Space

A well-known theorem by H. Corson states that if a Banach space admits a locally finite covering by bounded closed convex subsets, then it contains no infinite-dimensional reflexive subspace. We strengthen this result proving that if an infinite-dimensional Banach space admits a locally finite covering by bounded w-closed subsets, then it is c0-saturated, thus answering a question posed by V. Klee concerning locally finite coverings of l1 spaces. Moreover, we provide information about massiveness of the set of singular points in (PC) spaces.

This paper mainly deals with the self-excited (free) vibration of two degree of freedom system. The reason for the self-excited vibration is elastic property of material. Most mechanical systems exhibit nonlinear behavior and a great class of nonlinearities. In case of two degree of freedom system, normal mode vibrations are free vibrations that depend only on the mass and stiffness of the system and how they are distributed. In the present paper, mainly the nonlinearity is due to the non-symmetric arrangement of spring. Here, meaning of non- symmetric arrangement of the spring means, the stiffness of three springs are not equal and they are arranged in series as per the increasing order of their stiffness. The equation of motion has been developed from a variational principle of Euler-Lagrange equations. The numerical integration technique Runge-Kutta-Fourth-Order method is used to solve the coupled nonlinear differential equations iteratively. The MATLAB code has been developed to solve the equation and to get the different response plots. Various techniques like Time-Displacement Response plots, Orbit plots and Poincaré plot are used to study the nature of response. From, the response plots it has been observed that, due to non-symmetric arrangement of spring, modulation of the two frequencies occurs.

Since the beginning of its post-socialist transition, Serbia has been going through a major political and economic crisis, thus isolated from the mainstream trends of the European integration and convergence. The country's comparative advantages and competitiveness have worsened in terms of two key aspects, that is, its structural qualities and its territorial capital. The economic recovery after the year 2000 assumed a form of “growth without development”, mostly based on poorly legitimized transition reforms, whereby Serbia's inherent unsustainable spatial development patterns have been perpetuated. Today, Serbia finds itself in the position of an economic, ecological and financial semi-colony of a few powerful international political, economic and financial actors, paralleled by the collapse of its strategic thinking, research and governance. Rather bleak development prospects for Serbia call for prompt further research on predictable development scenarios. Therefore, we have discussed the key issues in the current planning system and practice and analysed the basic elements of the prospective future using the scenario approach.

La modernidad más canónica impuso una concepción del espacio fluida, extensiva
e impersonal, al margen del habitante y con el objetivo final de crear un objeto
estética y funcionalmente ensimismado. No necesitaba ni referencias externas, ni
validaciones del usuario. A partir de los años 50, Louis Kahn explorará un nuevo
tipo de espacio en el que la materia, la estructura y la luz están íntimamente
relacionados y son los elementos para crear un espacio humanizado, con el usuario
en el centro de su quehacer. El proceso de proyecto de Kahn sigue una secuencia
en la que la materia crea el muro que va disolviéndose en columnas entre las
cuales se introduce la luz para hacer del espacio interior un mundo habitable y, por
ende, humano. Ese mismo proceso aplicará también al interior de los elementos
estructurales, que en sí mismo acabarán siendo contenedores de espacios, en
una relectura moderna del poché clásico. Estructura y espacio están de este
modo indisolublemente asociados, superando la canónica premisa de la ortodoxia
moderna por la cual la estructura, el cerramiento y el espacio eran categorías
independientes.

Canonical Modernism imposed a fluid, extensive and impersonal conception
of space, indepedent of the inhabitant and with the final objective of creating
an aesthetically and functionally self-absorbed object. Needed neither external
references nor user validations. Starting in the 1950s, Louis Kahn will explore
a new type of space in which matter, structure and light are closely related and
are the elements to create a humanized space, with the user at the center of his
work. Kahn’s project process follows a sequence in which matter creates the
wall, which dissolves into columns between which light is introduced to make
interior space a inhabitable, and therefore human, world. This same process
will also apply to the interior of the structural elements, which in themselves will
end up being containers of spaces, in a modern re-reading of classic poché.
Structure and space are thus inextricably associated, overcoming the canonical
premise of modern orthodoxy whereby structure, enclosure, and space were
independent categories.

Achieving spatiality is one of the essential topics in designing living space meant to offer a higher level of space comfort. There are various methods to reach this objective: from neutralising physical barriers in the interior, which would open the space from within; occasional (flexible) extension of certain space boundaries; partial, directed or total opening of the space towards the environment: forming systems of circular communications, and even application of some optical illusions that redefine the perception of space boundaries. Depending on the applied methods, space boundaries can be clearly marked or more or less obviously marked, or the space can be formed without revealing all its qualities to static observation, so the viewer has to go through it to obtain full perception of it. If there is a lack of physical possibilities or if improvement of previously mentioned approaches is required, it is possible to change the perceptive image of the space by virtual improvement through optical illusions. The aim of this paper is to consider and systematise basic design principles that can help organisation, shaping or materialisation of living space to achieve a higher level of spatiality.

Postizanje prostornosti je jedna od esencijalnih tema kada je u pitanju projektovanje stambenog prostora u kome se želi ostvariti viši nivo prostornog komfora. Metode kojima se to postiže mogu biti različite: od neutralisanja fizičkih barijera u enterijeru, čime se prostor otvara iznutra; povremenog (fleksibilnog) proširenja neke od granica prostora; delimičnog, usmerenog ili potpunog otvaranja prostora prema okruženju; formiranja sistema cirkularnih komunikacija pa sve do primene neke od optičkih iluzija kojima se redefiniše doživljaj ograničenosti prostora. U zavisnosti od primenjenog metoda, granice prostora mogu biti jasno određene i manje ili više očigledne, ili se može formirati prostor koji ne otkriva sve kvalitete prilikom statičnog posmatranja, već je neophodno proći kroz njega da bi se sagledao. U odsustvu fizičkih mogućnosti, ali i kao dopunu prethodnih pristupa, moguće je izmeniti perceptivnu sliku prostora virtuelnom dogradnjom pomoću neke od optičkih iluzija. Cilj rada je da se razmotre i sistematizuju osnovni projektantski principi kojima se u organizaciji, oblikovanju ili materijalizaciji stambenog prostora može postići viši nivo prostornosti.