Socio-Economic Impact of Rural-Urban Migration

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

مقالة چاپ شده در مجلة «صفه»، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
نویسنده: زهره ع. دانشپور
هدف این نوشتار جستجوی جنبه‌های نظری عدم تعادل فضایی و جدایش مسکونی در شهرها به‌عنوان پایه‌ای برای
بررسی و تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر انتخاب مکان‌های مسکونی در شهرها با اشاره ویژه به مورد تهران است، پشتوانه تفکر این جستجو آن است که دانش در مورد شکل‌گیری، عملکرد، ویژگی‌های خاص و تکامل ساختار فضایی شهرها، برنامه‌ریزان مربوطه و تصمیم‌گیرندگان شهری را قادر می‌سازد تا بر بازتاب تصمیمات و فعالیت‌های خود نظر انداخته و از سوی دیگر چارچوب لازم را برای طراحی راهبردهای مختلف و گزینه برای هر یک از نواحی عملکردی یا اجتماعی در شهرها فراهم می‌نماید.
ساختار فضایی نامتعادل شهر تهران برحسب تفاوت در ویژگی‌های اجتماعی‌ـ اقتصادی و کالبدی و با توجه به زیرنواحی بیست‌گانه این شهر (یعنی بیست منطقه شهرداری تهران) مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. نتایج حاصل از این جستجو را به صورت زیر می‌توان خلاصه نمود:
الف. با وجود تقسیم تهران به بیست ناحیه کارکردی و اجتماعی، تفاوت‌ها در مقایسه با دوران پیش از سال 1357 روشنی کمتری دارند. امتزاج اجتماعی، اقتصادی و کالبدی موجود را می‌توان به تغییرات ساختار طبقاتی در کل کشور و در شهر تهران از این سال به بعد مربوط نمود.
ب. وجود سکونتگاه‌های روستایی از پیش موجود در حاشیۀ شهر تهران، با توجه به میل به گسترش این شهر، به قرارگیری گروه‌های اجتماعی مختلف در کنار هم بخصوص در تعدادی از زیرنواحی و تازش ویژگی‌های رفتاری، ... روستایی منجر شده است.
ج. تفاوت مسکونی در شهر تهران مشابه هر شهر بزرگ دنیا بازتاب‌کننده تفاوت‌های اجتماعی و اقتصادی است. این مقاله معتقد است که سازوکار (مکانیزم) برنامه‌ریزی و اقدامات لازم قادر به کاهش نابرابری‌ها‌ـ در این راستا کاهش ابعاد و وسعت مشکلات شهری‌ـ به نحوی که در این نوشتار به آن اشاره رفت، است. از طریق تغییر رفتارهای حاضر در مورد سیاستهای (خط‌‌ومشی‌های) مدیریت شهری و قوانین و مقررات مربوطه در مورد بازار مسکن در شهرها می‌توان به این منظور نایل شد.

The essay analyses rural-urban migration scenario in Bhutan (locally known as gung tong or khang tong) and its effect on social capital and socio-economic development. A special emphasis has been placed on need for strategic rural-urban migration trend for balanced development.

En trabajos anteriores observamos cómo el proceso avance de
la frontera agropecuaria en el Chaco era acompañado por saldos
migratorios positivos, revirtiendo una tendencia histórica que caracterizaba a la región como expulsora de población. Ese cambio de tendencia se explicó por estado de madurez de la frontera agropecuaria. Sin embargo, diversas evidencias señalan que durante la primera década del siglo la región ha retomado su histórico carácter de expulsor de población.
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cuáles han sido los vínculos
existentes entre el avance acelerado de la frontera agropecuaria y el
descenso del ritmo de crecimiento demográfico durante la primera década del siglo XXI, en un contexto donde el crecimiento natural viene
descendiendo suavemente y el crecimiento migratorio retoma su
comportamiento tradicional. El análisis se realiza a nivel departamental,
comprendiendo la región bajo estudio una porción significativa del Chaco Seco y Subhúmedo occidental Argentino (conocido como Chaco Salteño o Umbral al Chaco), correspondiente a diecisiete departamentos de cinco provincias argentinas.

Telangana is one of the 29th states in India, located in southern India. Telangana has an area of 1,12,077 square kilometers and a population of 3,51,93,978 (2011 census) making it the twelfth largest state, and the twelfth most populated state in India. Telangana acquired its identity as the Telugu-speaking region of the princely state of Hyderabad. The name Telangana is derived from the word Trilinga, which translated to "The country of the three lingas." According to a Hindu legend Shiva descended in the "lingam" form on three mountains "Kaleshwaram, Srisailam, Drakshararam", which marked the boundaries of the "Trilingadesa" later called "Telinga". It changed over time to "Telangana".

Buku ini disusun berdasarkan hasil kegiatan KKN-PpMM di Desa Kalongsawah selama 32 hari. Ada 11 orang mahasiswa yang terlibat di kelompok ini, yang berasal dari 7 Fakultas yang berbeda. Kami namai kelompok ini dengan SECURAH, dengan nomor kelompok 067. Kami dibimbing oleh Bapak Dedy Nursamsi, S.H. M.Hum., beliau adalah dosen di Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum. Tidak kurang dari 11 kegiatan yang kami lakukan di desa tersebut, yang sebagian besar merupakan pelayanan kepada masyarakat dan sebagian kecilnya adalah pemberdayaan. Dengan fokus pada satu kampung, yaitu Kampung Kalongdagul, kegiatan-kegiatan yang kami lakukan menghabiskan dana sekitar Rp16.700.000,-. Dana tersebut kami dapatkan dari iuran anggota kelompok KKN sebesar Rp1.000.000,- per orang, dana penyertaan Program Pengabdian pada Masyarakat oleh Dosen (PpMD) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Rp5.000.000,-, dan dari hasil pengumpulan dana sebesar Rp700.000,-.
Dari hasil kegiatan yang kami lakukan, terdapat sejumlah keberhasilan yang telah kami raih, yaitu:
1. Meningkatnya peran masyarakat dalam pembangunan desa.
2. Bertambahnya motivasi peserta didik SD, SMP, untuk melanjutkan kuliah.
3. Bertambahnya pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
4. Bertambahnya pembangunan fisik atau rehabilitasi bangunan, antara lain: Pembangunan Fasilitas Mandi, Cuci dan Kakus (MCK) Umum, Pembangunan Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Sementara (TPS), dan Pengadaan Tiang Penerangan Jalan.
Saat merencanakan dan implementasi kegiatan, terdapat sejumlah kendala yang kami hadapi, antara lain:
1. Kurangnya waktu untuk melakukan konsolidasi dan koordinasi dengan berbagai pihak, baik internal anggota kelompok, dosen pembimbing, pihak sponsor, maupun aparatur desa.
2. Kurangnya dana yang bisa terkumpul untuk memaksimalkan rencana kegiatan yang telah disusun.
3. Sejumlah masyarakat kurang merespons kegiatan kami karena antara satu RT dan yang lainnya tidak kompak dan saling mendukung.
xviii | Kelompok KKN SECURAH 2016
Namun demikian, kami pada akhirnya bisa merampungkan sebagian besar rencana kegiatan kami. Adapun kekurangan-kekurangannya tersebut di antaranya:
1. Ketiadaan tempat pembuangan sementara untuk sampah warga desa yang seharusnya diteruskan ke tempat pembuangan akhir.
2. Kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat desa akan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan lingkungan.
3. Kurangnya fasilitas mandi, cuci, dan kakus yang memadai bagi seluruh masyarakat desa.

Understanding what factors predict whether an urban migrant will end up in a deprived neighbourhood or not could help prevent the exploitation of vulnerable individuals. This study leveraged pseudonymized mobile money interactions combined with cell phone data to shed light on urban migration patterns and deprivation in Tanzania. Call detail records were used to identify individuals who migrated to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city. A street survey of the city's subwards was used to determine which individuals moved to more deprived areas. t-tests showed that people who settled in poorer neighbourhoods had less money coming into their mobile money account after they moved, but not before. A machine learning approach was then utilized to predict which migrants will move to poorer areas of the city, making them arguably more vulnerable to poverty, unemployment and exploitation. Features indicating the strength and location of people's social connections in Dar es Salaam before they moved ('pull factors') were found to be most predictive, more so than traditional 'push factors' such as proxies for poverty in the migrant's source region.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of the National Housing Department (JPN), in delivering public housing (PPR programme) to the bottom 40 per cent households as key stakeholders. Stakeholders are parties that are directly affected by a policy, can be state and non-state actors and are best engaged through public participation for collaborative governance. The specific outcome would be the identification of hindrances or gaps faced by the Department that prevent JPN from being more effective in the delivery of public housing, and to recommend solutions to bridge the gap.

The report carries the view that housing is essentially a social policy that affects the wellbeing of entire households, able to bring about social equity and cohesion (Carter and Polevychok, 2004, Ford and Adams, 1919, Nurizan Yahya, 1998). Social policies can be designed to reduce poverty, increase economic mobility and encourage responsibility and opportunity (Brookings Institution), while promoting universal social protection and equity by protecting citizens from social contingencies and poverty. (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development).

The report evaluates three questions, i) whether JPN’s organizational structure and processes allows them to understand the needs of B40 households; ii) whether JPN’s policies, action plans and implementation mechanisms are aligned to current national goals for B40 households; whether JPN’s policies, action plans and implementation mechanisms are allowing JPN to respond to challenging times.
Our findings show that firstly, the current stakeholders configuration excludes the participation of B40 households, and lacks collaborative governance. Decision making processes for policy-making are dominated by state actors particularly Cabinet ministries and central agencies, making it a Federal policy that lacks the local engagement required of a good housing policy. The housing sector’s key non-state stakeholders are housing developers who have economic, not social, interests in the sector. For this, we recommend the inclusion of B40 households to be represented in decision-making processes of the JPN in all thrusts of the National Housing Policy, such as practiced in Hong Kong and Singapore.
Secondly, the current development paradigm does not resemble a social policy, as it is still mainly concerned with provision of infrastructure. In other words, housing policy for the low income groups have not taken on the objective for raising standards of living through tenant engagement and establishment of rules. For this, we recommend more participation by B40 households, ministries involved in social policy including Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development, Ministry of Youth and Sports and Ministry of Home Affairs.
Finally, the Malaysian scenario for public housing currently overemphasises home ownership, but lacks the innovation in rental programmes as common in developed countries that practice a targeted approach towards housing. State allocation of housing is not monitored and regulated in such a way to penalize better-off tenants, and assist tenants who need financial assistance. For this we recommend a review of incentives, to enrich current programmes with multi-tired income-based rental policies to suit the needs of different segments, such as those practiced in Hong Kong.

The northeastern part of India comprises of eight small states namely: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim. This region covers almost 8 per cent of India’s total land mass and has high strategic and economic importance as it shares international boundaries with China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. In spite of being blessed with mesmerizing scenic beauty and huge natural resources, the northeast for some obvious reason could not develop economically at par with the rest of India. The prolonged struggles and violence due to insurgency have been one of the main factors for this poor economic growth. The serious lack of infrastructure, highways, industry, modern healthcare and educational facilities has further contributed to a range of other social problems in northeast like unemployment, addictions, women trafficking, HIV etc.  Today a large section of the youths from northeast are depressed and unmotivated. There is no other way to address this problem but to create opportunities for the youth. The first and foremost step towards this is to promote higher education in northeast.  In recent times the government both at the center and the states has been encouraging and facilitating a number of institutes and universities to offer higher and technical education in the region. But, the facilities of higher education should not be limited to cities like Guwahati alone. Even people from the extreme rural and remotest parts should have equal opportunity and access to university and college degrees. Also, the higher education must not be confined to traditional studies only and should give emphasis to technical and professional education. These, coupled with a parallel pro-industrialization approach of industry friendly policies and packages and adequate infrastructure building would certainly return the people of northeast a hope for sustainable socio-economic development, peace and prosperity.

Although gentrification has been mostly understood as an urban phenomenon, the permanent establishment of urban dwellers in rural areas is becoming a widespread trend across the world. Despite its relevance to postindustrial societies, rural gentrification has been largely overlooked by heritage scholars, and has been explored very little in the context of Spain. In this article, I examine the relationship between heritage and rural gentrification through the case study of Santiago Millas, a village located in the Maragatería region of Spain. Based on long-term ethnographic engagement with different actors (newcomers, local residents, and public officials), I examine a specific instance of the globalizing phenomenon of rural gentrification, highlighting the key role heritage plays in this phenomenon, including (1) the impact on local governmentalities based on heritage discourse; (2) the refurbishing of houses and changes in the social spaces of villages; and (3) the transformation of social life and rituals into metacultural discourses of heritage. I emphasize the urgency to carry out more research in order to improve our understanding of the complex and multifaceted phenomenon of rural gentrification from a heritage perspective.

This thesis outlines the structural influences that affect both men and women in the garbage dump community in Guatemala City. It explains how these structural influences in Guatemala have evolved and documents ethnographic research conducted in 2007 that describe the living realities of women working and living in the garbage dump community. It is in a way a memoir of the women I came to know in the garbage dump community, as the thesis strives to depict their realities and in essence, tell their story.

This paper intends to focus on the impacts of migratory activities in the city of Howrah. The city turned to an abode of immigrants who were chiefly employed in the jute mills. The paper primarily focuses on the immigrant labourers of the Howrah Mills Co., Ltd., registered on 14 th July 1874, which is situated on the right bank of the river Hooghly at Ramkrishnapur in the Howrah Municipal Corporation and has been successfully running till the day. It attracted a large number of immigrants from its adjacent provinces. The migrants as well as the place of migration were influenced by the process of migration. Industrialization in Howrah was crucially related to the process of migration during the specified period (1874-1947) of this study. Migration brought unprecedented demographic changes to the city. It was merely a small a harbour-village till the mid-nineteenth century. Establishment of railway terminus and mushrooming of factory industries—mainly jute—proved to be the milestone events in the history of Howrah city as well as the district. The introduction of railway system and its extension in the Gangetic hinterland helped the easy flow of migrant population to Howrah. 1 Migration transformed the socioeconomic and political scenario of Howrah. Migrants, new settlers and 'unsettled settlers' characterized the socioeconomic composition of the society in Howrah. The compositional feature of society exhibited interesting facts regarding uneven sex ratio or preponderance of males in the society having a ratio of almost 2:1 (Male: Female) owing to single-male-oriented immigration of industrial labour force in Howrah. G. M. Broughton observed that in 1911 about 20% of the industrial population in Howrah had come from Bihar and Orissa and about the same from the United Provinces. In addition to this mixture of castes and races there was a corresponding disparity between the sexes, the rate being 64 to 36. 2 The emergence of unique industrial town-villages around jute factories resembled perfectly the important features of rural-village set up based on caste and community. The emergence of a new religio-cultural character comprised of the rites and dogmas of numerous religions was another distinct effect of immigration. Regional faiths and superstitions were brought by

Las poblaciones indígenas amazónicas no han sido ajenas a los procesos de urbanización de distintas regiones de nuestra Amazonía, y se sabe que cada vez más indígenas salen de sus comunidades y migran a los centros urbanos más próximos o, incluso, a ciudades grandes como Lima. Sin embargo no se tienen datos censales concretos acerca de cuántos indígenas viven actualmente en las ciudades ni mucho menos se conoce acerca de su participación económica en estos espacios, ni cómo estas están siendo significadas por ellos mismos.

La presente investigación se propuso explorar y analizar cómo los indígenas del gran pueblo asháninka migran y se insertan al mercado laboral de los centros urbanos de la provincia de Satipo, es decir, cómo logran conseguir estos trabajos, en qué condiciones laboran, de qué manera el mercado laboral los favorece o discrimina debido a su etnicidad, cuáles son sus motivaciones y expectativas inmediatas y futuras, entre otros.

A través de un proceso de investigación cualitativa realizado en el 2012, se logró recopilar 48 casos de indígenas trabajando en los diferentes centros urbanos de Satipo, las cuales junto a las voces de otros actores de la zona como miembros de organizaciones indígenas, profesores, funcionarios locales, entre otros, permitieron reconstruir el panorama de la migración indígena local y entender sus dinámicas, estrategias y dilemas.

Algunos de los principales hallazgos fueron que los asháninkas en los centros urbanos de Satipo se encuentran trabajando en todos los sectores. Si bien el sector privado es el que mayor mano de obra asháninka emplea, aunque mucha veces encierra condiciones de precariedad y abusos, la demanda en los otros sectores está creciendo, sobre todo en el sector público.

Entre las principales motivaciones para migrar, se identificaron las ganas de querer estudiar, ya sea terminar el nivel escolar o acceder a educación superior; la búsqueda por juntar dinero para apoyar a algún familiar enfermo o apoyar con la educación de los hermanos menores; o las ganas de conocer la ciudad y consumir los símbolos urbanos y de la modernidad.

El trabajo en hogares urbanos o comercios desempeñando labores de limpieza suele constituir una importante puerta de entrada; no obstante, existen situaciones que generan que los jóvenes Asháninkas regresen a sus comunidades como la necesidad de apoyar a su familia, oportunidades de trabajo en la misma comunidad, necesidad de atender la chacra, o simplemente su descontento con la experiencia urbana. Así, estos jóvenes Asháninkas transitan en un horizonte territorial buscando las mejores oportunidades que ofrece cada espacio en determinados momentos y épocas. Más que migración la presente investigación propone hablar de estrategias de movilidad territorial en el marco de una economía indígena diversificada o mixta que todavía requiere mucha más investigación.

Özet
İstanbul’un Şişli ilçesinde yer alan Kuştepe Mahallesi farklı geç-peripatetik gruplara ev sahipliği yapan bir yerleşim
bölgesidir. Bu çalışmada Kuştepe Mahallesi’nde yaşayan peripatetik kökenli grupların birbirleri ve çevreleriyle
olan ilişkileri ile kapitalist ilişkilerin gelişiminin farklı aşamalarında ortaya çıkan mekânsal dönüşümlerin tek
tek grupların geçim ve yaşam stratejilerine etkileri tartışma konusu yapılmaktadır.
Abstract
Various peripatetic groups live in Kuştepe Neighborhood which is located in Şişli district of İstanbul. In this paper,
the relations between peripatetics and the others in Kuştepe and the impacts of spatial transformations which
emerge during the different phases of capitalistic development, on each group’s subsistence and life strategies are
discussed.

Cet article propose de déconstruire la lecture globalisante et le label « Boko Haram » pour contribuer à une sociologie politique du mouvement et de la violence armée dans la région du bassin du lac Tchad. Il s’appuie sur des entretiens, notamment avec des déplacés, et des observations réalisées au cours de plusieurs terrains de recherche. L’auteur met en lumière les dynamiques de prédation, la faculté du groupe de créer du lien politique et de se connecter aux dynamiques sociales locales. Boko Haram est un mouvement hétérogène avec des formes de liens politiques et d’implantations locales précises. Enfin, les dynamiques du conflit dépassent largement les racines de Boko Haram et agrègent des acteurs aux ambitions, rationalités et savoir-faire différents.

Through the history of mankind, development and change have been an inevitable process, under the influence of both compelling factors, and facilitating and motivating factors. But this change, together with the agrarian and industrial revolutions, has magnified its influence and scale.

This paper illuminates on gender, labour and migration. And also provides a critique assessment with reference to factors influencing rural-urban migration, and the key policy approaches that will assist in addressing the assumption that people from the countryside move into cities in search of better standards of living but end up redistributing poverty.

Esta reciente investigación trata de demostrar la necesidad de contemplar, analizar y reivindicar la oportunidad que significa la articulación estratégica de los saberes locales endógenos indígeno-campesinos y los conocimientos científico-técnicos (expertos) dentro de la Universidad Veracruzana Intercultural (UVI) y su contribución al diálogo de saberes en los procesos de manejo y gestión de recursos naturales en las comunidades indígenas nahuas y popolucas de la Sierra de Santa Marta en Veracruz (México). Para tal fin, desde una metodología cualitativa como la etnografía y la aplicación de entrevistas abiertas o no estructuradas a los distintos actores sociales, esta investigación ha identificado, analizado y etnografiado diversos proyectos de gestión integral y sustentable de recursos naturales, agrosilvopastoriles, pesqueros y ecoturísticos en la Sierra de Santa Marta.

A partir de los métodos y técnicas anteriores se ha puesto de manifiesto que en estas innovadoras experiencias, que se presentan como posibles modelos ecológicos, económicos, sociales, culturales y educativos alternativos para contribuir a la mejora de la precaria realidad de las comunidades indígenas y/o campesinas mesoamericanas, en cuanto se refiere a aspectos de neto e ineludible interés como el desarrollo humano, la justicia social y la sustentabilidad ambiental, participan decisivamente, en colaboración directa con los campesinos indígenas y promotores locales, egresados y estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Gestión Integral para el Desarrollo (LGID), en su Orientación de Sustentabilidad, de la Universidad Veracruzana Intercultural (Sede UVI-Las Selvas).

Asimismo, se observa la capacidad que tienen estos proyectos alternativos de conservar el trabajo y mejorar la existencia de las personas que se encuentran en situación de resto o redundancia respecto a las necesidades del sistema económico capitalista hegemónico, “evitando, en buena medida, tener que recurrir a la emigración” (Moreno Arriba-AECID, 2013:210) hacia los estados del norte de México como Baja California,  Chihuahua y Sinaloa o a cruzar la frontera con los Estados Unidos con la grave y compleja problemática que ello conlleva tanto en los lugares de partida como de destino.  Se trataría así de evitar en la medida de lo posible lo que Castells (2002) ha definido como la “Sociedad 20:80”, en virtud de la cual una quinta parte de la población planetaria, el 20 por ciento, vivirá en la opulencia, en tanto las cuartas quintas partes restantes se verán condenadas a una lucha feroz por sobrevivir. En definitiva, se muestra cómo, desde una “ecología de los saberes” (Santos, 2009) y de una gestión intercultural, los recursos de las selvas tropicales han permitido sobrevivir dignamente a diferentes comunidades campesinas y/o indígenas en condiciones estructurales globales desfavorables.

Palabras clave: Emigración - Recursos – Intercultural – Diálogo – Sustentabilidad.

Wisdom is at once one of the most elusive and most valued kinds of knowledge. Empirical research shows that, indeed, across cultures, people hope that life experience will eventually make them wiser. The problem is that, to date, the academic study of wisdom and of the processes by which it can be learned has been dominated by psychologists. The first part of the article reviews the state-of-the-art psychological scholarship on wisdom to show how that conceptualization lacks geographical sensitivity and therefore misses some of the crucial geographical mechanisms by which people become wiser. The second part of the article singles out and focuses on one such mechanism, namely, the learning of wisdom through geographical dislocations. By drawing on insights from the study of international migration, exile, and transculturation in postcolonial contexts, the final part of the article suggests specific learning processes that might strengthen the hypothesis that geographical dislocations and the attendant cross-cultural experiences they generate are often conducive to wisdom. La sabiduría es a la vez uno de los tipos de conocimiento más esquivos y más valorados. La investigací on empírica en verdad muestra que en todas las culturas la gente espera que la experiencia de la vida eventualmente los haga más sabios. El problema es que hasta ahora el estudio académico sobre la sabiduría y sobre los procesos por medio de los cualesésta puede alcanzarse ha estado dominado por los psicólogos. La primera parte del artículo revisa el estado del arte de la erudicí on psicoí ogica sobre este particular, para mostrar c ´ omo esa conceptualizací on carece de sensibilidad geográfica y en consecuencia deja de considerar algunos de los mecanismos geográficos cruciales mediante los cuales la gente se hace más sabia. La segunda parte del artículo escoge y se concentra en uno de tales mecanismos, o sea, el aprendizaje de la sabiduría por medio de las dislocaciones geográficas. A partir de la perspicacia del estudio de la migrací on internacional, el exilio y la transculturací on en contextos poscoloniales, la parte final del artículo sugiere procesos de aprendizaje específicos, que podrían fortalecer la hipótesis de que las dislocaciones geográficas y las experiencias culturales de vasto espectro generadas por aquellas a menudo llevan a la sabiduría. Palabras clave: distancia, dislocaciones geográficas, migrací on internacional, aprendizaje visceral, sabiduría.

Globalisation has introduced new sources of mobility for India’s youth, yet not all youth
experience mobility in the same way. The unevenness of mobility trajectories is especially
visible in regional towns, where poor rural migrants and more globally connected middleclass
youth occupy the same social space. To illustrate these mobility trends, this paper
presents the stories of youths from various backgrounds in the town of Darjeeling, exploring
different sources of mobility for rural and urban youth. While rural youth experience some
forms of upward mobility as they migrate into the town, urban youth are confronted with
downward mobility and are frustrated in their aspirations for professional careers and
‘modern’ lifestyles. For aspiring urban youth, upwardly-mobile rural people are seen as a
threat to their privilege, blocking their mobility aspirations. This is contributing towards
emerging tensions between rural and urban populations within the town.

A ‘Smart Village’ will provide long-term social, economic, and  environmental welfare activity for village community, which will enable and empower enhanced participation in local governance processes, promote entrepreneurship and build more resilient communities. At the same time, a ‘Smart Village’ will ensure proper sanitation facility, good education, better infrastructure, clean drinking water, health facilities, environment protection, resource use efficiency, waste management, renewable energy etc. There is an urgent need for designing and developing ‘Smart Village’, which are independent in providing the services and employment and yet well connected to the rest of
the world. The Smart Village concept will be based on the local conditions, infrastructure, available resources in rural area and local demand as well as potential of export of good to urban areas. The present paper examine motivation behind the concept on ‘Smart Village’ is that the technology should acts as a catalyst for development, enabling education and local business opportunities, improving health and welfare, enhancing democratic engagement and overall enhancement of rural village dwellers. In the Indian context, villages are the heart of the nation. So we can achieve socio economic development of the Nation by enlarging the concept of smart villages on improving pattern

Rural-urban inequality in China has been increasing over the past few decades, with the prospects of higher wages in urban centers leading to mass rural-urban migration. I examine how rural inequality affects the household decision to invest in domestic migration. I use relative deprivation to measure inequality and find that relative deprivation, measured cardinally or ordinally, pushes households to invest in migration. I also estimate the impact of rural-urban migration on rural inequality in China. I use conditional quantile regressions and define inequality as the gap between the 80 th and 20 th percentiles. Considering that remotely-earned income is a substitute for income that otherwise would have been locally earned, I simulate the gap using counterfactual income distributions where all households field migrants or none do. I find that inequality would have been higher without migration, and would have been lower if every household had fielded a migrant.

This paper objects to update and re-validate the scoring system of rural-urban for measurement of socioeconomic status in Egypt. The new socioeconomic status scale has seven domains with a total score of 80. The target population was a convenience sample of 150 households distributed proportionally between both urban and rural areas (40% and 60%, respectively). A multiple linear regression model was employed to determine the relative importance of each domain to the total score. Kappa coefficient was performed to measure the agreement between the socioeconomic levels of the new and the old scales. There was a significant correlation between most of the seven domains of the scale. Cronbach α for the scale was 0.67. The education domain contributed to variation in total score. There was a moderate agreement and strong positive significant correlation between the socioeconomic status of households and scores of both scales. This research concludes that the new socioeconomic status scale is valid and reliable.

The study examines how changes in the landuse and landcover of the Nigerian portion of the Lake Chad affect socioeconomic activities of the inhabitants of Lake Chad that is, the fishermen, farmers, cattle headers and water transporters. Abadam and Kukawa Local Government areas were sampled from all the other LGAs that share their boundaries with the lake for this study. The seasonal behavior of the Lake Chad results into seasonal changes in the lake's landuse and landcover. Structured questionnaire was administered to 270 respondents in the two LGAs. An oral interview was also conducted to generate more information to compliment those in the questionnaire. The results of the study show that the changes in the behavior of the Lake Chad control the socioeconomic activities of those that rely on the Lake Chad for their survival. These changes bring about migration and switching of occupation by those who rely on the lake. The study concludes and recommends that, the current effort to recharge the lake by LCBC through River Oubangui in Central Africa should be sustained so that the lake can recover to its former size and landcover. Recharging the Lake Chad will boast fishing and agricultural activities on a commercial scale.

Male out-migration from rural to urban areas has amplified worldwide in the face of economic globalisation. Migration literature for long has engaged with the life of migrants at the destination and their support for the left-behind families in the form of remittances. Explicit scholastic undertaking for the left-behind women and their life experiences has started to receive attention only recently. We take stock of the existing literature to examine this social process and debate it within a women empowerment-disempowerment framework. Following a systematic review of the 'migration left-behind nexus' literature, we find a clear trend of transformation in the gender role of women everywhere, especially in the form of 'feminisation of agriculture'. This process is largely moderated by the nature and amount of remittances received at source. The resultant well-being and empowerment of women is shaped by the socio-cultural context within which migration takes place. Both positive and/or negative outcomes for left-behind women are recorded in the literature, although its choice as a conscious decision and its subsequent permanence in a society is debatable. We expect a deeper engagement of future research that takes up the migration-led women empowerment issue within the context of the general social transformation process.

Recensione al volume "Sotto padrone. Uomini, donne e caporali nell’agromafia italiana" di Marco Omizzolo (2019), inquadrata nel quadro dei più ampi processi e logiche globali e che trasformano l'agricoltura in agroindustria. L'opera è letta nella griglia della sociologia ambientale per sollevare alcune questioni più generali, che attengono al nesso tra ingiustizia sociale e ingiustizia ambientale e al ruolo dell'intermediazione illecita di manodopera rispetto alle esigenze del mercato e alla precarizzazione dei diritti del lavoro agricolo.
Il file è un pre-print, la pubblicazione ufficiale è coperta da copyright della rivista "La critica sociologica", ISSN 0011-1546, http://www.lacriticasociologica.it/

1991 yılında T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından açılan ve hızla kentleşen kırsal nüfusa, yabancılaşmanın ve yaşam kültürünün yozlaşmasının en alt düzeye olduğu bir şehir yaşamı sağlayacak konut mimarisini temellendirecek düşünce ve ilkeler ile bu doğrultuda hazırlanacak plan çözümlerini içeren "Gelenekten Geleceğe Evimiz" mimari fikir yarışması kapsamında Urfa tarihi kent merkezindeki bir yapı adası için geliştirilerek yarışmanın on eşdeğer ödülünden birini alan önerinin yayımlanmış raporu.

This paper is an attempt to understand the emerging migration patterns in India and issues underlying it. With globalisation, urbanisation and accompanying changes in socioeconomic conditions, migrants are attracted to urban areas in recent times. The emerging migration pattern depicts confinement of migrants in lower socioeconomic class in Urban India in response to the macro economic reforms. The latest NSS data (2007/08) on migration reveals a gloomy and divergent picture of recent migrants who have migrated prior to five year. Interstate migration among males to urban area shows precedence growth reflecting migration of people from lower socioeconomic class. The negative inter relationship between per capita income and interstate migration rate further confirms it. A steady increase of urban migrants in lower economic class indicating migration is dominated by poorer sections. This finding is completely different from the last NSS round where a direct relation between economic status of the individual and inclination to migration has been noticed. The reason for such divergent pattern of migration within a period of 10 years really needs to be investigated. Higher migration of lower social groups takes place to urban area compared to earlier period. All these variations in migration pattern are attributed to rural-urban disparities in socioeconomic development and increasing urbanization. Given the current development and growth of urbanization, increasing regional disparities, it is likely that migration to urban area will accentuate more in future due to the changing nature of the economy. Hence, an enquiry into the changing pattern of migration is critical to explore the emerging issues, identify the challenges and main precedence required at policy level for urban development. At policy level the major challenge is to formulate migration policies which must be linked with employment and social services, to enhance the well-being of the migrant living in urban area.

Despite the increasingly large number of philosophers working on the ethics of migration, there is no sustained attempt to define the «migrant» in an analytic way. In their very sophisticated arguments, normative theorists tend to accept the language and pre-commitments shaping migration policy. This paper takes a more foundational approach to the study of migration. By drawing upon ongoing disputes about territorial rights, I construct a general and inclusive definition of «migrant» based on the normative claims stemming from the existence of a pre-institutional, universal, and individual residency right. On this view, a migrant is an individual who should be able to claim for at least two distinct, yet compatible, residency rights, a residency right on the territory of origin, which is common to all human beings, and a residency right in the specific geographical unit where, here and now, she aims to purse her life plan.

Guest contribution for the blog 'Urban-rural migration and rural revitalization in Japan' funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and hosted by Professor Cornelia Reiher from the Institue of Japanese Studies at Freie Universität Berlin. ベルリン大学日本社会学科管理のブログに、鳥取で行っている山岳信仰に関わる現場調査から得た成果やフィールドワークの現況についてくゲスト投稿. https://userblogs.fu-berlin.de/urban-rural-migration-japan/2021/09/10/guest-contribution-researching-mountain-worship-in-rural-tottori/

In this publication we focus on three of the main ways civil society can play a role in the integration of refugees and immigrants. The leading question we seek to answer is as follows. Are the ways in which civil society engages different in rural areas and in smaller communities around the Nordic Region, as compared with urban areas and large cities? We use evidence from interviews and transcripts with migration workers as our starting point. We then focus on the role of a) religious communities and aid organisations, b) sport organisations and clubs, c) pop-up activism and mentorship programmes from available literature and from Nordic seminars and dialogue. We will also focus on partnerships and forms of coordination between civil society organisations, municipalities and regions.

Scholars have noted the ways in which Delhi's transformation into a global city has enclosed urban spaces excluding the urban poor, labourers and migrants. One of the neglected aspects of this focus is the way in which Delhi's transformation has created new opportunities for migrants from northeast India. This article is an ethno-graphic account of migrants from the northeast in Delhi. It is argued that employment opportunities in the neo-liberal spaces of the global city are fuelling a rapid increase in migration from the northeast , the very limit of India's geographical and cultural imaginary. Outside these spaces of economic inclusion, northeast migrants continue to live as exceptional citizens and experience racism, discrimination and violence. The experiences of northeast migrants in Delhi suggest that the exclusionary city narrative is an incomplete view of urban change in India, and reveal how neo-liberal transformation is connecting heartland cities to frontier regions in ways previously unimagined.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012465126