fsQCA

Web 2.0 technologies have changed the traditional relationship model between doctors and third parties, and a plethora of apps are now available for the medical profession. This study presents unpublished findings about the potential drivers that currently influence mobile medical app usage intensity. Logistic regression and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) are both used to examine usage intensity. By using two research methods, rather than just one, the findings are greatly enhanced. Logistic regression results show that high usage intensity is explained by high perceived usefulness and high perceived ease of use. FsQCA, on the other hand, highlights that the combinations of multiple conditions are also significant, leading to the finding that low mobile medical app usage intensity is associated with low perceived ease of use, high perceived usefulness, low peer influence, high seniority, and younger female doctors.

Purpose
This study aims to present a unique perspective on the application of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in the context of the green lodging industry via configurational modelling of three TPB dimensions in formulating hotel visitors’ behavioural responses. Attitude towards behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are the three indicators of TPB used to predict guests’ continued intention to use and recommend green hotels on Cyprus, a Mediterranean island with a fragile ecological system.

Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire-based survey is used to evaluate the study’s objectives. A total of 320 guests of green hotels were approached between June and July 2017 and invited to participate. Among them, 260 valid cases were obtained and used for data analysis. The structural model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM), the configurational model was assessed using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and the necessary predictor was evaluated using the necessary condition analysis (NCA).

Findings
The SEM results revealed that attitudes regarding behaviour increased the continued intention to visit and recommend green hotels. Similarly, subjective norms enhanced the guests’ desired behavioural responses. Perceived behavioural control boosted their continued intention to visit, but this was insufficient for predicting green hotel guests’ intention to recommend. The fsQCA results indicated that two causal models explained the conditions of both high and low levels of behavioural responses. The NCA results showed that attitude towards behaviour was the only necessary condition of the two expected behavioural responses.

Originality/value
Several previous studies have tried to modify, decompose or merge the TPB to provide theoretical support for proposed conceptual models indicating visitors’ behaviours. Beyond such attempts, pragmatic analytical approaches (e.g. set-theoretic method) should be applied to present a comprehensive perspective on the association of TPB indicators in decoding the complexity of customers’ behaviours. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first in hospitality research to use three TPB indicators and three analytical approaches to extend the knowledge of guests’ behaviours related to green hotels.

This study applies complexity theory to explain how a cognitive-affective model indicates canal boat tour participants' desired behaviour. An in-situ survey was administered to collect data from 202 boat tour participants following a tour of the Canal du Faux-Rempart in Strasbourg, France. The study applies an asymmetrical analysis to investigate the cognitive-affective factors deriving participants' intentions to recommend canal boat tours. This study uses an asymmetrical approach to explore causal recipes from three configurations of socio-demographic factors with prior experience and cognitive and affective factors, leading to both high and low scores of recommendation intention. An analysis of necessary conditions was performed to identify the factors required to achieve the expected outcome. The results revealed that complexity theory supports causal interactions, leading to intention to recommend. Overall image, perceived quality, emotion and satisfaction are necessary factors to recommend canal boat tours. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications.

This empirical study applies complexity theory to understand complex interactions of demographics and medical tourism index (MTI) dimensions in predicting causal models leading to high and low levels of satisfaction and behavioural intentions among medical travellers. A questionnaire-based survey is applied to investigate causal models (i.e., a combination of predictors) to predict satisfaction and the behavioural intentions of international patients who travelled to Cyprus. This study also conducted an in-depth interview to identify motives, complications, and conditions stimulating the behaviours of medical travellers. According to the necessary condition analysis (NCA) results, three dimensions of MTI, excluding cost, are necessary to achieve satisfaction and desired behavioural intention. Findings from interviews reveal that medical complications and legal conditions in the origin country influence medical traveller's behaviours. The model testing results support key tenets of complexity theory and extend our knowledge of how to regulate conditions to discharge a dis/satisfied and dis/loyal patient.

This study is to identify the effect of the use of virtual reality (VR) content on reservation intention when tourism consumers book hotels through online travel agencies (OTA). The increase in foreign independent travel (FIT) and the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have increased the OTA utilization rate of travelers. However, at the OTA reservation stage, photos of showing rooms and hotel amenities are different from their actual conditions, so they do not provide sufficient information and do not increase consumer satisfaction. To solve this problem, this study aims to understand the effect of VR content experiences of tourism consumers using OTA on hotel reservation intentions. Data collection will conduct on 500 respondents who experienced VR content when using OTA through online surveys, and plans to analyze research models and hypotheses using PLS-SEM (Partial least square structural equation modeling) analysis and fsQCA (Fuzzy-set qualitative analysis). The results of this study are expected to provide academic and practical contributions. First, the findings of this study will theoretically contribute to expanding the research area of the existing OTA to the VR field. Second, as VR content is expected to have a significant impact on reservation intention, this research will provide practical implications to OTA for actively utilizing VR technology.

Key Words : Information system  success model, Mental imagery, Vritual reality, Smart tourism, 360 degree virtual reality video, PLS-SEM, fsQCA

Although start-ups' survival has been widely investigated, only few studies have focussed on the impact of the combined effect of firms' internal resources. Drawing upon the resource-based view (RBV), we selected four internal resources influencing start-ups' survival (R&D activity, advertising activity, export activity, and human capital) and we applied the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to examine which interactions among the said internal resources affect start-ups' survival. We used a unique dataset of 38 start-ups accelerated in Italy in 2013. Our findings suggest that, among the various combinations of internal resources considered, the interaction between export activity and human capital is the only one that affects start-ups' survival. On one hand, the interaction between these two resources amplifies the effect of the learning by exporting on start-ups' survival. On the other hand, export activity provides the knowledge necessary to exploit the potential of qualified human capital. Keywords fsQCA. Resource-based view of the firm. Start-ups. Firm survival. And Italy JEL classifications L21. L26. M13

Purpose
This empirical study aims to examine the causal models that predict disabled tourists’ behavioral intentions to use peer-to-peer (p2p) accommodations. This study also explores the causal models through complex combinations of demographic factors, host attributes, and the levels of perceived charm, convenience, and other service features of the accommodations as a means of describing disabled tourists’ behavioral outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire was administrated to measure the study variables. Using the convenience sampling technique, the questionnaires were distributed among disabled individuals with orthopedic disorders who reside in North Cyprus in May 2016. The five respondents were later interviewed about their needs and expectations from p2p accommodations. A set of preliminary tests (for both reliability and validity) were conducted, and descriptive statistics were used based on the scale items. Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to test the proposed research model, which revealed sufficient and consistent conditions leading to behavioral intentions of disabled tourists in their use of p2p accommodations. The predictive validity of the model was then tested. Finally, the results of the fsQCA were evaluated based on the key tenets of complexity theory.

Findings
The findings reveal under which conditions disabled tourists tend to use p2p accommodations. This empirical study has relied upon the use of causal models integrating combinations of demographic variables and host and accommodation place attributes (i.e., charm, convenience, and service features) which were put forth as sufficient predictive configurations of the behavioral outcomes of disabled tourists within the context of a sharing economy. Ultimately, this study find that p2p customers are not limited to travelers with low income levels.

Research limitations/implications
The views of people with orthopedic problems in North Cyprus were obtained for testing the configurational model, which means that the results do not necessarily represent a large range of customers’ perspectives. Although this limitation was addressed through the application of a powerful compensatory analytical approach (fsQCA), it is advised that data from tourists with various types of disabilities in other countries be collected for future studies.

Practical implications
The results of this study provide practical implications for hosts on how to combine accommodation place characteristics (e.g., charm, convenience, and service) with their own personal attributes (e.g., knowledge and eagerness) to bolster the disabled tourists’ intentions to use p2p accommodations. It is hoped that the results of the fsQCA using the demographic variables presented here will guide businesses toward performing target marketing. This is useful for hosts who wish to attract more disabled tourists, a profitable segment of the market.

Originality/value
To the best knowledge of authors, this is the first empirical study that investigates the indicators of disabled tourists’ intentions to use p2p accommodations. This study also adds to the current literature by modeling the behavioral intentions of disabled tourists within a sharing economy using a pragmatic and set-theoretic approach (i.e., fsQCA in conjunction with complexity theory).

This study argues that method should work hand-in-hand with theory to be able to generate impactful outcomes. This study provides three methodological, theoretical and practical contributions to the current body of knowledge on tourism development from residents' perspective. First, five analytical approaches-namely, covariance based-structural equation modelling (CB-SEM), partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), multiple regression analysis (MTA), simple regression analysis (SRA), fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), and analysis of necessary conditions (ANC)-are applied to test a model to predict support for tourism development from local residents' perspective. It critically discusses the results of analytical approaches to researching support for tourism development. A guideline for conducting a symmetrical approach is provided. Second, this study presents a classification of theories on residents' support of tourism, which helps to tackle the complexity of this complex social phenomenon by advancing theories and highlighting the importance of a theory-method match in future research. Third, beyond method and theory, there is a need for an informative framework that illustrates the 'pathway to impact' of research on residents' support for sustainable tourism development. Using the theory of change, this study fills this research gap by developing a logical model demonstrating outputs, actor groups, outcomes, and impacts of residents' support for tourism development.

Purpose-The influence of destinations' poverty on tourism decision-making and, more precisely, destination selection has received scant attention despite the increasing importance of poverty. The purpose of this study is to examine the combination of factors influencing tourists' destination selection in relation to developed destinations' rising poverty levels through the adoption of complexity theory. Design/methodology/approach-This study used fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to examine the combinations of factors that are significant in influencing destination selection whereas necessary condition analysis was used complementarily to evaluate the size effect of the examined conditions. Moreover, semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders were performed to examine the relationships that describe the generated configurations.
Findings-In total, four solutions were generated: the cultural influence and poverty, the destination aspects, the poverty issues and the travel experience and poverty while qualitative data reveal that industry policymakers and practitioners hold different perceptions of tourists' destination selection process.
Research limitations/implications-Study results show that poverty perceptions influence destination selection. Hence, poverty must be considered in travel behaviour investigations beyond the developing destination context, whereas destinations may select either one or a combination of the generated sufficient configurations when deciding on their tourism development plans.
Originality/value-To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study examining the effects of developed destinations' increasing poverty levels on tourism decision-making and specifically on destination selection.

Innovation plays a critical role in economic growth. This study analyzes the association between actually implementing innovation and its antecedents, considering a country-level dataset covering innovation-active manufacturing firms in 47 countries. The relationship this article considers is between different drivers of innovation and market preparation for innovation. The study investigates this relationship through fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The study examines the consideration of different sets of condition variables, identifies the importance of individual variables across causal recipes, and provides understanding of variations in the drivers towards market introduction of innovation between sets of countries. This study also provides an example of the effect on causal recipes in fsQCA when including/excluding a condition variable.

Purpose This study aims to present a unique perspective on the application of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in the context of the green lodging industry via configurational modelling of three TPB dimensions in formulating hotel visitors’ behavioural responses. Attitude towards behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are the three indicators of TPB used to predict guests’ continued intention to use and recommend green hotels on Cyprus, a Mediterranean island with a fragile ecological system. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire-based survey is used to evaluate the study’s objectives. A total of 320 guests of green hotels were approached between June and July 2017 and invited to participate. Among them, 260 valid cases were obtained and used for data analysis. The structural model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM), the configurational model was assessed using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and the necessar...

Purpose This study aims to present a unique perspective on the application of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in the context of the green lodging industry via configurational modelling of three TPB dimensions in formulating hotel visitors’ behavioural responses. Attitude towards behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are the three indicators of TPB used to predict guests’ continued intention to use and recommend green hotels on Cyprus, a Mediterranean island with a fragile ecological system. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire-based survey is used to evaluate the study’s objectives. A total of 320 guests of green hotels were approached between June and July 2017 and invited to participate. Among them, 260 valid cases were obtained and used for data analysis. The structural model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM), the configurational model was assessed using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and the necessar...

Customer needs in service settings are idiosyncratic. Responding to these unique needs requires frontline employees to be creative. Little research looks at the drivers of service employee creativity. We aim to fill that void by assessing two potential key creativity drivers, control mechanisms and management orientations. We collected data from frontline employees and their managers and used multilevel mediation modeling, configurational modeling and analysis of necessary conditions. Multilevel analysis revealed that the influence of process and social controls on employee creativity are fully mediated by self-control, whereas the effects of cultural control are partially mediated. The effect of the service orientation of management on employee creativity is partially mediated by self-control, whereas the effect of profit orientation is fully mediated. Causal models from employee control mechanisms and management orientation configurations provide a deeper insight of sufficient conditions leading to employee creativity. Necessary employee control mechanisms and management orientations are identified.

Ethical attitudes and behaviour are complex. This complexity extends to the influencers operating at different levels both outside and within the organisation, and in different combinations for different individuals. There is hence a growing need to understand the proximal and distal influencers of ethical attitudes, and how these operate in concert at the individual, organisational, and societal levels. Few studies have attempted to combine these main research streams and systematically examine their combined impact. The minority of studies that have taken a combined approach have often done so using conventional statistical and analytical techniques which imply linearity between variables (Hubbard 2015; Ziliak and McCloskey 2008)-a situation that rarely exists in business settings and is likely to lead to simplistic or even erroneous conclusions. Applying a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach, this paper reports on the mutual and simultaneous influence of individual demographic factors (gender, education), as well as proximal and distal factors stemming from within and outside the work environment (e.g., treatment by one's supervisor, country-level indicators of corruption perceptions) to understand individuals' ethical views within the workplace (n = 525). The multiple configurations that emerged reveal the complex nature of influencers of ethical attitudes, and reinforce the view that "one size does not fit all". We discuss these implications together with managerial recommendations and future research directions.

The parameter of fits in fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), which includes consistency and coverage, evaluate the strength of the empirical support for theoretical arguments describing set relations. Social scientist Charles Ragin proposed a formula for coverage intended to calculate how much of the variation in an outcome can be explained by causal conditions. However, this formula fails to determine empirical relevance from the analysis of sufficiency because it does not consider the set-theoretic information contained in each fuzzy value. The inaccuracies are primarily due to the inability of the coverage formula to fully grasp the quantifiable and qualitative dimensions of the concept of coverage. In this article, the author proposes a new calculation of coverage able to aggregate the quantifiable and qualitative analytical dimension of coverage in fuzzy terms.

This paper provides explanations for overcoming the liability of outsidership by African Transnational Entrepreneurs (TEs) in the UK. The findings from this study highlight a fresh perspective of the configurations of antecedents (i.e., co-ethnic ethnic network embeddedness, prior work experience and recognition of the liability of outisdership). The paths are equifinally linked to overcoming the liability of outsidership and gaining insidership into mainstream networks. Using a qualitative investigation and a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach, this study examines antecedents that facilitate transnational entrepreneurs' access into mainstream networks in a host country. Another aspect stresses the limits of TEs diaspora networks since the diaspora network embeddedness can act as an external factor triggering the realisation of their outsidership position and the need for TEs to engage with the mainstream networks in the host country.

This paper provides explanations for overcoming the liability of outsidership by African Transnational Entrepreneurs (TEs) in the UK. The findings from this study highlight a fresh perspective of the configurations of antecedents (i.e., co-ethnic ethnic network embeddedness, prior work experience and recognition of the liability of outisdership). The paths are equifinally linked to overcoming the liability of outsidership and gaining insidership into mainstream networks. Using a qualitative investigation and a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach, this study examines antecedents that facilitate transnational entrepreneurs' access into mainstream networks in a host country. Another aspect stresses the limits of TEs diaspora networks since the diaspora network embeddedness can act as an external factor triggering the realisation of their outsidership position and the need for TEs to engage with the mainstream networks in the host country.

The Boolean minimization, used in fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to establish sufficient relationships between conditions and outcome, automatically produces false positive subset relationships in the presence of random data. However, because this type of aggregation bias mainly produces ambivalent subset relationships between the condition(s) and the outcome, such false positives do not pose a problem for the fsQCA results per se. The aggregation bias has a negative impact on fsQCA analysis only because the consistency score is not able to detect set-theoretic subset relationships. Indeed, the existent parameter of consistency does not distinguish whether the subset relationship between conditions and outcome is the result of the mere Boolean minimization or whether it has set-theoretic significance. This article proposes a new consistency formula that provides information about subset relationships between conditions and outcome and detects the difference betwe...

This empirical study deepens our understating of support for sustainable tourism development (SSTD) from the perspectives of various community groups in Pamukkale, a world natural and cultural heritage inscribed on the UNESCO list. A quota sampling technique was used to survey the views of three communities: business, farmers, and the government. Occurrences of contrarian cases were checking using cross-tabulation analyses. Complexity theory and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), as an innovative approach, were applied to develop and test a configurational model for predicting both high and low SSTD scores for three community groups. The fsQCA results revealed that causal recipes for achieving pro-tourism behaviour are not simply mirror opposites of the conditions leading to anti-tourism behaviour. The complex configurational models indicating high/low SSTD were unique to each community group, indicating that a specified strategy must be developed for community-based tourism management. The evidence-of-fit validity of the measurement model and the predictive validity of the configurational model were provided. Support for the fsQCA results in the key tenets of complexity theory confirms that this theory explained the heterogeneity and complex interactions of SSTD antecedents well. The study outcomes provide a guideline for managing conditions to both increase SSTD and hinder SSTD negation for various community groups. The limitations and implications for further research are discussed.

This study investigates how firms can achieve high levels of organizational performance under different configurations of absorptive capacity and organizational innovation. The study uses partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to test relationships among dimensions of absorptive capacity, organizational innovation, and organizational performance. The results provide support for the absorptive capacity's role for organizational innovation and performance. Furthermore, different configurations of absorptive capacity and organizational innovation conditions lead to better organizational performance.

Tese (doutorado) — Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade e Gestão Pública, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, 2021.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de analisar as configurações de legitimidade, capacidades dinâmicas e recursos empresariais consistentes com a sobrevivência de empresas pós- incubadas. A tese central é que diferentes configurações entre legitimidade, capacidades dinâmicas e recursos, alinhadas a aspectos contingenciais como satisfação com a incubadora, tamanho e inovação tecnológica, proporcionam às empresas pós-incubadas uma orientação estratégica que pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de organizações mais resilientes durante seus estágios iniciais, gerando um “escudo de proteção” às vulnerabilidades iniciais tão presentes nos negócios nascentes. A investigação partiu de uma revisão da literatura sobre o fenômeno da Liability of Newness, no qual destacou-se que as empresas nascentes sofrem com fatores internos como a ausê...