Trnava

V posledných rokoch patrí archeológia bojísk na Slovensku k pomaly sa etablujúcim odvetviam archeológie. Vďaka zopár zanieteným jedincom získava aj v odborných kruhoch postupne čoraz viac pozornosti. Hlavná pozornosť je venovaná opisu a dokumentovaniu bojových akcií, resp. zachovaniu a ochrane reliktov po bojových činnostiach. Napriek tomu sa výskum v zahraničí koncentruje vďaka dlhodobému záujmu o archeológiu bojísk na rekonštrukciu a pochopenie stratégií bojujúcich strán pomocou priestorových analýz. V nasledujúcom texte je predstavená jedna z najčastejšie využívaných analytických metód, ktorá je známa pod akronymom KOCOA. Ako modelové územie bola vybraná oblasť medzi Trnavou a Trstínom (juhozápadné Slovensko), kde sa nemecké jednotky pokúsili začiatkom apríla 1945 zastaviť postup Sovietov. Prostredníctvom metódy KOCOA sa pokúsime predikovať miesta vhodné na obranu. Konfrontácia vybraných lokalít s lidarovými snímkami má potenciál odhaliť prítomnosť doposiaľ zachovaných poľných opevnení, ktoré sa tak môžu stať predmetom ďalšieho výskumu a ochrany.

Die in den Jahren 2015 und 2017 durchgeführte archäologische und architektonisch-historische Untersuchung des unteren Tors brachte grundsätzliche Erkenntnisse über die Konstruktion des Komplexes des Verteidigungsturmes, die mittelalterliche Verbindung mit einer Brücke und teilweise auch mit dem Barbakan aus der Renaissance. Die Grabung erfolgte an der Kreuzung der Straßen Hlavná, Strelecká, Razusova und Andrej Žarnov. In Sonde 1 wurde das steinerr ne Fundament des Verteidigungsturms aus der Mitte des 13. Jh. freigelegt, an dessen Westseite lediglich sein Negativ erhalten ist. In der Unterführung wurde die Instandsetzung der Straßenoberfläche festgestellt. An den Turm wurde vom Ende des 13. bis zum Beginn des 14. Jh. die Stadtmauer aus Backstein angebaut, deren Fundament aus Stein gemauert ist. In Zusammenhang mit der Hussitengefahr wurde in der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jh. das Verteidigungstor mit einem rechtwinkligen Vortor verstärkt, zu dem ein Brücke über den Stadtgraben führte. Wahrscheinlich wurde im Verlauf der 2. Hälfte des 15. Jh. bis zum Beginn des 16. Jh. die ältere Brücke über den Graben durch eine gemauerte ersetzt, die an ihrem niedrigsten Teil einen gewölbten Durchlass hatte, um den Graben an das Wasser anzuschließen. Über dem Durchlass im Mittelteil der Brücke stand ein Kulissentor. Zusammen mit der Brücke war in ihrer Nähe eine kontraeskarpe Mauer errichtet worden. In Zusammenhang mit der Türkengefahr um die Mitte des 16. Jh. wurde das Verteidigungstor mit einer Zugbrücke in der Südwand des mittelalterlichen Vortores verbessert. Wahrscheinlich wurde im Verlauf der Mitte des 16. Jh. vor der Brücke ein Barbakan errichtet, in den der Eintritt von Westen her erfolgte. Der Barbakan wird am treuesten auf einer Vedute von Samuel Mikovíni aus dem Jahre 1735 erfasst. Auf einer Vedute von Jozef Jäger aus den 40er Jahren des 18. Jh. hatte der Barbakan barockes Aussehen. Der Barbakan wurde 1815 abgerissen, und ein Jahr nach der Vermessung durch Grün im Jahr 1819 wurde das untere Tor im nachfolgenden Jahr abgerissen.

Reformation ideas began to spread to into Trnava already in the 16th century, but it was only at the time of the anti-Habsburg rebellions in the 17th century when the Evangelicals and Calvinists strengthened their position within the city so firmly that they were able to build their own churches. This situation lasted only until the beginning of the 18th century, when the churches were definitely taken from them. Evidence of changes in the confessional composition of the population in the 17th century is provided by the originally Calvinist and to this day preserved church of St. Joseph, and also by the Evangelical cemetery mentioned in the literature. It was situated behind the Upper Gate on the way to Trstín and was identified during the archaeological research carried out in 2017 on today’s Šrobárova Street in Trnava.

Archaeological excavations led by the Department of Classical Archaeology of Trnava University provided new insight into three sacred buildings in the territory of Trnava: Ossuary, The Church of St Michael the Archangel and Chapel of St Fabian and St Sebastian. The purpose of this contribution is to summarize new knowledge and outline how it could be presented to the public. The reconstruction of archaeological finds was previously done only in the form of ground plans marked in the terrain. In an attempt to make some of the public places more attractive and draw attention to their significance, town leaders decided to present selected archaeological monuments in the form of ruins, including the sacred buildings discussed in this contribution.

In the 1707, a work TYRNAVIA CRESCENS sive quinque Ungariae antistitum de Urbe hac Academica, literisque praecipue meritorum gloriosa memoria panegyrice celebrata (the Growth of Trnava or a glorious memory of the five patrons of Hungary and their merits for this academic city, especially for literacy, celebrated in panegyric) was published by the University Press of the Universitas Tyrnaviensis, the Jesuit university founded in Trnava (Tyrnavia, Tyrnau, Nagyszombat) by cardinal Peter Pazmany in 1635. According to a contemporary costume, this work was published to honour a solemn graduation of the fresh doctores of the year that took place on 30th August 1707 in Trnava. The five patrons of Trnava chosen to be celebrated in these panegyrics are cardinal Peter Pázmany, archbishops of Esztergom George Lippai and George Szelepcséni, archbishop of Kalocsa John Telegdy and bishop of Eger Ferdinand Pálffy. However, the work itself does not consist of five panegyric speeches, as one might infer from its title and from the number of the addressees, since the fourth and the shortest speech is dedicated to both John Telegdy and Ferdinand Pálffy. The first and the longest panegyric is dedicated to Peter Pázmany for his greatest achievement, which is foundation of the university. The merits of George Lippai, archbishop of Esztergom and very important figure of Church in 17th century, are being praised in the second. These are above all the foundation of the cleric college (Collegium generale cleri regni Ungariae, or Collegium Rubrorum) in Trnava and his contribution to the foundation of the Faculty of Law. Also George Szelepcséni, whose merits for academic Trnava are praised in the third panegyric, significantly contributed to the establishment of the Faculty of Law, but the author sees his main achievement in founding of Seminarium Marianum, a special seminar for priests and cleric education. The last panegyric is dedicated to John Telegdy, which is praised for the institution and donating his house to the first Convictus Nobilium in Trnava and Ferdinand Pallfy for rebuilding and enlarging the university buildings on his own expenses.
The presented book contains modern edition of the Latin text with a parallel Slovak translation. Besides the edition of the Latin original and the first Slovak commented translation, it addresses broader context of the work as well as the problems of determining the authorship and presents a detailed study of each of the declamations. The analysis has been based on the contemporary theory of creative prose composition as it is preserved in numerous textbooks of rhetoric commonly used at the old University of Trnava, especially on the anonymous textbook Manuductio ad eloquentiam seu via facilis ad assequendam iuxta praecepta Soarii artem rhetoricam ex classicis authoribus desumpta et ad usum eorum, qui oratoriam hanc scientiam, seu profanam seu sacram profitentur, accomodata. Nuper Utini in lucem edita, nunc vero recusa (Tyrnaviae: Typis Academicis 1709). The rhetorical material is divided into four tractates in the textbook. A specific part of rhetoric is explained in each of them, e.g. the method of composing a sound period in the first, amplification in the second or the figures of speech and tropes in the third, thus the specific aspect of rhetoric and its practical appliance in neo-Latin prose composition praxis is analysed in each of the four panegyrical declamations of Tyrnavia crescens. The analysis showed that there is hardly a principle given in the text book that was not applied in the text of Stephanus Csiba. The practical application of these principles is illustrated with the examples taken exclusively from the texts of Cicero in the textbook, the style the young adept of the rhetorical art is due to master in its purity is therefore Ciceronian. Another obvious feature of the contemporary baroque rethoric is the strong emphasis on the creation and use of metaphors. A significant portion of the third tractate is dedicated to this topic and, of course, many methods of inventing and producing different types of metaphors could be easily illustrated by examples taken from the text of Tyrnavia crescens.

Príspevok k poznaniu staršej doby rímskej v okolí Malých Karpát v severnej časti trnavskej sprašovej tabule.
Contribution to knowledge of the early roman period in the area of the Little Carpathians and in the northern part of the Trnava plain.

The study introduces a base of the testaments and codicils from the period 1700 - 1730 which are preserved in the State Archive in Trnava. It offers the general informations about these testaments and codicils, so their total number and a number of male, female or joint marriage testaments and codicils. The author also pays attention to how many testaments and codicils in which language are preserved and where and when they were dated. He finds that the largest number of the testaments were dated in the years 1704 and 1705, what probably related with the war tension and riots during the uprising of
Francis II. Rakoczi which directly affected Trnava and its vicinity and also the overwintering of the imperial army in Trnava from December 1704 to March 1705. On the basis of the data from testaments but also from the lists of taxes of whole country, from Trnava from May 1715 and from August 1720 we can see what handicraft, function in the city council or the other jobs were performed by some testators and about how many of them were nobles. However, the biggest space the author devotes to the recreation an approximate picture about a financial status of these burgenses and it on the basis of the subject to abandonment in the testaments. By the analysis of testaments the author categoried the subject of abandonment as: real estate, movables, handicraft, financial cash, debts and receivables. Based on examples of the testaments is
by individual categories more concretized what and how these testators left or reminisced and so forms the approximate picture about their financial status.

Príspevok sumarizuje výsledky záchranného archeologického výskumu vyvolaného rekonštrukciou Šrobárovej ulice v Trnave v roku 2017. Najstaršie sídliskové nálezy z priestoru ulice pochádzajú z doby rímskej. Ďalšie poznatky o osídlení sú až z konca stredoveku a zo začiatku novoveku (16. stor.). Subpozičný stratigrafický vzťah preskúmaných objektov zo 16. stor. s novovekou cestou napovedá, že komunikácia vyúsťujúca z mesta cez Hornú bránu nemala v priestore Šrobárovej ulice vždy dnešnú podobu a vývojom dochádzalo k jej posunu. Obdobie 17.–18. stor. dokumentujú pozostatky uvedenej novovekej cesty vo forme kameňom spevnených „koľají“. Zistili sa v celom priebehu južnej polovice Šrobárovej ulice, prípadne v krátkom úseku v JV časti. Vznik cesty datujeme najskôr do začiatku 17. stor. Severne od cesty bol preskúmaný súveký cintorín evanjelikov. V hroboch sa zistili zvyšky drevených rakiev, železné klince, ozdobné kovania a súčasti odevu – špendlíky, dvojdielne spínadlá, gombíky. Zvyšné nálezové situácie sú zo záveru 18. a začiatku 19. až prvej tretiny 20. stor. Ide o pozostatky novovekej zástavby, pôvodného mlynského náhonu s jeho neskorším tehlovým prekrytím i architektúr súvisiacich s cukrovarom. Zdokumentované boli aj historické nivelety terénu z 19. stor.

The object of the paper is a reflexion of Aristotle's concept of mimesis as an artistic imitation of reality in Baroque Jesuit tragedy Trnava provenance called Švehla. The author aims to demonstrate how the personality of Ján Švehla is artistically captured in concerned school drama in historical context. It is based on comparison of Latin periochis of tragedy Švehla and available historiographical period source – the historical source text from the thirty first Bonfini's Decades of Hungarian History.

Published in Semiotische Berichte 1998.
Zusammenfassung: Vom Oktober 1597 bis September 1600 unterrichtete Pazmany den Philosophiekurs in Graz. Aus dieser Tätigkeit entstanden sechs wenig beach-tete Disputationen. Die in der Werkausgabe veröffentlichte Logik und Physik be-ruht auf Handschriften der Budapester Universitätsbibliothek. Anhand der Inhalte und der Geschichte der Schriften Pazmanys läßt sich das wissenschaftliche Leben des Jesuitenprofessors rekonstruieren. Einige Beispiele aus seiner Philosophie zeigen, daß er gerade darin innovativ ist, daß er nichtscholastische Quellen rezipiert und seinen Schülern weitergibt. Der Autor wollte sein Jugendwerk im Alter für die neue von ihm gegründete Universität als Handbuch veröffentlichen. Ob-wohl Pazmany als Erzbischof und Kardinal vorwiegend politisch und seelsorge-risch tätig war, hörte er nicht auf, sich für Philosophie zu interessieren.
Summary: Pazmany taught the philosophy standard course from October 1597 through 1600 at theJesuit University of Graz. Six small and up to now neglected dissertations were the fruit of his teaching. There exist also manuscripts of his lectures , now at the University Library of Budapest, which were published in the edition of his collected works. Both the contents and the history of his writings give an insight into the scholarly life of a Jesuit professor. Samples of his philosophy are presented to show his innovative way of integrating and teaching of non-scholastic sources. Later in his life, Pazmany planned to publish his lectures as textbooks for the University he had founded. In spite of his political and pastoral commitments as a Cardinal and Archbishop he continued to take care of philosophy .