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Erik Hrnciarik
  • Trnavska Univerzia, Trnava
Archäologische Ausgrabung in Biely Kostol, Flur Podolky Die archäologische Ausgrabung in Biely Kostol, Flur Podolky 6, bestätigte hier eine relativ intensive Besiedlung durch mehrere Kulturen. Die älteste zuverlässig dokumentierte... more
Archäologische Ausgrabung in Biely Kostol, Flur Podolky
Die archäologische Ausgrabung in Biely Kostol, Flur Podolky 6, bestätigte hier eine relativ intensive Besiedlung durch mehrere Kulturen. Die älteste zuverlässig dokumentierte Siedlung gehört der jungund spätsteinzeitlichen Lengyel-Kultur und insbesondere deren Endphase (Lengyel IV) an. Es scheint, dass die Fundstelle hinsichtlich der Datierung, der Baureste, der räumlichen Gestaltung und des Gesamtcharakters der Siedlung mehrere gemeinsame Züge mit den Siedlungen in Branč und Jelšovce aufweist. Bemerkenswert sind vor allem die langen Zweiraumhäuser mit Trennwand, deren Fundamente allseitig in Form einer durchgehenden Rinne ausgehoben wurden. Mehrere untersuchte Strukturen (Vorratsgruben und verschiedene Lehmabbaugruben) enthielten äneolithische Keramik (Gruppe Bajč-Retz), die mit Furchenstich verziert war. Durch ihre typische Keramik ist an der Fundstelle auch die nachfolgende Badener Kultur belegt. Andere bedeutendere Komponenten der Siedlungsstruktur stammen aus der Frühbronzezeit (Aunjetitzer? Und Maďarovce-Kultur). Aus dem gegebenen Zeithorizont wurden mehrere Überreste typischer eingetiefter Siedlungsobjekte (Vorratsgruben und verschiedene Lehmabbaugruben) untersucht. Im höchstgelegenen Teil der Lössterrasse wurde gleichzeitig der südliche und östliche Rand eines gleichaltrigen Gräberfeldes erfasst, dessen Großteil allem Anschein nach unter den Parzellen zukünftiger Einfamilienhäuser liegt. Mehrere Funde weisen auf das Fortbestehen der Siedlung in der Mittelund Jungbronzezeit hin. Intensive Besiedlung des Ortes stammt erst aus der Wende der Früh- und Späteisenzeit (Ende der Hallstattzeit – HaD3/LTA). Es gibt hier auch zahlreiche Belege für die Anwesenheit der Kelten während der Mittellatènezeit. Neben dem symptomatischen Inventar typischer eingetiefter Hütten wurde in einem Teil der Fundstelle ein Befund untersucht, dessen Grundriss und räumliche Anordnung an einen umzäunten Hof erinnern. Die Siedlungsspuren aus späteren Perioden sind weniger deutlich. In die römische Kaiserzeit lassen sich zwei Gruben und eine eingetiefte Behausung datieren, während das Hochmittelalter durch die Füllungen mehrerer Getreidegruben und Reste einfacher Öfen repräsentiert wird. Alle obengenannten Feststellungen zeugen von der Intensität der Besiedlung des gegebenen Ortes. Gleichzeitig weisen sie auf die Notwendigkeit des Schutzes und der Rettung in den noch unerforschten Teilen unter den Parzellen von zukünftigen Einfamilienhäusern hin, deren Bau diese archäologischen Belege unwiederbringlich beschädigen oder zerstören könnte.
The article deals with the analysis of findings of Roman architectural terracottas from a late antique enclosed residence in Bratislava-Podunajské Biskupice. The main goal is to evaluate the subject collection in the context of the... more
The article deals with the analysis of findings of Roman architectural terracottas from a late antique enclosed residence in Bratislava-Podunajské Biskupice. The main goal is to evaluate the subject collection in the context of the identified archaeological situations. An equally important part is the search for answers to questions related to their purpose, dating, as well as the provision of relevant information about the nature and type of assumed constructions and procedures used in the construction of this enclosed area. Despite the rare occurrence of fragments of Roman roofing on the site, based on the current state of research, it does not seem likely that this type of building material would be used in Bratislava-Podunajské Biskupice on archaeologically examined objects based on the layout and floor plan of the socalled ancient Roman tradition. On the contrary, the customer and the contractor apparently chose different construction solutions based on a combination of organic materials (wood, wicker or reed) and unburnt clay.
Kostol Narodenia sv. Jána Krstiteľa v Modre je najstaršou dodnes stojacou stavebnou pamiatkou Modry. Až do roku 1876 bol zároveň farským, odvtedy túto funkciu prebral kostol sv. Štefana kráľa na námestí. Nachádza sa na južnom okraji... more
Kostol Narodenia sv. Jána Krstiteľa v Modre je najstaršou dodnes
stojacou stavebnou pamiatkou Modry. Až do roku 1876 bol zároveň
farským, odvtedy túto funkciu prebral kostol sv. Štefana kráľa na námestí.
Nachádza sa na južnom okraji mesta. Predpokladá sa, že vznikol spolu
s cintorínom a bol súčasťou sídla, o ktorom máme zachovanú najstaršiu
písomnú zmienku až z roku 1256. Štúdia pojednáva o jeho najstarších stavebných fázach
As historical and archaeological sources attest, the contacts between the Romans and the Germans on this section of the Pannonian Danube frontier (Ripa Pannonica) and beyond were far from ordinary when compared with the other regions of... more
As historical and archaeological sources attest, the contacts between the Romans and the Germans on this section of the Pannonian Danube frontier (Ripa Pannonica) and beyond were far from ordinary when compared with the other regions of the Roman Empire and the neighbouring barbarian territories. Three major forms of trading and exchange activities can be attested in this area: long-distance (the Amber Road and the Limes Road), cross-border and internal (barbarian) trade. Water routes were also used, especially ship transport on the Danube. It is assumed that trading took place in stages, with goods fl owing both in the main directions and in several subsidiary directions. The supply of numerous auxiliary forts and two
legionary fortresses (Carnuntum and Brigetio), as well as of civilian settlements along the Danube and in the adjacent border zone played an important role in the distribution of Italian and provincial products to
Barbaricum. Trade routes were determined by geographical factors (the Little Carpathians, the courses of major rivers), by the location of contemporary settlements, and by the economic and political situation. The Roman products formed a significant proportion of the commodities and are the most easily identifiable items among archaeological finds. They include Roman coins, whose occurrence north of the Danube suggests
that the native Quadi population settled in the vicinity of the Pannonian frontier may have used them as a means of payment. It should be taken into account that besides exchange and trade there were other ways in
which Roman products arrived to the territory outside the Roman Empire (e.g. in the form of gifts, subsidies, plunder, or as part of military or civilian equipment). Special attention should be given to the phenomenon
of “invisible trade”, which included raw materials, animals, plants, products of organic origin etc. Drawing on relevant sources, we can assume the existence of trading centres, where trading in both imported and domestic products took place.
In 1996 and 1999‑2000, the Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences conducted a rescue excavation at Nitra-Chrenová that produced as many as 220 fragments of worked osseous material. The worked half-finished products... more
In 1996 and 1999‑2000, the Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences conducted a rescue excavation at Nitra-Chrenová that produced as many as 220 fragments of worked osseous material. The worked half-finished products were clearly used for making various parts of composite combs. A detailed analysis of them provided several technological details that can shed light on antler working and the production of singlesided composite combs. These finds from Nitra-Chrenová clearly attest to the existence of a specialized workshop for the production of composite combs.
The remains of a late ancient Germanic residence dated to the last third of the fourth century AD, unearthed at the location Križovatka in the cadaster of the village Podunajské Biskupice at the end of 2017 and beginning of 2018, is one... more
The remains of a late ancient Germanic residence dated to the last third of the fourth century AD, unearthed at the location Križovatka in the cadaster of the village Podunajské Biskupice at the end of 2017 and beginning of 2018, is one of the most unique discoveries in decades. The archaeological excavation unearthed the remains of a Germanic residence, which formed part of a larger settlement. The size of the excavated area was around 48 × 58 m. The residence was enclosed by a wooden fence, which went into the depth of 40 cm from the point where it was recorded. The inner structure of the farmyard was formed by six wooden rectangular buildings, whose foundations have survived in the form of trenches and postholes. Stone was used only to support the columns of the portico in Buildings I and III. The architecture of the residence differs from the standard Germanic settlements, which have buildings with halls or sunken-featured pit-houses. Aristocratic residence in Podunajské Biskupice is built in wood, but its overall layout, the principles of symmetry and axiality predetermining the arrangement of the buildings, and the large square colonnade buildings are architectural features and principles rooted in the tradition of ancient architecture. It seems that both the architect who designed the complex and the builder who raised it came from the Roman world south of the Danube, and not from the native barbarian environment. The hypothetical reconstruction of the Germanic residence is a result of an intensive cooperation between the archaeologists who conducted the excavation and Studio 727 in Bratislava. The purpose of this contribution is to present the process of reconstruction with emphasis on the specifics of fourth-century wooden architecture. Plans were processed in AutoCAD, then 3D building models were modulated in Houdini. The resulting textured images were rendered in V-ray.
The phenomenon of the graves of the Germanic elite in Slovakia has been the subject of multiple studies. Most of them, however, focus on the typological and chronological analyses of the preserved finds, which are often very luxurious... more
The phenomenon of the graves of the Germanic elite in Slovakia has been the subject of multiple studies. Most of them, however, focus on the typological and chronological analyses of the preserved finds, which are often very luxurious items. Almost all graves contained imported Roman glass of diverse quality and quantity. The present study provides a detailed analysis of these finds, but contrary to previous studies, it focuses on their function and their origins. The study reveals that the Germanic elite was strongly influenced by Roman culture. By analyzing this select type of finds—glass—we tried to determine how Roman culture affected different spheres of Germanic life.
In 1955, a figure, representing a comic actor, was discovered on a spoil heal in the Roman Fort of Iža. It is a unique find without close parallels in the whole of the Roman Empire, making it difficult to determine from which object it... more
In 1955, a figure, representing a comic actor, was discovered on a spoil heal in the Roman Fort of Iža. It is a unique find without close parallels in the whole of the Roman Empire, making it difficult to determine from which object it was derived or what was its function. The results of new research are presented here and demonstrate the object is a fragment of a luxury, figural knife handle made from bone rather than ivory. It was probably produced in a provincial workshop under a Mediterranean influence
where similar figures, though from different materials, occur throughout the second century.
Research Interests:
Introduction to Classical Archaeology I. (in Slovak) - Etruscan and Roman art and archeology
Predložená publikácia je prvou zo štvordielnej vysokoškolskej učebnice „Úvod do štúdia klasickej archeológie“, ktorej ďalšie časti budú vychádzať priebežne. Autorský tím pozostáva z pedagógov pôsobiacich na Katedre... more
Predložená publikácia je prvou zo štvordielnej vysokoškolskej učebnice „Úvod do štúdia klasickej archeológie“, ktorej ďalšie časti budú vychádzať priebežne. Autorský tím pozostáva z pedagógov pôsobiacich na Katedre klasickej archeológie Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave, ktorá je jediným vedecko- pedagogickým pracoviskom tohto druhu na Slovensku. Ambíciou učebnice je poskytnúť základné informácie o danom študijnom odbore, ako aj prehľad o dejinnom vývoji antických civilizácií – gréckej a rímskej, o ich bezprostredných predchodcoch, ale aj o ich vplyve na spoločenstvá žijúce v susedstve. Pri tvorbe koncepcie bola zvolená jednotná štruktúra, čiastočne prispôsobená špecifikám uvedených civilizácií. Učebnica sa usiluje podať život antickej spoločnosti v jeho stručnej podobe. Osobitne sa venuje jednotlivým odvetviam umenia počnúc architektúrou obytných ako aj verejných stavieb, chrámov a monumentov, sochárstvu či umeleckému remeslu. Rovnako si všíma náboženstvo, kult a politiku či vojnové strety s nepriateľom.

Predložený prvý diel obsahuje definíciu, chronologický rámec, dejiny bádania, pramene, prehľad základnej metodológie a terminológie klasickej archeológie, významné inštitúcie i zaužívané princípy písania a citovania. Ďalšie kapitoly sú venované minojskej a mykénskej civilizácii egejskej doby bronzovej. Prechádzajú od charakteristiky doby, topografiu a chronológiu a archeologické pramene. Predstavujú stavebné zvyšky minojských palácov, víl a mykénskych „hradov“ i obydlia prostých osadníkov až po miesta ich posledného odpočinku na pohrebiskách, ktoré vypovedajú o pohrebných obradoch a ríte. K svedectvám o živote obidvoch kultúrnych entít, náboženstve – a civilizačnej úrovni vôbec, patrilo aj prvé písmo v európskom priestore. Početnú skupinu v množstve nálezov predstavuje keramika: úžitková a dekoratívna, neraz kultového dosahu, akou bola aj drobná hlinená plastika – ľudská a zvieracia. Významnú súčasť nálezového fondu tvorí glyptika i honosné šperky z drahého kovu vedúcej vrstvy miestnych vládcov. V ich palácoch a hradoch zostali zvyšky nástenných malieb a iného materiálu, o. i. hlinené tabuľky s lineárnym písmom B. Sú dôležitou informáciou o palácovom hospodárstve, o slávených sviatkoch a obetných daroch. Spomínajú po mene aj prvé božstvá, známe neskôr z gréckeho pantheonu. Sú svedectvom o rozvrstvení spoločnosti, najmä v dobe čiastočného zaujatia minojskej Kréty Mykénčanmi. Za bohatstvo a moc nepochybne vďačili obchodu a rozvoju vodnej dopravy na člnoch, na počiatku s minojskou thalasokratiou na mori.
Predložený prvý diel obsahuje definíciu, chronologický rámec, dejiny bádania, pramene, prehľad základnej metodológie a terminológie klasickej archeológie, významné inštitúcie i zaužívané princípy písania a citovania.... more
Predložený prvý diel obsahuje definíciu, chronologický rámec, dejiny bádania, pramene, prehľad základnej metodológie a terminológie klasickej archeológie, významné inštitúcie i zaužívané princípy písania a citovania. Ďalšie kapitoly sú venované minojskej a mykénskej civilizácii egejskej doby bronzovej. Prechádzajú od charakteristiky doby, topografiu a chronológiu a archeologické pramene. Predstavujú stavebné zvyšky minojských palácov, víl a mykénskych „hradov“ i obydlia prostých osadníkov až po miesta ich posledného odpočinku na pohrebiskách, ktoré vypovedajú o pohrebných obradoch a ríte. K svedectvám o živote obidvoch kultúrnych entít, náboženstve – a civilizačnej úrovni vôbec, patrilo aj prvé písmo v európskom priestore. Početnú skupinu v množstve nálezov predstavuje keramika: úžitková a dekoratívna, neraz kultového dosahu, akou bola aj drobná hlinená plastika – ľudská a zvieracia. Významnú súčasť nálezového fondu tvorí glyptika i honosné šperky z drahého kovu vedúcej vrstvy miestnych vládcov. V ich palácoch a hradoch zostali zvyšky nástenných malieb a iného materiálu, o. i. hlinené tabuľky s lineárnym písmom B. Sú dôležitou informáciou o palácovom hospodárstve, o slávených sviatkoch a obetných daroch. Spomínajú po mene aj prvé božstvá, známe neskôr z gréckeho pantheonu. Sú svedectvom o rozvrstvení spoločnosti, najmä v dobe čiastočného zaujatia minojskej Kréty Mykénčanmi. Za bohatstvo a moc nepochybne vďačili obchodu a rozvoju vodnej dopravy na člnoch, na počiatku s minojskou thalasokratiou na mori.
Ceramic material from selected buildings of the farming part of a late roman period residence in Bratisla- va-Podunajské Biskupice. The present study analyses ceramic material from three sunken Germanic huts which made up the farming part... more
Ceramic material from selected buildings of the farming part of a late roman period residence in Bratisla- va-Podunajské Biskupice. The present study analyses ceramic material from three sunken Germanic huts which made up the farming part of a late roman period residence in Bratislava-Podunajské Biskupice. The site was discovered at the end of 2017 and then excavated by archaeologists in 2018. The settlement consisted of an enclosed area and its economic background. Within the residence, the remains of seven buildings were found, built according to Roman building principles. Around them there were buildings with a column-based structure, as well as typical Germanic sunken settlement buildings. Using typo- logical and chronological finds (coins, pottery, small items), it was possible to define the supposed period of existence of the residence as between 340/350 and 380/390.
The purpose of the present article is not to present the results of this unique find, but to point to the composition of pottery, its origin and use at the turn of Late roman period and the period of the migration of nations.
Research Interests:
Physical appearance and what goes along, beauty care has played an important role in the daily life of modern as well as ancient society. A number of contemporary cosmetic procedures had originated in antiquity. Hair coloring, hair... more
Physical appearance and what goes along, beauty care has played an important role in the daily life of modern as well as ancient society. A number of contemporary cosmetic procedures had originated in antiquity. Hair coloring, hair removal, dental hygiene, massage, application of peeling, creams, face masks or makeup was already known to ancient Romans, to men as well as women. Gerulata was a frontier fort with a settlement and an economic and farming base, dating as far back as the 4 th century AD. Gerulata's cemeteries, for instance, are some of the best investigated cemeteries in Pannonia thanks to archaeological excavations and the subsequent publication of their results. The most abundant among the finds from graves are diverse balsamaria, which served mainly for holding fragrances and oils. There are also small vessels for storing ointments and tinctures. The finds also include mirrors, tweezers and combs. Rather rare is a small, portable, likely wooden box with mounts used for make-up. Abstrakt: Fyzický vzhľad a s ním spojená starostlivosť o krásu zohrávala dôležitú úlohu v každodennom živote modernej i starovekej spoločnosti. Mnohé kozmetické procesy vznikli už v staroveku. Farbenie vlasov, odstraňovanie chĺpkov, zubná hygiena, masáž, aplikácia krémov, masiek alebo make-upu bola známa už starým Rimanom a Rimankám. Gerulata bola hraničnou pevnosťou s osadou a hospodárskou základňou, ktorej osídlenie sa datuje do prvých štyroch storočí po Kristovi. Vďaka systematickým archeologickým výskumom jej pohrebísk a ich následnému publikovaniu patria k jedným z najlepšie preskúmaných v Panónii. V mnohých hroboch sa podarilo zachytiť doklady kozmetickej starostlivosti jej obyvateľstva. Tieto objekty sa stali predmetom predloženej štúdie. Najpočetnejšie medzi nálezmi sú rôzne balsamáriá, ktoré slúžili hlavne na uskladnenie vonných látok a olejov. V ich inventári tiež nájdeme zrkadlá, pinzety a hrebene. Medzi vzácne nálezy možno považovať malú, prenosnú, pravdepodobne drevenú skrinku na usklad-nenie make-upu. Kľúčové slová: Gerulata, pohrebisko, kozmetika, Rimania The Roman Empire extended into the territory of present-day Slovakia only minimally. The area on the right side of the Danube, where Bratislava's boroughs Čunovo, Jarovce and Rusovce are situated today, was its integral part. Archaeologically the most interesting Roman settlement is the one at Rusovce-the site of Ancient Gerulata from the late 1 st century AD. Gerulata was a frontier fort with a settlement and an economic and farming base, dating as far back as the 4t h century AD. Despite the fact that its large part is buried under the built-up area of the borough, most of it has been identified and investigated (Varsik 1996, 30). Gerulata's cemeteries, for instance, are some of the best investigated cemeteries in Pannonia thanks to archaeological excavations and the subsequent publication of their results. The pottery found in the graves of these cemeteries has been analysed in several studies by prof. Eduard Krekovič. This paper presents the Romans' habits related to personal hygiene, and the attestations of these practices in the grave inventory of Ancient Gerulata.
In the end of the Iron Age, the Middle Danube region saw a significant change in the ethnic composition of its population. From the second half of the 5th century BC, the area was gradually settled by Celtic tribes. Later, in the Late La... more
In the end of the Iron Age, the Middle Danube region saw a significant change in the ethnic composition of its population. From the second half of the 5th century BC, the area was gradually settled by Celtic tribes. Later, in the Late La Tène period, its favourable position at the crossroads of long-distance roads attracted the Boii tribe, who raised an oppidum on the Bratislava castle hill. Several settlements were established in the larger hinterland of the oppidum. One of them is the settlement at Zlaté Piesky, where a notable concentration of worked bones and antler was recorded during an archaeological excavation.
The aim of the submitted contribution was to evaluate a set of building ce- ramics coming from archaeological research of the city‘s lazarette in Trnava. The set consists of 22 pieces of bricks, 12 pieces of tiles, 1 fragment of glazed... more
The aim of the submitted contribution was to evaluate a set of building ce- ramics coming from archaeological research of the city‘s lazarette in Trnava. The set consists of 22 pieces of bricks, 12 pieces of tiles, 1 fragment of glazed tile, 3 fragments of roofing and 1 fragment of fire-resistant chamotte furring. Brick products are generally a dating criterion in the form of terminus post quem, as a significant limiting factor is their frequent secondary or tertiary use at later periods. Despite this fact, it was possible to partially link the results of the analysis of building ceramics with retained knowledge of archival research. According to the old tradition, the king Matej Korvin had founded the lazarette between 1458 and 1490. The minimum number of medieval bricks and their se- condary use in the new mason did not confirm this hypothesis. As a result, the oldest building phase of the lazarette may be dated back to the 17th century, ac- cording to the current state of research, the period from which we have preser- ved the first written mention (1698) about this social institution. The younger group of bricks and tiles document the first major reconstruction of the buil- ding in 1756. In connection with the arrival of the Holy Sisters of the order of St. Vincent from Paula in the years 1898 – 1899, were made other more extensive modifications and additions of the staircase together with the social facility. This is evidenced by the findings of signed bricks, whose production dates back to the late 19th century. The youngest large-scale lazarette adaptation from 1938 – 1939 is in the examined material documented by machine-made bricks, cast white tiles, or a signed fragment of a of fire-resistant chamotte furring.
Die in den Jahren 2015 und 2017 durchgeführte archäologische und architektonisch-historische Untersuchung des unteren Tors brachte grundsätzliche Erkenntnisse über die Konstruktion des Komplexes des Verteidigungsturmes, die... more
Die in den Jahren 2015 und 2017 durchgeführte archäologische und architektonisch-historische Untersuchung des unteren Tors brachte grundsätzliche Erkenntnisse über die Konstruktion des Komplexes des Verteidigungsturmes, die mittelalterliche Verbindung mit einer Brücke und teilweise auch mit dem Barbakan aus der Renaissance. Die Grabung erfolgte an der Kreuzung der Straßen Hlavná, Strelecká, Razusova und Andrej Žarnov. In Sonde 1 wurde das steinerr ne Fundament des Verteidigungsturms aus der Mitte des 13. Jh. freigelegt, an dessen Westseite lediglich sein Negativ erhalten ist. In der Unterführung wurde die Instandsetzung der Straßenoberfläche festgestellt. An den Turm wurde vom Ende des 13. bis zum Beginn des 14. Jh. die Stadtmauer aus Backstein angebaut, deren Fundament aus Stein gemauert ist. In Zusammenhang mit der Hussitengefahr wurde in der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jh. das Verteidigungstor mit einem rechtwinkligen Vortor verstärkt, zu dem ein Brücke über den Stadtgraben führte. Wahrscheinlich wurde im Verlauf der 2. Hälfte des 15. Jh. bis zum Beginn des 16. Jh. die ältere Brücke über den Graben durch eine gemauerte ersetzt, die an ihrem niedrigsten Teil einen gewölbten Durchlass hatte, um den Graben an das Wasser anzuschließen. Über dem Durchlass im Mittelteil der Brücke stand ein Kulissentor. Zusammen mit der Brücke war in ihrer Nähe eine kontraeskarpe Mauer errichtet worden. In Zusammenhang mit der Türkengefahr um die Mitte des 16. Jh. wurde das Verteidigungstor mit einer Zugbrücke in der Südwand des mittelalterlichen Vortores verbessert. Wahrscheinlich wurde im Verlauf der Mitte des 16. Jh. vor der Brücke ein Barbakan errichtet, in den der Eintritt von Westen her erfolgte. Der Barbakan wird am treuesten auf einer Vedute von Samuel Mikovíni aus dem Jahre 1735 erfasst. Auf einer Vedute von Jozef Jäger aus den 40er Jahren des 18. Jh. hatte der Barbakan barockes Aussehen. Der Barbakan wurde 1815 abgerissen, und ein Jahr nach der Vermessung durch Grün im Jahr 1819 wurde das untere Tor im nachfolgenden Jahr abgerissen.
Department of Classical Archaeology of Trnava University in Trnava and company VIA MAGNA s.r.o. conducted a rescue archaeological excavation at the location Podunajské Biskupice at the end of 2017 and beginning of 2018. The remains of a... more
Department of Classical Archaeology of Trnava University in Trnava and company VIA MAGNA s.r.o. conducted a rescue archaeological excavation at the location Podunajské Biskupice at the end of 2017 and beginning of 2018. The remains of a Germanic farmyard, which had been part of a larger settlement, have been investigated. The farmyard was enclosed by a wooden fence, which reached the depth of 40 cm at the most from the point of discovery. The fence probably enclosed all four sides of the farmyard, but in the south-east, east and northeast only fragments have been recorded. A system of a large number of irregularly arranged pits of various sizes and depths have been recorded in front of the northern, eastern and southern sides of the fence. The pits were relatively shallow (ca. 15-20 cm from the point of discovery), with most of them respecting one another (forming three parallel rows), but some of them in superposition. Judging from the relatively shallowly sunken fence and pits, it may be assumed that they served only to demarcate the area within the settlement, and were not remains of a fortification system. The inner structure of the farmyard was formed by six wooden rectangular buildings, whose foundations have survived in the form of trenches and postholes. These were arranged along the inner sides of the fence, with a courtyard left in the middle of the farmyard. The superposition of buildings II and III, and V and VI attests to at least two building phases of the farmyard. Germanic settlement was recorded also north and south of the fence; one Germanic hut was excavated in the north, and three huts in the south. The huts south of the farmyard had a typical oval ground plan with a six post construction. West and south of the farmyard, two rows of postholes were recorded on each side, orientated in the same direction as the fence – likely the remains of two above-ground houses with a post in ground construction. Material culture from this settlement phase consisted mainly of typical hand-made and wheel-made pottery. The finds include a small number of imported pottery as well as characteristic fourth-century glazed mortaria. Other finds include a Germanic comb, glass fragments, clay spindle whorls, and an amber pearl. The excavated structures, in particular their size and form, are a clear evidence of imported Roman building methods in a Barbarian environment. In terms of chronology and territory, this newly discovered farmyard complements the network of analogical centres of the Germanic elite such as Mistelbach (A), Cífer-Pác (SK) and Milanovce (SK).
Archaeological excavations led by the Department of Classical Archaeology of Trnava University provided new insight into three sacred buildings in the territory of Trnava: Ossuary, The Church of St Michael the Archangel and Chapel of St... more
Archaeological excavations led by the Department of Classical Archaeology of Trnava University provided new insight into three sacred buildings in the territory of Trnava: Ossuary, The Church of St Michael the Archangel and Chapel of St Fabian and St Sebastian. The purpose of this contribution is to summarize new knowledge and outline how it could be presented to the public. The reconstruction of archaeological finds was previously done only in the form of ground plans marked in the terrain. In an attempt to make some of the public places more attractive and draw attention to their significance, town leaders decided to present selected archaeological monuments in the form of ruins, including the sacred buildings discussed in this contribution.
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The Roman-made bone and antler artefacts from archaeological excavations of the Roman fort at Iža constitute a varied assemblage from a purely military context. The present study is one of the rst of its kind, as artefacts from military... more
The Roman-made bone and antler artefacts from archaeological excavations of the Roman fort at Iža constitute a varied assemblage from a purely military context. The present study is one of the  rst of its kind, as artefacts from military contexts are normally published together with those found on civilian se lements around the forti cations. Thus the study not only reviews the well-known military activities of the Romans, including their historical relations and military equipment, but also provides insight into the daily life of the Roman soldier.
The present work is divided into six parts. After an introductory outline of the fort’s historical development, the types of materials and the techniques of their working are discussed in more detail. The core of my work is Chapter IV, which contains analyses of the following  nds: decorative hairpins, beads, bracelets, amulets, parts of soldiers’ equipment, tools used in textile production, parts of musical instruments, knives, parts of furniture, board games, writing equipment, Germanic combs, skates, items of unknown function, and semi- nished products. This is followed by an evaluation of the studied material and a conclusion.
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Výsledky archeologického výskumu generálneho seminára Collegium Rubrorum v Trnave
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The majority of silver tableware found on the territory of Slovakia represents luxurious Roman toreutic products, from which only a few remained preserved until today. Four out of the total number of 13 or 14 pieces are richly decorated... more
The majority of silver tableware found on the territory
of Slovakia represents luxurious Roman toreutic products, from
which only a few remained preserved until today. Four out of the
total number of 13 or 14 pieces are richly decorated with relief patterns.
Their decoration is an important iconographic source of better
knowledge of Roman history, mythology, religion and cult. Three of
them depict the vessels themselves, set beside various figural and
floral motifs. It is the well-known grave finds – a skyphos and a lanx
from Krakovany-Stráže, and a further skyphos from Ostrovany. The
depicted as well as the real vessels follow the Hellenistic tradition,
and represent objects linked with the Cult of Dionysus and articles of
daily use. The aim of the paper is above all to characterise individual
vessels and interpret their functions on the basis of the specimens
preserved and their depiction in relevant context.
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The exchange and trading activities in the Roman period north of Pannonia can be understood in three major contexts: cross-border, long-distance and internal (barbarian). Both the Roman and domestic commodities could have been the objects... more
The exchange and trading activities in the Roman period north of Pannonia can be understood in three major contexts: cross-border, long-distance and internal (barbarian). Both the Roman and domestic commodities could have been the objects of exchange and trade in all three contexts. The cross-border trade in the Central European Barbaricum refers to the exchange of articles between the population of the Roman Empire, particularly the province of Pannonia on the one hand, and barbarians, especially the Germanic tribes, on the other. At the same time, this trade could have been part of the long-distance trade, in which products and raw materials travelled between more distant areas, such as the Mediterranean and the Baltic region. The third form – the internal trade – took place within the barbarian society itself.
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The Roman fort at Iža lies in the location Leányvár, a short distance from the town of Komárno. The studied collection comes exclusively from the excavations done by the Archaeological Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences. In total,... more
The Roman fort at Iža lies in the location Leányvár, a short distance from the town of Komárno. The studied
collection comes exclusively from the excavations done by the Archaeological Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences. In
total, 220 items of worked bone, antler and ivory were analysed. From the functional point of view they can be divided
into jewellery, parts of soldiers’ equipment, items used for textile and leather working, knife handles, musical instruments,
playing stones, furniture, writing items, half-finished products and other objects.
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Recenzia na prácu: Pavol Valachovič: Latinská epigrafika na Slovensku. Krakow: Towarzystwo Slowakow w Polsce/Trnava: Filozofická fakulta Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave 2013. 82 str. ISBN 978-83-7490671-5
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Jozef BUJNA – Václav FURMÁNEK – Egon WIEDERMANN (zost.): Staré Slovensko 1. Archeológia ako historická veda. Nitra: Archeologický ústav SAV 2013. 244 s. ISBN 978-80-89315-44-4
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The Roman fort at Iža lies in the location Leányvár, a short distance from the town of Komárno. It is situated on the left Danube bank, in the foreground of Brigetio, and forms part of the defence system Ripa Pannonica. In total, 254... more
The Roman fort at Iža lies in the location Leányvár, a short distance from the town of Komárno. It is situated on the left Danube bank, in the foreground of Brigetio, and forms part of the defence system Ripa Pannonica. In total, 254 items of worked bone, antler and ivory were analysed. From the functional point of view they can be divided into jewellery, parts of soldiers' equipment, items used for textile and leather working, knife handles, musical instruments, playing stones, furniture, writing items, half-finished products and other objects.
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Rímske umenie predstavuje osobitnú kapitolu v rámci klasickej archeológii ako vedného odboru. Predložená práca je prvou v novej samostatnej rady vysokoškolských učebných textov zaoberajúcich sa rímskym umením. Keďže archeológia a... more
Rímske umenie predstavuje osobitnú kapitolu v rámci klasickej archeológii ako vedného odboru. Predložená práca je prvou v novej samostatnej rady vysokoškolských učebných textov zaoberajúcich sa rímskym umením. Keďže archeológia a špeciálne aj klasická archeológia nepatrí k uzavretým vedným odborom, pevne veríme, že si táto nová rada nájde svojich priaznivcov nielen v príbuzných ako história, klasická filológia, dejiny umenia, ale aj v ostatných, najmä humanitných odboroch. K tomuto by mal prispieť nielen jazyk akým budú publikácie písané ale aj bohatá obrazová príloha. Jednotlivé diely budú osobitne rozoberať oblasti ako rímsky portrét, historický reliéf, freskové maliarstvo, mozaikové umenie a pod.

Prvý diel sa zaoberá rímskym portrétom ako špecifickým fenoménom v rámci rímskeho umenia. V jednotlivých kapitolách je postupne analyzovaný jeho vznik a historický vývoj s ťažiskom na prvé štyri storočia po Kristovi. Učebný text je určený najmä pre poslucháčov I. a II. stupňa vysokoškolského štúdia a mal by slúžiť na prehĺbenie ich poznatkov v rámci prednášok a seminárov zaoberajúcich sa Starovekou Itáliou a Rímskym cisárskym umením.
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If we do not count production of potery, iron and textile, we have only fragmentary information about other craft activities of Germanic people. Situation is even more complicated when the issue is researched on smaller area, like in this... more
If we do not count production of potery, iron and textile, we have only fragmentary information about other craft activities of Germanic people. Situation is even more complicated when
the issue is researched on smaller area, like in this case the area of south-western Slovakia. The article deals with wood, bone, antler, leather and stone processing in Quadic environment. Its goal is based on direct evidence, such as archaeological indings, to reconstruct worklows for selected crafts. However in some cases these are missing and therefore parallels from adjacent areas had to be used. Marginally
the indings of inal products of the activity in each craft were analyzed and accordingly it was possible to observe each working process.
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Das Gebiet der heutigen Slowakei lag in der Latenezeit und Romischen Kaiserzeit auserhalb des Romischen Reiches. Trotzdem wurde dieses Gebiet wahrend der beiden Epochen ziemlich intensiv mit Produkten romischer Provenienz beliefert.... more
Das Gebiet der heutigen Slowakei lag in der Latenezeit und Romischen Kaiserzeit auserhalb des Romischen Reiches. Trotzdem wurde dieses Gebiet wahrend der beiden Epochen ziemlich intensiv mit Produkten romischer Provenienz beliefert. Dieses wurde nicht nur dank der geographischen Nahe des Romischen Reiches, insbesondere seit der Zeitenwende, und der durch das Gebiet fuhrenden Fernstrasen ermoglicht, sondern auch durch die okonomische Starke seiner Bewohner. Die unterschiedlichen Naturbedingungen sowie die kulturhistorische Entwicklung erlauben es, drei verschiedene Gebiete zu unterscheiden: die Sudwestslowakei mit der im Wesentlichen keltischen und seit der Romischen Kaiserzeit germanischen Bevolkerung, die Nord- und Mittelslowakei mit der Puchovkultur bzw. der spatantiken Nordkarpatenkultur und die Sudostslowakei, in der ein Hiatus zwischen den ursprunglich keltisch, germanisch, dakischen Kulturen und der Przeworsk-Kultur besteht.
Die Fragen des romischen Exports in die Slowakei gehoren zu den gut bearbeiteten Th emen. Mehrere Studien konzentrierten sich hauptsachlich auf die Zusammenstellung des Materials und die detaillierte Ausarbeitung von Typologie und Chronologie. Die Fragen der Herkunft und der Funktion dagegen wurden des Ofteren mit „muss off en bleiben“ beantwortet. Neue Studien und Untersuchungen ermoglichen es aber, diese bis heute im ganzen nichtromischen Gebiet Europas als weitgehend unlosbar angesehene Fragestellung naher zu beantworten. Daher wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit zunachst die Herkunft der romischen Produkte untersucht, um den Anteil italischer und provinzialromischer Werkstatten festzustellen. Die zweite wichtige Frage, namlich die Funktion einzelner romischer Gegenstande auserhalb der Reichsgrenzen ist nach wie vor schwierig zu beantworten, da der Verwendungszweck einiger Fundgruppen in den Provinzen selbst nur teilweise bekannt ist. Daher wird zunachst versucht, die primare Funktion und anschliesend anhand des vorliegenden Materials auch ihre Nutzung bei der nichtromischen, „barbarischen“ Bevolkerung zu ermitteln. Am Ende dieser Arbeit werden weitere Fragen untersucht, die mit dieser Problematik zusammenhangen: Unterschiede im Fundspektrum von Grabern und Siedlungen; die Ursache fur das Interesse an einigen romischen Produkten; die Lebensbereiche der vom romischen Export beeinfl ussten Germanen und die sozialokonomische Lage der Importempfanger. Die Gelegenheit, diese Problematiken in drei verschiedenen Gebieten zu beobachten, bietet gute Moglichkeiten, diese zu vergleichen und damit auch einige Unterschiede innerhalb des Barbaricums festzustellen
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Archaeological excavations outside the Church of the Birth of John the Baptist in Modra. In the autumn of 2013, rescue archaeological excavations were carried out outside the Church of the Birth of John the Baptis, during which remnants... more
Archaeological excavations outside the Church of the Birth of John the Baptist in Modra. In the autumn of 2013, rescue archaeological excavations were carried out outside the Church of the Birth of John the Baptis, during which remnants of architecture from the medieval and modern phases of the history of the church’s development were discovered, together with the foundations of two graves from the nineteenth century and a modern age road. The aim of this paper is to provide more detailed information on the results of the excavations and try to point out certain design elements in sacral architecture, unique in Slovakia
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The aim of this paper is to evaluate 31 medallions which were found during archaeological excavation in the Basilica of St. Nicholas’s exterior. They include representatives from all four functional groups: Medallions with saints,... more
The aim of this paper is to evaluate 31 medallions which were found during archaeological excavation in the Basilica of St. Nicholas’s exterior. They include representatives from all four functional groups: Medallions with saints, Pilgrimage sites medallions, Medallions from other fraternities and others. Virgin Mary dominates the number of depictions.
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The syncretism typical for the Romans was thus reflected also in architecture. One of the diverse architectural elements applied was a so-called Syrian arch. A typical feature of buildings with the Syrian arch is the distinctive... more
The syncretism typical for the Romans was thus reflected also in architecture. One of the diverse architectural elements applied was a so-called Syrian arch. A typical feature of buildings with the Syrian arch is the distinctive arrangement of the entablature, which unlike in the Classical Greco-Roman
architecture does not travel horizontally along the entire circumference of the structure, but in some places – most often in the middle of a building’s façade – bends up in an arch form. Formally, it is important to differentiate between the ways in which the arch was connected to the architrave. Based on this distinction, the structures can be divided into two basic groups: first, structures with the entablature itself curving up into an arch without interruption (the so-called arcuated lintel), and second, structures with an arch “separated” from the entablature, resting on the top of the entablature (sometimes referred to as serliana). Both groups occur concurrently in the same time period. The basic differences between them can be demonstrated on two monuments from Asia Minor: so-called Temple of Hadrian in Ephesus and the Tetrapylon in phrodisias.
The arch, either as an individual feature or as part of a pediment, exemplifies the adoption of foreign elements by Roman architecture. At first sight it seems to have been used as a decorative element, but a more thorough research into its occurrence clearly shows that it is mainly found in religious
buildings and has a symbolic value. The finds from late antiquity clearly show that this element was in all its forms incorporated into the early Christian architecture,
and became its inseparable part.
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Roman provincial jewellery made of bone or antler consists of wide range of objects that can be divided into several groups.The decorative pins belong to the most numerous findings in civil and military environment. They were used in... more
Roman provincial jewellery made of bone or antler consists of wide range of objects that can be divided into several groups.The decorative pins belong to the most numerous findings in civil and military environment. They were used in styling hair or joining fabrics. From bones and antlers were likewise produced pearls, charms and amulets of various shapes that adorned neck or hands. Another group consists of bracelets, pauldrons and rings. The last group consists of earrings and claps; their bony variants were produced in the Roman period. Jewellery made of this type of material appears during the whole Roman period, but their golden age is considered to be mostly the 4th century A.D. Significant increase of combs, need­les and bracelets made of bone, antler and ivory on Roman necropolis in this period is by many researchers linked mainly with the Germanic element that influenced events in the north of the Roman Empire. The aim of this paper was to typologically and chronologically analyze a collection of bone jewellery from the graves in cemetery I, II, III and in the contexts of
late Roman military camp in the position Bergl in Bratislava
Rusovce (Ancient Gerulata). The analyzed group, consisting of
approx. 38 pieces, can be divided in functional terms to decorative pins, beads, amulets and bracelets.
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The relief depictions on Trajan’s column and the column of Marcus Aurelius provide important information on how battle was done as well as on the arms and armour of the Roman army. The aim of the paper is to give an overview of which main... more
The relief
depictions on Trajan’s column and the column of Marcus Aurelius provide important information on how battle was done as
well as on the arms and armour of the Roman army. The aim of the paper is to give an overview of which main types appear on
them. The depicted militaria can be divided into two main groups: for attack (tella) and for defence (arma). Despite the fact that
the two reliefs are separated by almost one hundred years apart, the depictions of Roman arms and armour appear relatively archaic,
thus giving the impression that almost nothing changed during the first two centuries. With a few exceptions, very similar
types of arms appear on both columns.
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The depictions in relief on both columns are a rich iconographic source enabling us to discover the shape or means of use of various tools and instruments used in ancient times. This paper aims to bring together the depictions of all... more
The depictions in relief on both columns are a rich iconographic source enabling us to discover the shape or means of
use of various tools and instruments used in ancient times. This paper aims to bring together the depictions of all vessels, comparing
them with findings preserved from the period of the Roman Empire and to interpret their function based on their depiction.
In total, both reliefs depict 104 vessels, the majority – 96 pieces – on Trajan’s column and 11 on the column of Marcus Aurelius.
From a functional point of view, the depicted vessels can be classified in four groups: vessels associated with religious rituals,
transport containers, kitchenware and tableware and others.
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Vydavateľ: Szépművészeti Múzeum Budapest a Trnavská univerzita v Trnave Rok vydania: 2013 Jazyk: maďarský, slovenský, anglický Počet strán: 89 Miesto vydania: Budapešť ISBN 978-615-5304-16-3 Publikácia je jedným z výstupov... more
Vydavateľ: Szépművészeti Múzeum Budapest  a Trnavská univerzita v Trnave
Rok vydania: 2013
Jazyk: maďarský, slovenský, anglický
Počet strán: 89
Miesto vydania: Budapešť
ISBN 978-615-5304-16-3


Publikácia je jedným z výstupov medzinárodného projektu „Bezhraničná Antikvita“, ktorý bol podporený v rámci Programu cezhraničnej spolupráce Maďarská republika – Slovenská republika 2007-2013 Európskou úniou. Jeho cieľom bolo prostredníctvom spoznania antických tradícií a spoločných kultúrnych koreňov prispieť k rozvoju kultúrnej koherencie a spolupráce medzi prihraničnými maďarskými a slovenskými žiakmi a učiteľmi, príslušnými múzeami ako aj vedeckými inštitúciami. Na jeho realizácii sa podieľali tímy z Katedry klasickej archeológie (FF) a Katedry pedagogických štúdií (PdF) Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave a Múzea krásnych umení (Szépművészeti Museum) v Budapešti.
Publikácia je rozdelená na dve časti. Prvá časť má skôr informačný charakter a je venovaná cieľom, metódam a výsledkom medzinárodného projektu. D. Pogány a K. Kuzmová v nej podrobnejšie informujú o jednotlivých podujatiach realizovaných v rámci projektu:
• Medzinárodná vedomostná súťaž súťaž žiakov základných a stredných škôl Tieň víťazného oblúka,
• školenia pre učiteľov dejepisu a výtvarnej výchovy o nových archeologických databázach a inovatívnych edukačných metódach pod názvom „Staroveký Rím inak“,
• školenia pre múzejných pedagógov a realizácia rodinných víkendov s tematikou antického Ríma
• letný tábor so zameraním na antický Rím.
Druhá časť má na rozdiel od prvej odborný ráz. Pozostáva z 11 odborne recenzovaných štúdií venovaných Rímskej antikvite. Články úzko súvisia s jednotlivými podujatiami realizovanými v rámci projektu a sú v nich zhrnuté poznatky z oblasti pedagogiky (N. Bizová, M. Brestovanský, P. Lenčo, A. Skala), muzeálnej pedagogiky (E. Birkás, B. Husová), klasických jazykov (N. Sipekiová) a klasickej archeológie (A. Ďurianová, E. Hrnčiarik, L. Nováková). 
Publikácia je určená nielen pre odbornú archeologickú či pedagogickú verejnosť ale mala by byť pomôckou pre pracovníkov múzeí, učiteľov základných a stredných škôl ako aj pri príprave rôznych voľnočasových aktivít so zameraním na rímsku antiku (krúžky, tábory, a pod.)
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In der lateinischen terminologie wurden die Fibeln mit verschiedenen termini benannt: acus (Gostenčnik 1996, 117), acus crinalis, spina crinalis, crinale oder comatoria. diese termini lassen sich aber einem konkreten typ von nadeln nicht... more
In der lateinischen terminologie wurden die Fibeln mit verschiedenen termini benannt: acus (Gostenčnik 1996, 117), acus
crinalis, spina crinalis, crinale oder comatoria. diese termini lassen sich aber einem konkreten typ von nadeln nicht detaillierter
zuordnen (Bíró 1994, 30). Mit Beinnadeln werden wir im mitteleuropäischen raum schon seit dem Äneolithikum konfrontiert
(Sklenář 2000, 10). in der römischen kaiserzeit wurden sie nicht nur bei verschiedenen Frisuren verwendet, sondern auch
beim Binden von stoffen - fibulae (Bíró 1994, 23), in der Medizin (Ruprechtsberger 1979, 10) und bei der keramikverzierung.
der untersuchte Bestand besteht aus 253 Funden aus dem römischen lager in iža, aus römischen gräberfeldern i, ii, iii
und aus der lage Bergl in Bratislava-rusovce, aus den grabungen auf der Burg devín und aus der römischen sammlung
des Museums Podunajské múzeum (weiter nur PM) in komárno.
römische Beinnadeln lassen sich in 19 typen einteilen, in mehrere varianten und gruppen:
typ i. Beinnadel mit kugelkopf, schmalem hals und in der Mitte mit verstärktem körper. eine genauere chronologische
Bestimmung dieses typs ist nicht möglich. er kommt in der ganzen römischen kaiserzeit auf fast jeder römischen Fundstelle vor.
typ ii. Beinnadel mit kopf ovalen Querschnitts, schmalem hals und in der Mitte mit verstärktem körper. das
vorkommen von diesem typ der nadeln beginnt schon im 2. Jh. und dauert bis zum 4. Jh. nach chr. an.
typ iii. Beinnadel mit eiförmigem kopf, schmalem hals und in der Mitte mit verstärktem körper. die verwendung von
diesem typ der nadeln kann anhand von analogien besonders im 2. und im 3. Jh. nach ch. vorausgesetzt werden. es kann
aber nicht einmal sein früheres bzw. späteres vorkommen ausgeschlossen werden.
typ iv. Beinnadel mit eiförmigem kopf und im oberen teil mit abgerundetem kopf und schmalem, in der Mitte,
verstärktem körper. die nadeln von diesem typ aus dem untersuchten Bestand lassen sich anhand von Fundumständen
chronologisch nicht näher datieren. den in dem text zitierten autoren nach kann ihr vorkommen in das 2. bis 4. Jh. nach
chr. datiert werden.
typ v. Beinnadel mit zwiebelförmigem kopf, schmalem hals und verstärktem oder gleichförmigem körper. die aus
dem gebiet der slowakei stammenden Funde lassen sich anhand von analogien in die zeit seit der zweiten hälfte des 2. Jh.
bis zur spätantike datieren.
typ vi. Beinnadel mit walzenförmigem, schräg abgeschnittenem kopf und in der Mitte verstärktem körper. die
exemplare aus dem untersuchten Bestand können nur ungefähr seit dem 1. bis zum ende des 4. Jh. nach chr. datiert
werden.
typ vii. Beinnadel mit quadratischem kopf und in der Mitte mit verstärktem körper. das einzige aus iža stammende
exemplar befand sich in einer schicht, die in die spätantike bzw. in die völkerwanderungszeit datiert wird.
typ viii. Beinnadel mit tropfenförmigem kopf, überwiegend mit verziertem hals und mit verstärktem körper ungefähr
in einem drittel der länge in richtung vom kopf. dieser typ von nadeln lässt sich ungefähr in das 4. Jh. nach chr. datieren,
es kann aber nicht einmal seine frühere bzw. spätere chronologische zuordnung ausgeschlossen werden.
typ iX. Beinnadel mit polyedrischem kopf, schmalem hals und in der Mitte mit verstärktem körper. die im text
zitierten autoren datieren diesen typ einheitlich in die zweite hälfte des 3. bis zum anfang des 5. Jh. nach chr. E. M.
Ruprechtsberger (1979, 27) findet analogien auch noch im Frühmittelalter.
typ X. Beinnadel mit kopf in Form von Balustraden, mit schmalem hals und leicht verstärktem körper ungefähr in
einem drittel der länge in richtung vom kopf. dieser typ lässt sich in die zeit vom 2. bis zum 4. Jh. nach chr. datieren.
typ Xi. Beinnadel mit reich profiliertem kopf. zum gemeinsamen Merkmal von nadeln dieses typs gehört ein kopf,
der aus verschiedenen geometrischen ornamenten besteht (ringe, zylinder, vasen, kugelchen, rillchen u. a.). dieser typ
von nadeln wird in die zeit vom 2. bis zum 5. Jh. nach chr. datiert.
typ Xii. Beinnadel ohne kopf, der körper ist im oberen teil mit einem oder zwei gegitterten Bändern verziert. M. T. Bíró
(1995, 33) datiert sie anhand von verzierungselementen in die spätantike. im westlichen teil des römischen imperiums
kommt dieser typ schon im 2. Jh. nach chr. vor.
typ Xiii. Beinnadel, deren kopf von dem körper mit unausgeprägtem körper abgetrennt ist. der körper verjüngt sich
in richtung zur spitze. dieser typ kommt in der ganzen römischen kaiserzeit vor.
typ Xiv. Beinnadel, deren kopf in Form eine Frauenbüste verziert ist. anhand der Frisur lässt sich dieser typ in die
zeit von Flavius datieren.
typ Xv. Beinnadel verziert mit kultmotiven:
- variante 1. nadel verziert mit einer Miniaturaxt;
- variante 2. nadel verziert mit einem Pinienzapfen;
- variante 3. nadel mit dem kopf in Form eines hahns;
- variante 4. nadel mit dem kopf in Form der venus;
- variante 5. nadel mit dem kopf in Form einer votivhand.
typ Xvi. Beinnadel bestehend aus zwei selbständigen teilen - einem kopf mit einer durchgebohrten Öffnung und
einem körper. es handelt sich um eine technische lösung, die in der ganzen römischen kaiserzeit bekannt ist.
typ Xvii. vereinzelte typen von Beinnadeln ohne Parallelen.
typ Xviii. unverzierte Beinnadeln ohne kopf.
typ XiX. Bruchstücke von nadeln und halbfabrikate.
der Beitrag stellt die erste zusammenfassende Bearbeitung von römischen Beinnadeln aus dem gebiet der heutigen
südwestslowakei dar. die typologische und chronologische analyse von den einzelnen exemplaren stützt sich auf die
erkenntnisse aus den bis jetzt veröffentlichten arbeiten von renommierten europäischen Forschern. viele von ihnen
belegen anhand von analogien rege handelskontakte der römischen Bevölkerung nicht nur mit benachbarten Provinzen,
sondern auch mit entfernten teilen des römischen imperiums. auf der anderen seite ist auch wahrscheinlich, dass auf
dem dazugehörigen gebiet eine Werkstatt existierte, in der knochen bearbeitet wurden und die mit ihren Produkten den
lokalen Markt versorgt hatte. die neuesten untersuchungen in Brigetio weisen auf eine solche Werkstatt in der dortigen
zivilstadt hin. da es uns nicht gelungen ist, halbfabrikate bzw. ausschussware zu finden, wird sie als eine Werkstatt zur
reparatur von knochen- und geweihprodukten interpretiert (Borhy/Számadó 2001, 28). es kann aber nicht ausgeschlossen
werden, dass es sich hier auch um den handel mit dieser Ware handelte. durch die typologische nähe von nadeln, die
im donaumuseum (PM) in komárno deponiert sind, mit den Funden aus dieser Fundstelle, kann auch ihr ursprung
angenommen werden. im untersuchten Bestand ist der teilweise bearbeitete rohstoff nur durch eine kleine Prozentzahl
vertreten. es kann deshalb von keiner lokalen Werkstatt in einer der angeführten Fundstelle gesprochen werden. es ist
wahrscheinlich, dass diese halbfabrikate von einer eher kleinen hauswerkstatt zeugen, die zur herstellung und reparatur
von einfachen gegenständen diente.
Research Interests:
:)
Available at: http://www.shnnitra.ff.ukf.sk/2018-roc-22-c-2/ Greek city- states included a comprehensive social system with regard to the political and socio-economic aspects of their inhabitants. Polis, regarded as political and... more
Available at:
http://www.shnnitra.ff.ukf.sk/2018-roc-22-c-2/

Greek city- states included a comprehensive social system with regard to the political and socio-economic aspects of their inhabitants. Polis, regarded as political and religious group of people, living in a particular area, was made up by three basic components: citizens, political constitution and territory. Citizens had been involved in the construction of public buildings as well as in various other activities. This is probably why the role of communites, which directly defined polis, was accentuated. Egalitarian character of the Greek society, dominated by Athenians, limited possibilities of portraying a particular individual. Tumultuous events of the Classical period brought to the forefront primarily military commanders and politicians. This trend was further deepend in the next centuries. While promoting equality, poleis appreciated beneficial acts and remarkable deeds of their citizens. Public places were filled by typified statues of andres agathoi. This statuary landscape of the Greek cities, partially preserved in epigraphic finds, almost dissapeared. Importance of euergetism increased in the Late Classical period, becoming one of the main funds for the maintenance of public life. Individual citizens were rewarded by honorific inscriptions, where other honors were often given (erecting a statue, giving a wreath, proclamation of praise, seats in the first place in cultural and sporting agones etc.). Hellenistic poleis – maintaining autonomy in the outermost sense - granted various honours and privileges to the members of royal dynasties and their close dignitaries. Particular emphasis was focused on military memorials, including equestrian statues, which became an integral part of the public monuments in antiquity.
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