Tuscany

Aim: Ecoinformatics offer new opportunity to test islands as biogeographic and ecological models. In this paper we predicted three hypotheses: (1) plot-based data issuing from vegetation surveys can be used to predict Island Species-Area Relationships (ISARs) or island similarity; (2) the habitat area is an independent predictor of species richness patterns within island; (3) species richness and composition are more dependent on habitat type than island identity in land-bridge islands. Area: Tuscan Archipelago, Italy. Methods: We assembled a database of all the vegetation plots available for the archipelago. For the first hypothesis we calculated ISARs, using Arrhenius model, and Beta Diversity, using Jaccard dissimilarity, on both published floras and cumulative plot data. For the second hypothesis, we modelled Habitat Species-Area Relationships (HSARs), using Arrhenius model. For the third hypothesis, we used additive partitioning of species richness, NMDS and PERMANOVA. Results: Island Species-Area Relationships based on plot data mirrored those on published floras, but absolute values of c and z parameters were different. Beta diversity based on plot data resembled those of published floras, but was higher. Species richness was significantly related to the habitat area. The total species richness of the archipelago was linked to large scale drivers, such as island identity, while plot species composition was driven by both habitat type and island identity. Conclusions: Data assembled issuing from vegetation surveys are useful to describe biogeographic patterns. Species richness in the archipelago is driven by spatial factors such as the amount of habitats and the differences among islands, while the species composition of local assemblages is largely driven by habitat filters rather than by island identity, as expected in land-bridge islands. K E Y W O R D S biogeographic patterns, islands, plot data, species-area relationships

Elba Island, located midway between Corsica and mainland Italy, is a small but important fragment of the Adria Plate. It has a rich sedimentary record preserved in a stack of tectonic nappes of both continental margin and oce-anic origin. Especially the detrital zircons in early Paleozoic to early Mesozoic metasedimentary rocks provide an archive of many important geological events in the island's history. Elba Island and Adria originated along the northern margin of Gondwana, but drifted north in Silurian times to become part of Europe. A large new dataset of LA-ICP-MS and SIMS U–Pb zircon ages allows us to trace this history. Three main stratigraphic units have been investigated. The oldest Porto Azzurro Unit was deposited in the early Cambrian and has zircon age distributions indicating a typical northern African provenance, most likely sourced from the Saharan Metacraton. The Ortano Unit has a simple, mostly unimodal Ordovician age distribution that is entirely dominated by metavolcanic rocks and their erosional products; a sample of the metavolcanic Ortano Porphyroids provided a SIMS U–Pb zircon age of 460 ± 3 Ma. This phase of intense volcanism is related to the subduction of the Rheic Ocean beneath Gondwa-na, terminating with initial rifting and subsequent opening of the Paleotethys. This also marks the onset of the separation of a range of European terranes, including Adria and future Elba Island, from Gondwana. The Permo-Triassic Monticiano–Roccastrada Unit is the first to show a European provenance with the appearance of large amounts of Variscan and late to post-Variscan detritus. The presence of Variscan detrital zircons in the Permo-Triassic sediments is unexpected, since a Variscan age signature is so far not well recorded in the Adria Plate. This dataset is the most comprehensive detrital zircon dataset so far available for the Adria Plate and documents Adria's close affinity to Africa in the Lower Paleozoic, as well as its initial rifting within an active continental margin setting during the Ordovician and its final separation and independent evolution since late Palaeozoic times.

Developing my paper "Rapporti commercial tra Firenze e Granada nel XV secolo", this paper aims to deepen in a hitherto bad known issue, the position of the Republic of Florence in the Nasri sultanate. To achieve this I have taken as reference the commercial mechanisms developed by the Tuscan merchants in their relationships with the Mediterranean Islam, from Mamlouk Egypt and the Ottoman Empire to the Magreb, between the Thirteenth and the Fifteenth Centuries, underlying the particularities observed in Grenade. A comparison with Avner Greif's "community responsibility system" proposed for the XII-XIII centuries and the Venetian model in the sultanate have proved very useful to explain particular Florentine features in the Nasri kingdom in the Late Middle Ages. To finish, I propose future lines of research.

Lithofacies analysis of the upper part of the Pliocene succession of the Valdelsa basin (central Italy) unravelled a number of depositional environments, ranging from alluvial plain to coastal, to marine. Strata are arranged in a hierarchy of elementary and composite unconformity- bounded units. A palaeoecological study of macro- (molluscs) and microfossils (pollen, dinocysts, foraminifera) allowed to finely reconstruct sub- environments within fine-grained terrestrial, coastal and marine deposits and thence to track the spatial and temporal change of physical conditions. The stacking pattern of sedimentary units highlights the lateral switching of onshore-offshore gradients and documents relative sea-level changes. These units are interpreted in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Elementary depositional sequences are arranged to form six composite depositional sequences, in turn encased within two major synthems. This hierarchy of unconformity-bounded sedimentary units suggests that sea- level variation has occurred at different time-frequencies. Glacio-eustasy and active tectonism are discussed as the main forcing factors regulating the different scales of sedimentary cyclicity.

Resorting to the supernatural to find something lost is a practice that can be observed over a very large range of times and places. With the affirmation of Christianity, these kinds of habits and beliefs were considered superstitious by the Church. During the early modern era, the institution appointed to control the integrity of the faithful in the Italian peninsula was the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, which had a significant number of local tribunals spread over the territory. This essay aims to study the diffusion of the practice of finding treasures by using magical items and rituals in the area under the jurisdiction of the Sienese tribunal of the Holy Office (approximately the entire southern Tuscany), whose trial sources are preserved in the Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (Vatican City). The research, based on around seventy individual cases, shows an interesting belief from a historical–anthropological point of view, namely: although in most cases people were looking for everyday objects that they had lost, sometimes, they used the same rituals to search for ancient treasures that they heard were buried or hidden in a particular place (church, field, or cellar), with the presence of guardians like spirits or demons, that had to be driven away with a prayer or an exorcism before taking possession of the treasure.

Why in the pre-industrial period were some settlements resilient and stable over the long term while other settlements were vulnerable to crisis? Indeed, what made certain human habitations more prone to decline or even total collapse, than others? All pre-industrial societies had to face certain challenges: exogenous environmental hazards such as earthquakes or plagues, economic or political hazards from ‘outside’ such as warfare or expropriation of property, or hazards of their own-making such as soil erosion or subsistence crises. How then can we explain why some societies were able to overcome or negate these problems, while other societies proved susceptible to failure, as settlements contracted, stagnated, were abandoned, or even disappeared entirely?
This book has been stimulated by the questions and hypotheses put forward by a recent ‘disaster studies’ literature - in particular, by placing the intrinsic arrangement of societies at the forefront of the explanatory framework. Essentially it is suggested that the resilience or vulnerability of habitation has less to do with exogenous crises themselves, but on endogenous societal responses which dictate: (a) the extent of destruction caused by crises and the capacity for society to protect itself; and (b) the capacity to create a sufficient recovery. By empirically testing the explanatory framework on a number of societies between the Middle Ages and the nineteenth century in England, the Low Countries, and Italy, it is ultimately argued in this book that rather than the protective functions of the state or the market, or the implementation of technological innovation or capital investment, the most resilient human habitations in the pre-industrial period were those than displayed an equitable distribution of property and a well-balanced distribution of power between social interest groups. Equitable distributions of power and property were the underlying conditions in pre-industrial societies that allowed 'favourable' institutions to emerge with high rates of participation down the social hierarchy, giving people the freedom and room to choose their own fate - not necessarily reliant on one coping strategy but with the capacity to combine many different ones in search of optimum resilience.

A key strand of research for social and economic historians of the pre-industrial period is the relationship between city and countryside. Sometimes urban and rural environments enjoyed mutually beneficial relationships, though in other cases cities reduced their rural hinterlands to poverty and decay – the question is, why? By focusing on late-medieval Florence and Tuscany, this paper moves away from approaching this question through an ‘urban bias’, and suggests the answers can be found within the structural configuration of rural societies themselves. Essentially, some rural regions were well set up to repel urban predatory tendencies, while other societies were susceptible to exploitation.

»Human Security in der Renaissance? Securitas, Infrastruktur, Gemeinschaftsgüter und Naturgefahren in der Toskana und im Oberrheintal«. This article investigates the character of collective perceptions of security in the Renaissance. In addition to the findings of conceptual history, an picture analysis will be used. Besides the concern for salvation and protection from violence and injustice, public welfare was the task of a good government in material terms as well (provision of food, infrastructure). It also comprised the prevention of natural hazards. Legitimation strategies of those who governed and the needs of those who were governed had – according to the region – an
impact on the development of specific ways of dealing with natural hazards. “Human security” thus played a part in state-building processes.

This paper provides the first checklists for Nepomorpha (12 spp.), Gerromorpha (10 spp.) and Leptopodomopha (5 spp.) of the Tuscan Archipelago; summarizing and updating the knowledge for this area. The presence of the family Micronectidae is recorded for the first time in the Archipelago, as well as six species: Nepomorpha —Micronecta scholtzi (Fieber, 1860), Sigara selecta (Fieber, 1848), S. stagnalis (Leach, 1817), S. lateralis (Leach, 1817); Gerromorpha —Gerris asper
(Fieber, 1860); Leptopodomorpha — Saldula palustris (Douglas, 1874); increasing the numbers of aquatic Heteroptera sensu lato from 21 to 27 species. The three infraorders are present in only four of the seven major islands of the Tuscan Archipelago (Capraia, Elba, Montecristo and Giglio). The Isle of Elba has been scarcely investigated until now: ten species are newly recorded for this island (doubling the number to 20 spp.), whilst another species has been first recorded for Giglio Island. The most remarkable finding is Gerris asper (Fieber, 1860) on Elba, a species inhabiting marshy areas that is very rare to Italy. Notonecta glauca Linnaeus, 1758 is excluded from the fauna of the Tuscan Archipelago.

The “Fortezza Vecchia” (Old Fortress) in Livorno resumes many features of the fortified architecture realized in the Mediterranean in the Modern age, at the same time it has a significant stratification, with the clear sign of a continuous reuse, expansion and adaptation across time. Built from the XIV century it received main reconstructions and extension works from the XVI to the XX century. In early 2017 a complete digital survey (still ongoing at the time of this writing) has been started under the collaboration of Autorità Portuale di Livorno (Livorno Port Autority), Area3D S.l.r. and Dipartimento di Architettura, Firenze. The survey work has been planned using two 3D laser scanners with the implementation of topographical survey, terrestrial and areal (IUAV) photogrammetry. The paper proposed here will present the state of development of the data treatment and the specific methodology used to document such an important and large fortress.

Contents: Introduction; Nel mio bel San Giovanni, fatti per loco de’ battezzatori: baptismal fonts in Tuscany, Nirit Ben-Aryeh Debby; The St John portal and baptistery at St Stephen's cathedral, Sens, Annabelle Martin; Reconsidering the date of the baptismal font in San Isidoro, León, Spain, Harriet M. Sonne de Torrens; The two fonts of the Florence baptistery and the evolution of the baptismal rite in Florence, ca. 1200-1500, Amy R. Bloch; ‘The heavens and all the powers therein’: the iconography of the font of All Saints, Gresford in its political context, Madeleine Gray; Festive vessels or everyday fonts? New considerations on the liturgical functions of medieval baptismal fonts in Germany, Silvia Schlegel; Chores, computation, and the Second Coming: calendar images and Romanesque baptismal fonts, Frances Altvater; Baptism and the interaction with supernatural creatures in medieval Europe, Jenni Kuuliala; Select bibliography; Index.

Nelle configurazioni familiari della società contemporanea si avverte chiaramente il venir meno di alcune delle certezze normative socialmente riconosciute e ordinate che fino ad un recente passato hanno orientato i comportamenti dei singoli. Le modalità di formazione della coppia, le forme riproduttive, le pratiche residenziali si definiscono oggi in primo luogo a partire dalle scelte operate principalmente da individui animati dalla volontà di realizzare un proprio percorso di autorealizzazione soggettiva.
Da questo punto di vista la famiglia nucleare è apparsa storicamente come la forma che meglio risponde alle esigenze di autonomia e di indipendenza del soggetto rispetto alle appartenenze ascritte. Ma proprio la famiglia nucleare ci appare oggi attraversata da spinte e tensioni che ne hanno ridefinito profondamente forme, tempi e funzioni. Nella realtà del vissuto familiare si coglie infatti un allontanamento progressivo dal modello nucleare- coniugale, basato sulla coppia coniugale eterosesssuale, con figli, espressione della sintesi fra il piano biologico, quello sociale e quello giuridico, fino a dar vita in molti casi ad una divaricazione vera e propria fra la famiglia fondata "sul sangue e sulla legge" e quella sociale sostenuta dalle scelte personali e dagli affetti.
Se i processi di formazione della famiglia si strutturano intorno alla scelta individuale, le relazioni così costruite sono caratterizzate dalla variabilità e dalla reversibilità. L'imprevedibilità diviene allora la cifra distintiva dei modi di stare in relazione nella famiglia e nella parentela. Come emerge dai saggi contenuti in questo volume e da altre ricerche condotte di recente nel contesto italiano, le forme familiari risentono direttamente di questo mutato posizionamento del soggetto nei confronti tanto della propria appartenenza d'origine come nei confronti dei soggetti con i quali condivide la propria scelta di famiglia. Gli autori dei saggi contenuti nel volume hanno accolto la sfida di cimentarsi, attraverso la pratica etnografica, con alcune delle questioni e dei temi di ricerca sopra accennati. In particolare si concentrano su alcuni tratti specifici che caratterizzano i nuovi modi di fare famiglia in Italia, risultato di scelte informali, di ricomposizioni ma anche della lungoresidenza dei figli nelle case dei genitori.

The archaeological research conducted starting in 2000 at the Rocca Cerbaia in Val Bisenzio (Prato) is part of an overall project aimed at analysing the settlement dynamics in the Appennine area which so far has included the investigation of a wide variety of sites ranging from the Early Middle Ages to the 16th century. This site, in fact, was already occupied in the Early Middle Ages by wooden structures, which were followed by a cemetery area entirely occupied by the graves of young children. The stone structures pertaining to the cassero began to be built only starting in the 11th-12th century and betweeen the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century this latter was replaced during a monumental reconstruction characterised by symbolic imperial references which we are tempted to link to the acquisition of the Alberti family. A transformation phase which the archaeological record dates to the 14th century, included an overall remodelling of the site and the creation of a new palazzo, while the final phase of reuse dates to the Modern Era and is related to occasional occupation. In conclusion, the question we are asking here is whether we can propose a hypothesis for the occupation of these summits during the Early Middle Ages which subsequently brought about formation of pre-castle sites and which later gave rise to castle structures in stone following the southern Tuscan model.

‘Tuscan Environments and Italian Identities in Gary Paul Nabhan and Frances Mayes’, in Arts et Identité Régionale - D’un Sud à l’autre: des rives de la Méditerranée au golfe du Mexique, edited by Paul Carmignani and Tony Jappy, Cahiers de l’Université de Perpignan, 32 (2001), 171-185

L'articolo presenta e discute due casi di studio relativi a distretti turistici locali sviluppati a partire dalle ricerche di archeologia leggera territoriale in Italia (Toscana, Amiata, Arcidosso) e Giordania (Ma'an, Shawbak, Petra)

The paper presents and discusses two case studies of rural tourist districts  based on archaeological territorial research in Italy (Tuscany, Amiata, Arcidosso) and Jordan (Ma'an, Shawbak, Petra), in the frame of local development strategies.

volume scaricabile/ downloadable volume: https://www.fupress.com/catalogo/archeologia-pubblica-in-italia/3944

Il volume è dedicato allo studio e all’edizione del più antico manuale inquisitoriale italiano, Explicatio super officio inquisitionis, scritto da un anonimo francescano ad uso di un giudice della fede di Toscana attorno al 1258. Per una migliore comprensione delle caratteristiche del testo, l’opera è inquadrata storicamente nel panorama complessivo della prima manualistica, fonte ‘interna’, in quanto riservata ai soli inquisitori. Nati contestualmente al negotium fidei, i manuali rappresentano il veicolo della normativa, permettendo di cogliere un duplice e contrastante fenomeno: se da un lato si dimostrano lo specchio della declinazione della procedura su base locale, restituendo un’immagine complessivamente plurale dell’Inquisizione medievale, dall’altro sono caratterizzati da una forte permeabilità testuale, recependo influssi provenienti da ambiti diversi rispetto a quello di fruizione. Quest’ultima tendenza è confermata da tre inediti formulari italiani, pubblicati in appendice.

The brief and enigmatic Forerunner written by Nicholas Steno after a two-year residence in Tuscany (1667- 1668) contains several basic intuitions of earth sciences. His work influenced contemporary natural philosophers through Europe, but was seemingly forgotten in the course of the next century. Only in Florence the naturalist and polymath Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti undertook a geological study of Tuscany and tested the validity of Steno’s hypothesis on the origin of mountains and hills. In relevant passages of his Travels (1751-1754), Targioni expressed a substantial agreement with Steno’s reconstruction, therefore planning a modernized version of Steno’s theory of the earth, which he published in his own Forerunner (1754). In this work he sets the agenda for the new disciplines of physical chorography and topography, wishing to complete their application to Tuscany in his own lifetime, so that Tuscany could be presented as a template of the earth. His fame as author of Travels and owner of one of the best natural history museums of Europe reached many savants who visited him and learned the results of his fieldwork and his geotheory. Some of the people who met with Targioni have influenced the development of geology, and important aspects of his ideas can be found in their writings. For example, the two sets of strata of Steno’s Forerunner were retained in Targioni’s scheme, in their turn representing the basic distinction of Secondary and Tertiary strata first brought to international attention by Giovanni Arduino. Targioni conceived the need for a methodological change in the study of the earth and its history, praising fieldwork and mapping. He inspired Nicolas Desmarest, a pioneer of modern geology who travelled Tuscany testing Targioni’s hypotheses and learned about his understanding of Steno’s geology. Neither Steno nor Targioni could develop their particular vision of the history of the earth were it not for the exceptional variety of rocks of Tuscany, the abundant Tertiary fossils and the clear angular unconformity between Secondary and Tertiary strata. Giambattista Brocchi, among the most influential geologists of the early nineteenth century, travelled Tuscany on the footsteps of Targioni, validating his vision of the basic stratigraphy and bringing the concept of Tertiary fossils and strata to a wider public. Brocchi refocused attention on Tuscany, and key figures of the history of geology like Alexandre Brongniart and Charles Lyell duly came to see with their own eyes. In Brocchi’s Subapennine fossil conchology the link between Steno and Targioni was lost track of, but Steno’s work on the organic origin of fossils was brought to the general attention after almost one century of near oblivion. At the same time, Brocchi was unconsciously revaluating Steno’s history of the earth.

La formazione del diritto comune (Reti Medievali. E-Book 19/I),  Gli universi particolari (Reti Medievali. E-Book 19/II), Il cammino delle idee dal medioevo all’età moderna (Reti Medievali. E-Book 19/III), L’età moderna e contemporanea (Reti Medievali. E-Book 19/IV) http://www.rmoa.unina.it/2237/

This article intends to analyze the regulatory process of the cross-border mobility of mountain populations in the Northern Apennines towards the Maremma plains in the Napoleonic era. The methodological perspective adopted to investigate the practices and techniques for controlling seasonal migration flows takes into account the most recent historiographical works on personal identification procedures. Finally, it highlights the central role played by the Consulate of the Kingdom of Italy in Livorno. In fact, the consul had the dual functions of monitoring and, at the same time, protecting Italian seasonal migrants at work in the Tuscan departments annexed to the Empire.

https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-synod-of-pistoia-and-vatican-ii-9780190947798?cc=us&lang=en&

This book sheds further light on the nature of church reform and the roots of the Second Vatican Council (1962-65) through a study of eighteenth-century Catholic reformers who anticipated Vatican II. The most striking of these examples is the Synod of Pistoia (1786), the high-water mark of "late Jansenism." Most of the reforms of the Synod were harshly condemned by Pope Pius VI in the Bull Auctorem fidei (1794), and late Jansenism was totally discredited in the increasingly ultramontane nineteenth-century Catholic Church. Nevertheless, many of the reforms implicit or explicit in the Pistoian agenda - such as an exaltation of the role of bishops, an emphasis on infallibility as a gift to the entire church, religious liberty, a simpler and more comprehensible liturgy that incorporates the vernacular, and the encouragement of lay Bible reading and Christocentric devotions - were officially promulgated at Vatican II. The first chapter describes the nature of Vatican II reform as ressourcement, aggiornamento, and the development of doctrine. The "hermeneutic of reform," proposed by Pope Benedict XVI and approved of by John O'Malley, is put forward as a way past the dead-end of "continuity" and "discontinuity" debates. Chapter two pushes back the story of the roots of Vatican II to the eighteenth century, in which a variety of reform movements, including the Catholic Enlightenment, attempted ressourcement and aggiornamento. The next two chapters investigate the context and reforms enacted by Bishop Scipione de'Ricci (1741-1810) and the Synod of Pistoia, paying special attention to their parallels with Vatican II, and arguing that some of these connections are deeper than mere surface-level affinity. Chapter five considers the reception of Pistoia, shows why these reforms failed, and uses the criteria of Yves Congar to judge them as "true or false reform." The final chapter proves that the Synod was a "ghost" present at the Council. The council fathers struggled with, and ultimately enacted, many of the same ideas. This study complexifies the story of the roots of the Council, the nature of Catholic reform, and the manner in which the contemporary church is continuous and discontinuous with the past.

Sculptural images of bound captives at the foot of a triumphant victor date back to antiquity, yet the portraitlike depictions of slaves in Pietro Tacca’s Quattro Mori in Livorno (1622–26) were unique in transcending their iconographic roots to address contemporary social conditions in Tuscany’s most important port. The development of the slave trade in Livorno and the contemporary construction of the Italian coast’s most important bagno (slave prison) form the backdrop for Tacca’s sympathetic and idiosyncratic treatment of these four Muslim captives.

Coniugando i dati provenienti dallo studio della tradizione manoscritta a quelli desumibili dall’analisi di testi particolarmente significativi, questo articolo traccia un profilo critico delle modalità con le quali la tradizione manoscritta trobadorica si è diffusa in area toscana nel corso del Duecento. Si individua cosí un canale di accesso privilegiato alla regione attivo almeno dagli anni Sessanta del XIII secolo in corrispondenza dell’asse Monferrato-Genova-Malaspina. In relazione a questo itinerario fondamentale si definiscono inoltre le tracce di tradizioni minoritarie e si individua un ancora piú antico sostrato di produzione trobadorica legata a quest’area.

Aquatic and semiaquatic Beetles from the drainage basin of the Sieve river (Tuscany) (Insecta Coleoptera).
This contribution deals with the aquatic and semiaquatic beetles of the drainage basin (running and standing waters) of the Sieve river (Tuscany). 158 taxa belonging to 17 families are listed: Sphaeriusidae (1), Gyrinidae (4), Haliplidae (6), Noteridae (1), Dytiscidae (48), Helophoridae (11), Georissidae (1), Hydrochidae (3), Hydrophilidae (16), Hydraenidae (34), Scirtidae (4), Elmidae (15), Dryopidae (5), Limnichidae (2), Heteroceridae
(5), Chrysomelidae (1), Curculionidae (1). This list includes both bibliographic and unpublished data.

Questa è la storia di una rivolta contro la prima guerra mondiale.
Protagoniste furono le donne di Lamole, nel Chianti, che il 1° maggio 1917 marciarono verso Greve; nella piazza del capoluogo si fronteggiarono con le forze di polizia e protestarono di fronte ai palazzi del potere. “Guerra alla guerra” fu il loro inno e la data del Primo maggio – festa dei
lavoratori – non venne scelta a caso.
Il libro analizza l'evento basandosi su testimonianze, fonti edite e inedite di vario tipo, come la Baccheide scritta da Galileo Gagli, singolare figura di socialista umanitario e poeta, condannato per avere appoggiato la protesta. Sullo sfondo di un'Europa segnata dal conflitto mondiale e attraversata da rivoluzioni e rivolte contro la guerra, questa storia locale si impone alla nostra attenzione come esempio significativo del malessere sociale, delle tensioni politiche, delle proteste che segnarono quegli anni, anche nelle zone che spesso sono state considerate più impermeabili alla conflittualità sociale. La società chiantigiana, la vita religiosa, politica e amministrativa di Greve, il mondo del lavoro e i personaggi che caratterizzavano le élites locali sono alcuni degli attori principali di un episodio che vide erompere sulla scena pubblica contadine, massaie e artigiane, ma anche alcuni uomini più o meno giovani: preludio di quella irruzione delle masse sulla scena europea che avrebbe caratterizzato il dopoguerra.

Cet article cherche à décrire les différentes formes de territorialisation et de visibilité des « étrangers » et des « minorités » dans trois ports méditerranéens du XVIIe siècle reliés commercialement : Livourne, Tunis et Marseille. Il s’intéresse tout d’abord aux espaces des « nations », peu apparents dans la Marseille de l’époque moderne et, à l’inverse, très visibles à Tunis et Livourne sous forme de « quartiers » ou d’espaces clos (fondouks). Une attention particulière est ensuite portée aux bagnes des esclaves et des galériens dans les trois villes, ainsi qu’aux dissemblances et similitudes des quartiers juifs de Livourne et de Tunis. L’étude de la morphologie urbaine est présentée ici à la fois comme un révélateur potentiel et comme un complément d’analyse utile à l’histoire des processus sociojuridiques d’inclusion ou d’exclusion des étrangers dans les villes de l’époque moderne.

Mots clés: étrangers, Juifs, minorités, quartier, ghettos, bagnes, Livourne, Tunis, Marseille

This essay aims at describing different forms of territorialization and visibility of “foreigners” and “minorities” in three ports tightly linked by trade in XVIIth century Mediterranean Sea: Livorno, Tunis and Marseilles. It firstly focuses on the spaces of the “nations”, scarcely apparent in Early modern Marseilles, but very visible in Tunis and Livorno in the form of “districts” or closed spaces (funduqs). It then concentrates on slaves and galley slaves prisons in those cities, and on differences and similarities between Livorno’s and Tunis’ Jewish districts. By using urban morphological analysis, one's intention is to prove its usefulness for the comprehension of the history of socio-legal processes of inclusion and exclusion of foreigners and minorities in Early-Modern cities.

Keywords: foreigners, Jews, minorities, district, ghettos, slave prisons, Livorno, Tunis, Marseilles

The article explores some of the socio-political effects of the reformist age on the Jewish condition from the standpoint of the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany, with special emphasis on the times of Grand-Duke Peter Leopold of Hapsburg-Lorraine (1765-1790). While comparing Tuscan enlightened municipal regulations, the paper inspects specific local problems concerning Jewish eligibility to public offices. The relevant experience of one member of the Pitigliano community - David Consiglio - stands out as emblematic of the Jewish situation in the late eighteenth century.