper, we study single degree-of-freedom structures that can be formed by a lattice of single degree-of-freedom polyhedral expanding units. Due to built-in symmetries, the entire structure can expand and contract as one of the units in the structure is actuated.

A quantitative study of some nonlinear aspects of drop-shape oscillations in a liquidliquid system has been completed. The results suggest a soft nonlinearity in the fundamental resonant mode frequency as the oscillation amplitude is increased. Indications of an increase in the rate of decay have also been obtained. A study of the internal flow fields has revealed patterns of circulation not present at low amplitude.

This paper presents a procedure to synthesize planar rigid-body mechanisms, containing both prismatic and revolute joints, capable of approximating a shape change defined by a set of morphing curves in different positions. The existing mechanization process is extended specifically to enable the design of morphing aircraft wings. A portion of the closed-curve morphing chain that has minimal displacement is identified as the structural ground after the segmentation process. Because of the revolute joints placed at the endpoints of the ground section, the moving links of the fixed-end morphing chain need to be repositioned relative to each of the desired wing shapes so as to minimize the error in approximating them. With the introduction of prismatic joints, a building-block approach is employed to mechanize the fixed-end morphing chain. The blocks are located in an assembly position to generate a single degree-of-freedom (DOF) mechanism. Because of the additional constraints associated with prismatic joints compared to revolute joints, the size of the solution space is reduced, so random searches of the design space to find solution mechanisms are ineffective. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed instead to find a group of viable designs that tradeoff minimizing matching error with maximizing mechanical advantage. The procedure is demonstrated with a synthesis example of a 1-DOF mechanism approximating eight closed-curve wing profiles.