Simple Random Sampling

Design/methodology/approach – The paper used a mail-survey of companies listed in the Directory of the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM), year 2003. The FMM Directory provides a database of over 2,000 manufacturing firms of various sizes producing a broad range of ...

We propose a new ratio estimator using two auxiliary variables in simple random sampling. We obtain mean square error (MSE) equation of this estimator and theoretically show that our proposed estimator is more efficient than the traditional multivariate ratio estimator under a defined condition. In addition, we support this theoretical result with the aid of a numerical example.

Abstract—Virtual teams give many advantages to organizations, including increased knowledge sharing and improve organizational performance. Virtual teams have altered the expectations and boundaries of knowledge worker’s interactions and make a new opportunity to develop the business. In this paper, we present summary results of an online survey. The online questionnaire was emailed by using a simple random sampling method to 356 Malaysian manufacturing small and medium –sized Enterprises (SMEs). The findings of this study show that SMEs in Malaysia are gaining to use virtual teams, and it can be concluded that virtual teams provide a new platform for developing the business in SMEs. Based on the study, we suggest avenues for future research that are important to advancing our understanding of virtual team effects on business growth. Keywords—Collaboration, virtual teams, SMEs, Entrepreneurship, Business development, Survey

The study examined the theoretical and practical understandings of Cultural Studies at the lower primary school level in Botswana. The education system in Botswana intends to produce learners who are reflective, adaptive and who can easily fit in every academic and social environment. Cultural Studies was introduced in 2002 as an integral part of the lower primary school curriculum (Standard 1-4) thus replacing Social Studies and Religious Education at this level. Aspects of the new subject would imbue learners with an understanding of cultural citizenship so that they become living and practicing citizens, in their everchanging global community. The qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed in collecting data. This was done through interviews, observations and questionnaires which were administered to teachers and students in primary schools country-wide. In addition, an officer from the Department of Curriculum and Evaluation of the Ministry of Education responsible fo...

Heart failure (HF) is a common disease with high health care costs and high mortality rate Knowledge of the health-related quality of life (QOL) outcomes of HF may guide decision making and be useful in assessing new therapies for population. Yet little is known about QOL of HF patients in Iran. Objectives: To assess health related QOL of patients with HF with two different instrument and to correlate these two measures and to assess the role of relevant factors. Analytic cross sectional study was conducted involving 230 adult patients hospitalized with HF, demographic data and health -related quality of life were determined by interview; for assessing of quality of life was used SF-36 and Minnesota questionnaires. Simple random sampling from ward patients list choose patients. Patients had no other man diseases that affected their quality of life. Results: 118 female (53.3%) and 112 male (48.7%) with mean age of 51.4 +/-13.18 were collected. 61 patients (26.5%) were smoker and 100 ...

This study examined the teaching perspectives among faculty from a research extensive university in the southern United States. A simple random sample was drawn from the institutions faculty, and a total of n = 131 responded to the survey. Respondents were asked to complete the Teaching Perspectives Inventory via the Internet and complete a demographic survey. The Analysis of Variance procedure was used to determine if dominant teaching perspectives were discipline-specific. The results of this analysis concluded that a significant difference existed among respondents, with Apprenticeship as a dominant teaching perspective [F(12, 118) = 2.036, p = .027].

The study was based on the answers to a mailed questionnaire of a simple random sample of respondents from two cities (Helsinki, Tampere) in Finland. Ten determinants of restorative experiences in favorite places (⩽15 km from home; n=1089) were effective. These determinants included “immediate” use of the favorite place (duration and frequency), personal background of nature experiences (nature orientedness, nature hobbies, childhood nature experiences), and situational factors in life, which were related to stress (hassles at work and with money, satisfaction with life) and to social relations (uplifts of social relations, visiting alone vs. in company). Different variables were associated with restorative experiences in different favorite settings (extensively managed nature areas, built-up green spaces, waterside environments, exercise and activity/hobby areas, and indoor and outdoor urban areas). The concept of “favorite place prescriptions” is introduced as an analogy to “exercise prescriptions” in primary healthcare.

Teknik sampling acak menggunakan semua jenis analisis data sedangkan teknik samping non acak hanya dapat menggunakan teknik analisi deskriptif dan tidak layak menggunakan analisis statistic inferensial.
Teknik sampling acak terdiri dari teknik sampling acak sederhana, stratified,cluster,dan sistematik. Teknik sampling non acak terdiri dari teknik sampling purposive,aksidental atau incidental, dan snowball.

The study examined the theoretical and practical understandings of Cultural Studies at the lower primary school level in Botswana. The education system in Botswana intends to produce learners who are reflective, adaptive and who can easily fit in every academic and social environment. Cultural Studies was introduced in 2002 as an integral part of the lower primary school curriculum (Standard 1-4) thus replacing Social Studies and Religious Education at this level. Aspects of the new subject would imbue learners with an understanding of cultural citizenship so that they become living and practicing citizens, in their ever- changing global community. The qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed in collecting data. This was done through interviews, observations and questionnaires which were administered to teachers and students in primary schools country-wide. In addition, an officer from the Department of Curriculum and Evaluation of the Ministry of Education responsible ...

The objective of this study was to determine the dimensions of occupational stress of employees of the Department of Correctional Services in a management area of the Freestate Province of South Africa. A further objective was to investigate the role of psychological strengths, namely, work locus of control and affect, in the experience of occupational stress. A cross-sectional design was used. A simple random sample (n = 157) was taken. The correctional officer stress inventory was developed by means of factor analysis, and the work locus of control scale and the affectometer 2 were administered. Results indicated that an external locus of control and negative affect contribute to the experience of occupational stress. The most severe stressors for correctional officials have to do with a lack of resources.

ABSTRACT The National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association (www.nhcaa.org) states that in 2007 over 4 billion health insurance claims were processed in the United States and that fraud amounted to $68 billion (over 3%) of the total paid $68 billion (over 3%) of the total paid 2.26 trillion. Additional overpayments come from billings for unnecessary practice and procedures and errors in billings. It is of vital importance that valid and efficient statistical methods be developed for audits of payments by insurers. The Minimum Sum Method (MSM) is based on simple random sampling. It is a valid statistical method for obtaining a (1−α)100% confidence level lower estimate (bound) for the total overcharge in a health care payment population whatever the sample size. The MSM lower bound is efficient (not too conservative) when the payments in population are about the same size and each payment is either completely in error (all overcharge) or not in error. It is the purpose of this paper to point out a simple adaptation of MSM that extends its effectiveness to populations where payments vary, to demonstrate the advantage with a small simulation study, and to point out how randomized lower estimates can be used to precisely apportion the risk due to sampling error. Keywords Minimum Sum Method -Hypergeometric-Lower estimate-Randomized lower estimate-Packets-Auditing Medicare payments

The design effects of survey estimates can be used as tools for measuring sample efficiency and for survey planning. Kish (1965) defined the design effect as the ratio of the variance of an estimate under the complex sample design to the variance of the same estimate that would apply with a simple random sample (SRS) of the same size. Complex sample designs typically involve a number of design features, such as stratification, clustering, and unequal weighting. The efficiency of the complex sample design can be evaluated for each design feature through decompositions of design effects. If the loss of precision for survey estimates due to variable weights is found to be notable, then we may review the reasons for the variable weights and consider options to reduce that variation. If the design effect from clustering is very large for some survey estimates, then we may also consider options to reduce its effect. If the gain in precision of estimates due to stratification is negligible...

Fertilizer usage is a desirable step towards boosting cocoa production. This is because the nutrients that are being lost from the soil due to continuous usage of the soil are being replenished by fertilizer application. However, out of ignorance or otherwise, some farmers are not using this important farm input and this has resulted to the declining crop yield. This study therefore investigated the usage of fertilizer for cocoa production in the study area. Purposive random sampling technique was used to select three cocoa producing Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Cross River State. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 107 respondents from the three LGAs in the state. Information was collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and the data generated from the information collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logit model. Results showed that 98.13% of the respondents were not using fertilizer for cocoa produc...

The influence of communication on student discipline in secondary schools is an issue of continued debate in Kenya. This study was necessitated by the growing concern by education stakeholders in Kenya over the rising reports of student indiscipline in secondary schools. The study utilized qualitative approach with questionnaires, interviews and documentation as instruments of collecting data. Purposive sampling was used to identify Naivasha district as the location of the study. Stratified and simple random sampling was used to identify 8 secondary schools and 200 respondents from these schools. 20 students and 4 teachers in each sampled school were given the self administered questionnaires while all the 8 head teachers were interviewed. The data collected was analyzed descriptively. The findings of this study shows that the level of discipline in secondary schools in Kenya is very low, schools administration rarely discussed implementation of rules and regulations to students hen...

This paper suggests a new family of exponential estimators in the two-phase sampling using the information of an auxiliary attribute. Theoretically, we obtain the mean square error (MSE) for these estimators. We compare the MSE equations of the proposed exponential ratio families of estimators with the MSE equations of the ratio estimators in literature. As a result of these comparisons, we observe that the proposed families of estimators give more efficient results than the estimators in literature for the determined conditions obtained in theory. In addition, these theoretical results are supported by an application with original data sets.

We propose a new estimator of the variance of the systematic sample mean, which is based on a sum of two components: the first takes into account ofthe trend in the population list, the second takes into account of the stochastic component of a general superpopulation model. Such an estimator is compared with the simple random sampling variance estimator and the estimator based on overlapping differences, both theoretically and empirically. The comparison shows that for many superpopulation models, the proposed estimator outperforms the other two.

Public funding of higher education in Kenya has gone through various stages all buffeted by myriad equity challenges. This prompted the government of Kenya (GoK) to create the Higher Education Loans Board (HELB), through an Act of parliament in the year 1995. GoK guidelines on loan provision to university students emphasise that deserving cases must get support to finance their