Atlas of CCT Diagram For Low Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Welds PDF

AN ATLAS OF
CONTINUOUS COOLING
TRANSFORMATION (CCT)
DIAGRAMS APPLICABLE TO
LOW CARBON LOW ALLOY
WELD METALS
AN ATLAS OF
CONTINUOUS COOLING
TRANSFORMATION (CCT)
DIAGRAMS APPLICABLE TO
LOW CARBON LOW ALLOY
WELD METALS
ZHUYAO ZHANG and R.A. FARRAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Southampton, U.K.,S0171BJ
THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS

Book 638
Published 1995 by
The Institute of Materials
1 Carlton House Terrace
London SW1 Y 5DB
© The Institute Materials 1995
ISBN 0901716944
Typeset, printed and bound by

Bourne Press Ltd
Bournemouth, UK
An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 1
I. Introduction
Since the pioneering studies on continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams

carried out by Christenson et al:' were published almost 50 years ago, many hundreds
of CCT diagrams have been constructed throughout the world to describe the y-a
transformation kinetics of most grades of commercial steels. Because most of the
metallurgical processes occurring in steels involve continuous cooling before the
final microstructure is obtained, the use of CCT diagrams to present the "I-a
transformation reactions has obvious practical advantaget!smpared with other
methods such as the well-known time temperature transfor tion (TTT) diagrams.
The initial CCT diagrams were constructed for wrought steels and these cannot
usually be directly applied to the cooling cycles experienced in welding situations.
By employing modified reaustenitising procedures, the method was applied to the
weld ability of steels and consequently, several CCT diagrams applicable to the coarse
grained region of the weld heat affected zones (HAZ) were published.r" However,
since mid-1970s, increasing demands for weld metals of high toughness at low
temperatures with the appropriate microstructures has produced the requirement
for a more systematic and detailed study of transformation kinetics and mechanical
properties of low alloy weld deposits. This resulted in a number of CCT diagrams
which were directly applicable to weld metals and these have significantly improved
our understanding of weld metal microstructural development and the effects of
different factors, such as chemical composition, oxygen content (thus size distribution
and population of inclusions), welding parameters (e.g. cooling rate) and prior
austenite grain size, on the "I-a transformation behaviour of weld metals."?'
It is therefore of both practical as well as academic importance to draw together
an atlas of CCT diagrams applicable to low carbon low alloy weld metals. It is hoped
that these diagrams will be of assistance to welding engineers, welding metallurgists,
welding-consumables designers in industry. At the same time, they will also prove
useful to those in academia who are involved into investigations of steel weld metal
phase transformation kinetics.
2. Microstructural terminology for low carbon low alloy weld metals
The microstructural constituents commonly found in low carbon low alloy weld
deposits can be classified as follows, arranged in the order of decreasing
transformation temperature-A"
(1) Primary ferrite (or polygonal ferrite);

(2) Ferrite side-plates (or Widmanstatten ferrite);
(3) Fine grained acicular ferrite;
(4) Lath structure (lath ferrite or bainite, or lath martensite).
Within the large number of investigations, however, there has been considerable
inconsistency among various classification schemes used to define the different
2 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
transformation phases. It is therefore necessary to briefly compare these different

schemes. Table 1 summarises some earlier schemes used for low carbon low alloy
weld metals.
Table 1. Review of microstructural terminology used for low carbon low

alloy steel weld metals, after The Japan Welding Society" and others.
CA. Dube28
H. I. Aarronson29 Japanese
R. C Cochrane30 T. G. Davey31 D. J. Abson32 Others15, 25, 26,33-41 researchersta 42-49
Allotriomorphic Proeutectoid ferrite; Grain boundary Proeutectoid ferrite; Proeutectoid ferrite;

(polygonal) ferrite; ferrite; Grain boundary Grain boundary
ferrite; ferrite.
Polygonal ferrite; Polygonal ferrite;
Blocky ferrite;
True grain boundary
Polygonal ferrite Ferrite islands. ferrite;
Polygonal ferrite.
Primary and Lamellar component Ferrite with aligned Ferrite sideplates; (Widmannstatten)
secondary ferrite (product). MAC; Widmannstatten Ferrite sideplates;
sideplates. Upper bainite. ferrite sideplates; Lath like ferrite.
Lath ferrite
Side grain boundary
ferrite.
Intragranular ferrite Acicular ferrite. Acicular ferrite; Acicular ferrite; Acicular ferrite.
plates. Fine bainite ferrite. Needle-like ferrite;
Fine grained ferrite;
Labelled intregranular
ferrite;
Intragranular ferrite.
Massive ferrite; Granular ferrite.
Microphases
Pearlite; Ferrite-carbide Pearlite;

aggregate;
Lath martensite; Martensite. Martensite; Martensite; Martensite;
Twinned martensite; M-A constituent M-A constituent; M-A constituent;
Retained austenite; Lath ferrite; High carbon
Upper (occasionally Upper bainite; martensite;
lower) bainite Lower bainite & Upper bainite.
Martensite
Efforts have been made by The International Institute of Welding (IIW) to develop
a standard scheme for the identification of ferritic weld metal microstructures.Y"
Harrison and Farrar14,16,17 used a terminology similar to that of the IIW proposal, but
also considered the morphologies of various types of ferrite present in low carbon
low alloy welds. This allowed them to describe satisfactorily the microstructures in
C-Mn and C-Mn-Ni weld metals. More recently, Zhang and Farrar
21-24 employed a modified terminology which extended the Harrison and Farrar
scheme. 14, 16, 17 Table 2 lists this terminology and the description for each constituent
along with the equivalent terminology 'proposed by the IIW. Some examples of the
different microstructures are illustrated in Fig.I.
Table 2. Definition of microstructural terms used by the current

authors and the equivalent terminology under the IIW scheme. 22-32
Transformation product General description Equivalent terminology in IIW

(Z. Zhang and scheme
R. A. Farrar22-24)
Polygonal fenite(PF) Polygonal or equiaxed at low cooling Primary ferrite (PF) or (PF(G»
rates;
Grain boundary allotriomorph at higher
cooling rates.
Pearlite (P) Pearlite or pearlitic carbides. Ferrite-carbide aggregate
(FC(P»
Ferrite with non-aligned Ferrite completely surrounding either Ferrite with non-aligned
second phase (FS(NA» (i) microphases which are second phase (FS(NA»
approximately equiaxed and randomly
distributed or (ii) isolated laths of
acicular ferrite.
Ferrite sideplates (FSP) Sideplate structures growing directly Ferrite with second phase
from polygonal ferrite or grain boundary (FS(SP»
allotriomorphs, i.e. Widmannstatten
secondary sideplates.
Acicular ferrite (AF) Intragranular product of fine Acicular ferrite (AF)
interlocking ferrite grains separated by
high angle boundaries, and aspect ratio
from ,..,3:1-10:1.
Coarse acicular ferrite Refers to the intra granular product
(CAF) formed at slower cooling rates than
acicular ferrite with larger grain size and Acicular ferrite (AF)
may be associated with carbides.
Lath ferrite (LF) Refers to a predominantly intragranular Ferrite with second phase
product resembling bainite which (FS(B»
sometimes forms amongst acicular
ferrite or sideplate structures.
Carbides mayor may not be present.
Martensite (M) Lath martensite Martensite (M(L»
In this monograph, the terminology of most of the CCT diagrams will be

essentially in line with the scheme of Table 2. However, the microstructural
descriptions employed by some other authors, which are not clearly defined by
those authors, such as Homma et al." are respected and retained in their CCT
diagrams, and the equivalent terminology to these may be found either from Table
lor Table 2.
4 An Atlas ofCCT Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
a. PF andCAF b.FSP
c.AF d. AF with PF an FSP
e. FS(NA) f.M
Fig. 1 Definitions of weld metal microstructural constituents used in CCT diagrams:
(a) PF and CAF; (b) FSP; (c)AF; (d) AF with PF and FSP; (e) FS(NA); (f) M.
3. Construction of CCT diagrams for low carbon low alloy weld metals
Continuous cooling dilatometry technology is by far the most commonly used

method of producing CCT diagrams applicable to welding. In the case of steels, the
transformation temperatures for corresponding microstructural products can often
be obtained by locating the temperature at which the dilation versus temperature
curves start to deviate from linearity. The CCT diagram can then be constructed by
plotting temperature versus time. This procedure is shown schematically in Fig. 2.54
(a)
(b)
ee)
(d)
LDGTlME -
P, PsFs
TEMPERATURE ---+
Fig. 2 The normal procedure of producing a CCT diagram for steel."

(a) Schematic length versus temperature plots for four different cooling
rates; (b) schematic CCT diagram produced from data in (a).
Although for low carbon low alloy weld metals, especially at cooling rates
experienced under welding conditions (typically 1-30 Ks-l, ~T 800-500 °C), the
transformed microstructure from the parent austenite (A) usually consists of different
forms of ferrite phase, i.e. polygonal ferrite (PF), ferrite side-plates (FSP), acicular
ferrite (AF) and sometimes lath ferrite (LF). These do not lead to a very clear
dilatometric resolution (deviation from linearity) unless some martensite (M) forms.
In these cases, quantitative metallography is used to locate the temperature at which
each ferrite phase transforms. The transformation order of these ferritic structures
are known.P" and assuming that the contribution of each amount of transformation
to the volume change of the sample is the same, it is possible to calculate the micro
structural constituent start temperatures as shown in Fig. 3.54 The corresponding
CCT diagram can then be constructed accordingly. This dilatometry-metallography
method has recently been completely verified by Farrar and Zhang 55 using systematic
step-quenching and detailed metallographic examination.
I
I
i
I
~
o
z
W
-J
TEMPERATURE
Fig. 3 Construction to determine transformation

temperature for any percentage transformation.
The dilatometry method clearly has many advantages in constructing CCT

diagrams applicable to welding and CCT diagrams have been shown to be very
helpful in studying weld metal transformation behaviour, in particular, the
microstructural development in reheated regions in multi-pass welds. However,
the application of these CCT diagrams to real as-deposited weld are not without
limitations. The major problem is that this technique obtains transformation data
from reheated weld metal rather than from the original deposit which has
experienced the full solidification reaction. To overcome this limitation, some
attempt" has been made to produce CCT diagrams for weld metals by directly
quenching the joint before the normal termination of the welding pass. The
temperature-time data in this case was obtained from a thermocouple directly
planted into the weld beads. The principal problem of this procedure lies in the
accuracy of matching the measured temperature with each precise microstructural
region and the complicated nature of the technique in practice, These problems
therefore substantially limit the application of this direct quenching technique.
Most of the CCT diagrams included in this monograph were produced using the
reheating dilatometry technique. There are, however, a few diagrams which were
produced from the direct quenching technique.
Annotations: 1. In the CCT diagrams, 4.1.4-4.1.8, 4.2.13, 4.4.1, and 4.10.1 were
produced by direct cooling method, whilst the rest of the diagrams were
constructed using dilatometry technique.
2. In 4.1.4-4.1.8, 4.2.13, 4.4.1 and 4.10.1 diagrams, the grain size of

the weld structures (i.e. average columnar grain width) were around
1-600J1m respectively.
3. In the CCT diagrams, nd = not determined. NA = not available.

Acknowledgements
In this monograph, we have freely adapted the weld metal CCT diagrams produced
by many other researchers. We are grateful to these authors for their permission to
allow these diagrams to be included in this atlas, which we believe will provide an
easy access to CCT diagrams applicable to low carbon low alloy weld metals, and
will therefore benefit welding industry and research. Particular thanks are due to
all welding metallurgy research students who have worked at Southampton
University, for their enormous input of painstaking experimental work.
4. CCT diagrams applicable to low alloy weld metals
4.1 C-Mn
4.2 C-Mn-Ni
4.3 C-Mn-Ni-Mo
4.4 C-Mn-Mo
4.5 C-Mn-Nb
4.6 C-Mn-Si
4.7 C-Mn-Si-Ti
4.8 C-Mn-Si- Ti-B
4.9 C-Mn-Ti
4.10 C-Mn-V
Section 4.1
C-Mn
1200~------------------~------------~
Austenitised: 1400°C 10see
Grain size: ASTM 5.8
1000
800
~
Q)
~
1\1 600
"-
CD
a.
E
~ welding
window
400 M
200
Cooling rate
• Dilatometry
800-500 C
D
Estimated o Metallography
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
(I)
(I) I
QJz ---------_ I
l:a. I
~> 250 I
<U I
J: I
0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt % )
4.1.1 C(O.06 )-Mn(O.7

%
manual metal arc (MMA) weld (source: Harrision" and
%
)
Harrison and Farrar")

1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised: 13S0°C 1Osee

1000
800
o
0
...
cD
::s
+'"
as 600
CD
a.
E
~
welding
400 window
M
~
200
Cooling rate
• Dilatometry
aoo-soo-c
--- Estimated o Metallography
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
en
en
Q)z
CCl., 250
"E>
ca
J:
0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)
4.1.3 C(O.07 )-Mn(2.1%) MMA weld (source: Harriston" and Harrison and
%
Farrar'")
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
0
°
CD
:;
.•...
as 600
CD FSP I
a. I
E o ",/
{E. '/"",--------"'"
I 0
I
400 I
!
• PF start
• FSP start
200
o Carbide start
----- Ferrite finish
a
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
z 500
Q.. I II I
> I II I
en I II I
UJ
Q)
c:
250 - --t- II .....,I
"0 I II
ns I II I
J:
0
Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

c o
004S 0.0126
4.1.4 C(O.05 )-Mn(1.45 tungsten inert gas shielded (TIG) weld (source:
% %
)
Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Graville")

1,200 ,-------------------,
1,000
800
0
°
a>
L..
•...as:::s 600
~CD
a.
E
~ I
I
I
I
I
400
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I • PF start
• FSP start
200
• IG SFP start
o Carbide start
.---- Ferrite finish
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
500~----~'--~I~!~I----!--~i~--------~
- - -t---tW--lJ'
:
I
'I I
I I
I
I II
I I I I I I
o~ ~I~
I __
I I
~I_~I~I I __ ~l~I __ ~lI ~

c o
0.11 0.0087
4.1.5 C(O.11%)-Mn(2.10%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
•....
Q)
•..es•....
:l
600 AF+FSP
I
Q) I
Q.
/
/
E --,'"
~ "'...- ..-------,
400
• PF start
A AF start
200
• FSP start
o~----~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

500 I I I I I, :
(I) I J I I
en I I I I t I
Q)z
C:Q. 250~ ---~, II
'E> ill~
co
J: t I I I' I ,I
o I t I I

c o
0.08 0.08S0
4.1.6 C(O.08%)-Mn(1.2S%) flux cored wire (FCW) weld (source: Kenny, Kerr,
Lazor and Craville")
An Atlas ojCCY Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 19
1,200 ,.----------------------.
1,000
800
0
°q) PF
L-
::J
as
L- 600
en
a. i
I
E I
{!
r=:': ,/
/
I
400 I
• PF start
• FSP start
200 A. AF start
• IG FSP start
.- - - _. Ferrite fin ish
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
500 I
I 1I J I :
- --r--t--+-+--J
(I)
(I) I I I I
4)z
Co. 250 -
'E> I I
ca I I I I I
:I: J I I J I
0

c o
0.08 0.0110
4.1.7 C(O.08 )-Mn(1.48%) FCW weld (source: _~enny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
%
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
CD
~
::J
1ii
~ 600
CD
a.
E
~
400
• PF start
• FSP start
200
A AF start
o~----~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-S000e), sec
500
I:
I I
I II II
I
:
I
---~I
I I
i I I
--r--t-t----4
I I I I I I
o~----------_I~I--~I--I~~I_~I------------~
c o
0.12 0.0360
4.1.8 C(0.12%)-Mn(1.41 %) FeW weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Craville")
1,200~------------------------------~
Austenitised: 1350°C 1sec
Grain size: NA
1,000
800
o
o
0>
L..
::J
1U 600
CD
a.
E
t!
400
200
Cooling rate
aoo-soo-c
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time, sec
2 500 I I : , I I ; I
I: : I
Q. I I I I
> ----------~'::
~ 250 - I , I I I I
.§ I I I I
cu I I I I I I I I
:I: 0 I I I I I I I 1
4.1.9 C(O.09 )-Mn(l.35

%
submerged arc (SA) weld (source: Homma, Ohkita,
%
)
Matruda and Yamamoto")

1,200~------------------------------------~

Grain size: approx. 100llm
1,000 ~
800-
~
PF
0
0
ai
•..~as
AF-'~
600-
CD
a.
E
{E
400~
200~
• PF start
• AF start
• Ferrite finish
I I
o~------~------~------~------~----~
I I
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

c Mn N o
0.049 0.68 0.0073 0.1132
4.1.10 C(O.05 )-Mn(0.68

% %
) Metal arc inert gas shielded (MIG) weld (source:
Bannister")
1,200 ~------------------,
Austenitised: 13S0°C 10see

Grain size: approx. 100J]m
1,000 -
U
800~
...----...-
0
PF
a)
•...
:l
a;•... 600~ AF
Q)
a. ~
E
~
400---
200 r-
••. PF start
AF start
• Ferrite finish
I 1 I
O~------~------~------~------~------~ I
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

c o
0.0447 0.0447
4.1.11 C(O.05%)-Mn(O.69%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

1,200~------------------------------~

Grain size: approx. 100pm
1,000r-
800 r-
~
0
a
cD
:5 AF-+~
asa; 600 f-
a.
E
~
400 r-
200 r-
•
£.
PF start
AF start
• Ferrite finish
I I I
o~------~------~------~------~------~ I
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time raoo-soo-ci, sec

c Mn N o
0.049 0.69 0.0053 0.1140

1,200~--------------------------------~

Grain size: approx. 100Jlm
1,000
o
800
.>;:
°
0>
~
.•..:::Jas AF-+~
~ 600
Q)
0-
E
{E.
400
200 •.•. PF start
AF start
• Ferrite finish
°
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

c Mp N 9
0.043 0.98 0.0308 0.0657

1,200 ,...----------------------,
Austenitised: 1350°C 1Osee

1,000
800
~
0 PF
AF7'
°
•..
a>
:J
as•..
Q)
600
Q.
E
{!
400
200 •~ PF start
AF start
• Ferrite finish
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

c Mn N o
0.049 1.58 0.0112 0.0663
4.1.14 C(O.Os%)-Mn(1.S8%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

1,200~--------------------------------~

Grain size: approx. 100J,lm
1,000 ~
800~
0
~
..-*-"T
*-.
0
0)
:;
as 600~
CD
a. AF~
E
{!
400~
200~
• PF start
A AF start
• Ferrite finish
I I I
o~------~------~------~------~------~ I
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

c o
0.02 0.0539
4.1.15 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.30 %
) MIG weld (source: Bannister")
1,200~--------------------------------~

Grain size: approx. 100JIm
1,000
800
0 ~
° PF
0)
a-
::J
.•...• *"T
as
a- 600
0) AF~
C.
E
{E.
400
200
• PF start
~ AF start
• Ferrite finish
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-S00°C), sec

c o
0.07 0.0307
4.1.16 C(O.07%)-Mn(1.36%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

1,200~--------------------------------~

1,000
800
0
° ~
0>
•... ...
::J ...
as
otJ
•... 600 * *
a.
0)
AF~
E
{Eo
400
200 •
.6.
PF start
AF start
• Ferrite finish
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (aOO-SOOOe), sec

c N o
~n
0.069 .51 0.0089 0.0779
4.1.17 C(O.07%)-Mn(l.Sl %) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

1,200 .---------------------.
Grain size: approx. 100Jlm
1,000
800
0 ~
°
•.
a>
•...
::1
as
•... 600 AF
.&
~
a.t. • ..••
a.
Q)
E
~
400
200 •
A.
PF start
AF start
• Ferrite finish
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

c o
0.08 0.0438
4.1.18 C(0.08 )-Mn(1.S3 % %

1,200~--------------------------------~

1 ,OOO~
800-
o
°
400~
200~
•
~
PF start
AF start
• Ferrite finish
I I I I
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

c N o
~n
0.078 .s3 0.OOS2 0.0462
4.1.19 C(O.08%)-Mn(1.S3 %
1,200~------------------------------~

1,000
800
~
0 PF
°
0)
:; AF~
10 600
CD
0.
E
{!
400
200 • PF start
'" AF start
• Ferrite finish
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

c N o
0.035 0.0700
4.1.20 C(0.04%)-Mn(1.60 %
Section 4.2
C-Mn-Ni
1200~--------------------------------~
Ausrenitised: 1350°C 1Osee
1000
800
o
0
cD
•..:5as 600
CD
a.
E ,,"
~ <,
" LF+AF welding
,, window
,,
400 •
M "
• •
200
Cooling rate
• Dilatometry
800-500°C
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500 ------------~I-----------~I--~!I----~I~I~-I~I ------~
I I I I ~ I
250 ~
----- I : I I I
----rr-----.------.+I __
I
-l ~ !
-r-t---J
~l
I I I
o : :! l I !
4.2.1 C(O.05 )-Mn(O.98 )-Ni(O.06

% % %
) MMA weld (source: Harrison" and
1200~--------------------------------~
Austenitised: 13S0°C 1Osee
1000
800
o
0
cD
~
::J
+-I
es 600
CD
a.
E
{E. --------
400
M welding
window
• •• ~
200
Cooling rate
• Dilatometry
aOO-SOOaC
o Metallography
--- Estimated
o~------~------~--------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
z
Q.
500
>
en ---- ----.
U)
GI
C
250
a;
"0
:x:
0
4.2.2 C(O.05 )-Mn(1.68 )-Ni(O.95

% % %
) MMA weld (source: Zhang-' and Farrar
and Zhang23)
1200~---------------------------------'
Ausrenitised: 1350°C 10see
1000
800
~
cD
•...:5as
600
CD
a.
E
{Eo
welding
window
400 M
,
,,/
-----,... ..•.... ""
200
Cooling rate M
• Dilatometry
soo-soo-c
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
z 500
-------
Q..
>
ui
In
CIt
c:
250
"E
as
J:
0
4.2.3 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.20%)-Ni(1.lO%) MMA weld (source: Harrison14 and

1200~----------------------------~
Grain size : ASTM 5.50
1000
800
0
0
Gi
•...
::s
.•...
as
•... 600
Q)
a.
E
t!
400
M
welding
window
200
Cooling rate ~
BOO-SOOGC
• Dilatometry
---- Estimated o Metallography
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
tn
tn
Q)z
Cc.. 250
'E>
cU
J:
0
4.2.4 C(O.04%)-Mn(1.67%)-Ni(2.48 %
) MMA weld (source: Zhang'? and Farrar
and Zhang23)
1200~------------------------------~
1000
800
o
0
0)
t-
:::s
as
t- 600
O)
a.
E
~
welding
400 window
M
~
200
Cooling rate
soo-soo-c • Dilatometry
o Metallography
Estimated
·0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
(I)
CI)
4Jz
C:o.
"E> 250
cu
J:
0
4.2.5 C(O.05 )-Mn(1.18 )-Ni(2.52

% % %
1200.---------------------------------~

1000
800
0
0
~
:::J
+J
Cd 600
Oia. CAF
E
e -... -----
400 welding
M
window
-------_/ •
200
Cooling rate
• Dilatometry
BOO-500DC
._- Estimated o Metallography
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
2 500
-----~ .. I
Q..
> I
iii
(/)
CD
c
250
-a
~
:I:
0
4.2.6 C(0.04 )-Mn(O.85 )-Ni(2.56

% % %
) MMA weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar
and Zhang")
1200~----------------------------~
1000
800
0
0
cD
:5
.•..
(\1
'- 600
a.
Q)
E
{J1
400 welding
window
200
Cooling rate
aOO-500°C • Dilatometry
o Metallography
--_. Estimated
o~------~------~--------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
(/)
(/)
CUz
Co..
"E>
lU
J:
4.2.7 C(O.06%)-Mn(O.67%)-Ni(3.32%) MMA weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar

and Zhang23)
1200~----------------------------~
1000
800
o
0
cD
:;
as 600
CD
a.
E
~
400 •
M
~
• welding
• ~ window
•
200 ~
~
Cooling rate
800-500°C
• Dilatometry
0 Metallography
Estimated
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
C1)
C1)
"'z
Ca.. 250
"E>
co
:I:
a
4.2.8 C(O.04 )-Mn(1.29 )-Ni(3.S8

% % %
1200~----------------------------~
1000
800
o
0
cD
:5
a;
•... 600
Q)
a.
E
f2
i
400 AF+LF
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
aoo-soo-c • Dilatometry
o Metallography
Estimated
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
(I)
(I)
CUz
c~ 250
"E>
co
::I:
0
4.2.9a C(O.OS%)-Mn(O.78 )-Ni(S.S3

%
MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,
%
)
Bannister and Barritte" and Zhang")

1200~------------------------------~

1000
800
0
0
•..•..•...::3as
cD
600
Q)
0-
E
{!
400 AF+LF
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
800-500°C • Dilatometry
o Metallography
--_. Estimated
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
(t)
500
(I)
Q)z
Co.
~> 250
"'
J:
0
4.2.9b C(O.Os%)-Mn(O.78%)-Ni(S.S3%) MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,

1200~--------------------------------~

1000
800
o
0
•..~~as
I- 600
m
a.
E
{E.
400
M
200
welding
window lKJ
OOOOC\l=
Cooling rate
o Metallography
---. Estimated
o~------~--------~------~--------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
:--------------:--H--LLJj
500 r I I I I I !
250
I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
a ~------------------.I--~II--~I--~I~-~I~I--------~
4.2.9c C(O.05 )-Mn(O.78 )-Ni(5.53

% %
MMA weld (source: Farrar, Zhang,
%
)

1200r---------------------------------~
Austen itised: 1350°C 1Osee

1000
800
0
0
~
•...as::J
~ 600
Q)
0..
E
{E.
400 M
200
Cooling rate • Dilatometry

BOO-SOO°C o Metallography
a
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
"
GO
CUz
Co.
~> 250
ftI
l:
0
4.2.10 C(0.08%)-Mn(0.96 )-Ni(O.90 % %

) TIC weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar and
Zhang")
1200.---------------------------------~

1000
800
o
0
...
cD
::l
«1 600
'-
Q)
c.
E
~
400 M
200
Cooling rate
• Dilatometry
aOO-500°C
o Metallography
- - - Esti mated
O~----~~----~------~-------L------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
4.2.11 C(O.08 )-Mn(1.33 )-Ni(O.73

% % %
) TIG weld (source: Zhang22)
1200~------------------------------~

1000
800
o0
..~
a)
as
L-
600
CD
0..
E
t!
400 M
200
Cooling rate
o Metallography
---- Estimated
o~------~------~--------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
4.2.12 C(O.10%)-Mn(O.89%)-Ni(1.2S%) TIG weld (source: Zhang22)

1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
0
°
a>
:s
as'- 600
PF+FSP
Q)
a.
E
fE.
400
• PF start
• FSP start
200 .A. IG FSP start
0 Carbide start
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec

c Mn o
0.09 1.61 0.0072
4.2.13 C(O.09%)-Mn(1.61%)-Ni(2.0%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and

, Craville")
1200~------------------------------~
Austenitised: 1350DC 10sec

1000
800
o
o
cD
:;
~ 600
CD
0.
o
E
~
~
CAF+(M-A)
400
M
200

aOO-50ODe o Metallography
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
(/I
500
(/I
4Iz
CQ.
'E> 250
tU
:r:
0
4.2.14 C(0.07 )-Mn(1.26 )-Ni(2.25

% % %
) TIG weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar and
Zhang")
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised: 1270°C/sec
1000
800
0
0
•..~:J~
«1 600
CD
c.
E
{Eo
400
M
200

800-500°C o Metallography
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
f)
f)
4»z
c:~ 250
'E>
«I
J:
0
4.2.15 C(O.09%)-Mn(l.05%)-Ni(3.32%) TIG weld (source: Zhang" and Farrar and

Zhang24)
1,200~------------------------------~
Austenitised: 1350°C
Grain size: NA
1,000
800
o
°
0>
~
.•...
as 600
CD
a.
E
{E-
M
400
200
o~------~------~------~--------~----~
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
z
a..
500 :
I
I
I
:
I
I
I
lI
> ___ ~III I
en
II)
Q)
c
250 - I I I I I
"E I I I I
CG I I I I I
J:
0 I I I I I
4.2.16 C(O.06%)-Mn(1.40%)-Ni(O.14%) submerged fluxcored arc (SFCAW) weld

(source: Kluken, Onsoien, Akselsen and Rorvik")
1200~----------------------------~
Grain size: NA
1000
800
0
°
cD
~
•...as:J
~ 600
CD
c.
E
~
400 M
200
Ms = 447°C
Mf = 335°C
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
4.2.17 C(O.06 )-Mn(1.55 )-Ni(2.00%)

% %
SFCAW weld (source: Kluken, Onsoien,
Akselsen and Rorvik")
Section 4.3
C-Mn-Ni-Mo
1200~--------------------------------~
grain size: ASTM 5.38
1000
800
o
0
...cD
:l
+-'
... 600
ca
a.
Q)
E
~
400
M
welding
window
200
[!]
Cooling rate
800-500°C
• Dilatometry
o Metallography
a
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
z
e,
500
>
u;
CD
CD
C
250
"0
as
~
0
4.3.1 C(O.06%)-Mn(1.s%)-Ni(1.0%)-Mo(O.2S%) MMA weld (source: Zhang22)

1200~------------------------------~
1000
800
0
0
Q)
•..as~
L-
L- 600
CD
a.
E
{!
400
M
welding
window
200
Cooling rate
800-500°C
Estimated • Dilatometry
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
(t)
500
fI)
Q)z
Co..
'E> 250
C'CI
J:
a
4.3.2 C(O.05%)-Mn(l.72%)-Ni(l.87%)-Mo(O.31 %) MMA weld (source:

Harrison")
1200~----------------------------~
Austenitised: 1350DC 1Osee
1000
800
0
a)
.•..as:5
600
CD
c.
E
~
400
M
welding ~_----,
200 window \2°C/sec I
aOO-50O e D o Metallography
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
500
tI)
tI)
CUz
CQ.
250
"E>
tU
J:
0
4.3.3 C(O.06 )-Mn(1.7s )-Ni(2.73 )-Mo(O.20%)

% % %
MMA weld (source:
Zhang22)
Section 4.4
C-Mn-Mo
1,200~------------------------------~
1,000
800
0
°
0>
~
•...co:l
~CD 600
a.
E
{E.
400
• PF start
200 • FSP start

o Carbide start
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
z 500 II r I I I
--~
Q.,
>
,n I I I I I
."
GI
250 •... I I
C
't:J I I I I I I
«i
J:
0 : : I : : ~
c o
0.11 0.0094
4.4.1 C(O.11%)-Mn(1.S0%)-Mo(O.3%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and

Craville")
Section 4.5
C-Mn-Nb
66 An Atlas of CCT Diagrams .Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200~----------------------------~
1000
800
0
.:
0
Carbide start
~
::l
as~ 600 J-~o~--~~~~'~t --- -~ ~
a.
AF\Xe
(I)
E
{!!.
400
M
1 :~!~~;\
• ~ ~CD
~/ ~
--------------~~~ ~
200
Cooling rate
• Dilatometry
800-500°C
o Metallography
Estimated
• Thermal analysis
o~------~------~--------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
z 500
~ ~------------~
!
c
250
~:z:
4.5.1 C(O.09%)-Mn(1.32%)-Nb«O.Ol%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watson

and Farrar" and Harrison")
1200~--------------------------------~
1000
4.5.2 C(O.lO%)-Mn(l.37%)-Nb(O.03%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watson

1200~------------------------~--~
1000
800
o
0
cD
L-
a;::l
L- 600
Q)
c.
E
~
400
M
welding
window
-------------- _-
"",,"""
".'~
g
Q)
U)
200
• Dilatometry
Cooling rate
eoo-soo-c o Metallography
Estimated 9 Thermal analysis
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
2
Q.
500
>
,,;
fA
CD
c:
250
'E
••
J:
0
4.5.3 C(O.09%)-Mn(1.05%)-Nb«O.Ol%) MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watson

1200~------------------------------~
1000
800
o
0
0)
•..~as
::l
600
CD
a.
E
{E.
400 welding
M window
",,/
----------*""'-'
200
• Dilatometry
Cooling rate
800-500°C o Metallography
Estimated o Thermal analysis
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time, sec
z
Q.
500
>
0
'"
at
I:
250
•
"0
X
0
4.5.4 C(0.08 )-Mn(0.97%)-Nb(O.02%)

%
MMA weld (source: Harrison, Watson
Section 4.6
C-Mn-Si
1200~--------------------------------~
Grain size: NA
1000
800
o
o
cD
~
::J
~ 600
Q)
a.
E
~
400
M
200
O~------~------~------~-------L------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (from Ac3), sec
4.6.1 C(O.09%)-Mn(O.81 0/0)-Si(O.110/0)MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishi and

Komizo")
74 An Atlas ofCCY Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals
1200
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3 = snoc
800
0
0
ai
•..as•...•...
::l
600
Q)
Co
E
~
400
200
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (from Ac3). sec
I I I I I
C Mp Si S p Cu N 0
0.11 0.14 0.09 0.013 0.016 0.12 0.0050 0.010
4.6.2 C(0.11%)-Mn(O.74%)-Si(O.09%) MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishi

and Komizo")
Section 4.7
C-Mn-Si-Ti
1200~--------------------------------~
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3 = 910°C
800
Ac1 = 717°C
0
0
•..:sas
Q)
••... 600
Q)
a.
E
~
400
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
4.7.1 C(O.11 )-Mn(1.09 )-Si(O.40 )-Ti(O.05

% % % %
) MIG weld (source: Ito, Nakanishi
and Komizo'")
1200
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3 = 8B6°C
800
Ac1 = 70BOC
0
0
CD
•..:5as 600
Q)
a.
E
t!
400
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
4.7.2 C(O.12%)-Mn(O.80%)-Si(O.2s%)-Ti(O.027O/o) MIG weld (source: Ito,

Nakanishi and Komizo")
Section 4.8
C-Mn-Si- Ti-B
1200
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3 = 877°C
800
Ac1 = 708°C
0
0
cD
~
.•..::Jas
600
Gia.
E
~
400
M
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
4.8.1 C(O.11% )-Mn(O.960/0)-Si(O.220/0)-Ti(O.029 )-B(O.0026

% %
) MIG weld (source:
Ito, Nakanishi and Komizo")
1200~--------------------------------~
Grain size: NA
1000
800
0
0
cD
'-
::l
.•..•
as 600
'-
Q)
a.
E
{Eo
400
200
o~------~------~------~------~------~
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
4.8.2 C(O.09 )-Mn(l.lO% )-Si(O.27O/o)- Ti(O.038

% %
)-B(O.0027O/o) MIG weld (source:
1200
Grain size: NA
1000
Ac3 = 88SOC
800
0
0
a>
•...
•...::las
600
Cii
c..
E
~
.....
400
M
200
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
z
Q.
500
>
vi
II)
CD
c
250
'E
CII
X
O!
4.8.3 CeO.1I °/0 )-Mn(I.16°/0 )-Si(O.29°/0)- Ti(O.043°10)-B(O.0034 °/0) MIG weld (source:
Section 4.9
C-Mn-Ti
1,200
Grain size: NA
1,000
Ac3 = 862°C
800
0
0
..~~
0)
::l
as 600
CD
c.
E
{!
400
200
Cooling rate
eoo-soo-c
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time, sec
z
Q..
500
>
g)
0)
CD
c
250
'0
:a
x
0
Mn
Q,;89 1.43
4.9.1 C(O.089 )-Mn(1.43 )-Ti(O.028

% % %
) SA weld (source: Homma,Ohkita,
Matruda and Yamamoto")
Section 4.10
C-Mn-V
1,200 r-----------------------,
1,000
800
o
°
400
~ AF start
200 • PF start
• FSP start
0
0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Time (800-500°C), sec
--l++-LJ
z 500 J 1 I -r I
a.
> I I I I I
0
I/)
250 - r r I
CJ)
c I I ,
I I I I
:u
L)
1
I
0 I : III

c Mn o
0.095 1.62 0.0099
4.10.1 C(O.095%)-Mn(1.6%)-V(O.1%) TIG weld (source: Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and

Graville")
References
1 A.L. CHRISTENSON,
E.C. NELSONand C.E. JACKSON,Trans. AIME., 162 (1945),
p606.
2 C.L.M. COTTRELL,
,. Iron Steel Inst., 174 (1953), p17.
3 E.F. NIPPES,W.F. SAVAGE

and R.T. ALLIO,Weld. J. Res. Suppl., 36 (1960), p40.
4 M. INAGAKIand H. SEKIGUCHI,
Trans. Natl. Res. Inst. Met. (Ipn), 2 (1960), p40.
5 and R.G. BAKER,Br. Weld. f., 14 (1967), p603.

F. WATKINGSON
6 A. BROWNING
and R. BOELEN,IIW Doc., IIW-1976-MTC, 1976.
7 H. SEKIGUCHI,
in Fundamental Research on the Welding Heat-Affected Zone of Steel,
The Nikkan Kogyo Shimbum Limited, Tokyo, 1976.
8 K. YAMAMOTO, S. MATSUDA,T. HAZE,R. CHIJIIWAand H. MIMURA,in Proc. Con!

Residual and Unspecified Elements in Steel, Edited by A.S. Melilli and E.G.
Nisbett, Bal Harbour, FL, Nov. 1987, American Society for Testing and Materi-
als, Philadephia, 1989, pp. 266-284.
9 D.J. ABSONand R.E. DOLBY,Weld. Inst. Res. Bull., 19 (1978), pp. 202-207.
10 D.V. DORLING,P.E.L.B. RODRIGUES and J.H. ROGERSON,

in Proc. Can! Trends in
Steels and Consumables for Welding, London 13-16 Nov. 1978, The Welding
Institute, Abington, p351.
11 P.L. HARRISON,M.N. WATSONand R.A. FARRAR,Welding and Metal Fab., 49

(1981), pp. 161-169.
12 G.S. BARRITTE,
PhD Thesis, Cambridge University, 1982.
13 Y. ITO,M. NAKANISHIand Y. KOMIZO,Metal Constr., 14 (1982), pp. 472-478.
14 P.L. HARRISON,PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, 1983.
15 B.G. KENNY,H.W. KERRand B. GRAVILLE,

Metal Constr., 17 (1985), pp. 374R-
381R.
16 P.L. HARRISONand R.A. FARRAR,Metal Constr., 19 (1987), pp. 392R-399R.
17 R.A. FARRARand P.L. HARRISON,Metal Constr., 19 (1987), pp. 447R-450R.
18 S.R. BANNISTER,
PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987.
19 H. HOMMA,S. OHKITA,S. MATSUDAand K. YAMAMOTO,

Weld. f. Res. Suppl., 66
(1987), pp. 301s-309s.
20 A.O. KLUKEN,M.I. ONSOLEN,O.M. AKSELSENand G. RORVIK,Joining Science, 1

(1991), pp. 14-22.
21 R.A. FARRAR,ZHUYAOZHANG,S.R. BANNISTER J. Mater. Sci.,

and G.S. BARRITTE, 28
(1993), pp. 1385-1390.
22 ZHUYAOZHANG,PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994.
23 R.A. FARRARand ZHUYAOZHANG,in Proc. 6th International Conference of Joining

of Materials, The European Institute of Joining of Materials, 4-6 April 1993,
Helsingor, Denmark, pp. 397-404.
24 R.A. FARRARand ZHUYAOZHANG,in Proc. 2nd European Conference on Joining

Technology, Italian Institute of Welding, 16-18 May 1994, Florence, Italy, pp.
169-179.
25 C.L. CHOLand D.C. HILL, Weld. J. Res. Suppl., 57 (1978), pp. 232s-236s.
26 0. GRONGand D.K. MATLOCK,Inter. Metal Rev., 31(1986), pp. 27-48.
27 COMMITTEE OFWELDINGMETALLURGY
OFJAPANWELDINGSOCIETY,1983, IIW Doc.,
IX-1282-83.
28 C.A. DUBE,H.I. AARONSONand R.F. MEHL,Rev. Met., 55 (1958), p201.
29 H.I. AARONSON,The Decomposition ofAustenite by Diffusional Processes, Edited

by V.F. ZACKAYand H.I. AARONSON,Interscience, New York, 1952, p389.
30 R.C. COCHRANE,CEGB Report T/PDM/46211/77.C.
31 T.G. DAVEYand D.J. WIDGERY,IIW Doc., IIA-389-76, 1976.
32 D.J. ABSONand R.E. DOLBY,'A Scheme for the Quantitative Description of

Ferritic Weld Metal Microstructures', IIW Doc., IXJ-29-80.
33 R.J. PARGETER,IIW Doc., IXJ-37-80, 1980.
34 M.N. WATSON,P.L. HARRISONand R.A. FARRAR,Welding and Metal Fabr., 49

(1980), pp. 101-108.
35 E. LEVINEand D.C. HILL,Metal Constr., 9 (1977), pp. 346-353.
36 E. LEVINEand D.C. HILL,Met. Trans., A8 (1977), pp. 1453-1463.
37 J.M. SAWHILL,Climax Moly., Rep. No. L176-115, 1973.
38 A.G. GLOVER,J.T. McGRATH,M.J. TINKLERand G.e. WEATHERLY,

Weld. J. Res.
Suppl., 56 (1977), pp. 267s-273s.
An Atlas ofCCY Diagrams Applicable to Low Carbon Low Alloy Weld Metals 95
39 A.J. PACEYand H.W. KERR, Welding and Metal Fabr., 46 (1978), pp. 613-615.
40 D.J. ABSON,R.E. DOLBYand P.H.M. HART,in Proc. Conf Trends in Steels and
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41 L-E. SVENSSON and B. GRETOFT,Weld. J. Res. Suppl., 69 (1990), pp. 454s-461s.
42 Y. ITOand M. NAKANISHI,Yosetsu Gakkaishi, 44 (1975), p728.
43 Y. ITOand M. NAKANISHI,Yosetsu Gakkaishi, 44 (1975), p81S.
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47 Y. KIKUTA,T.ARAKI,M. YONEDA,M. YOSHIDAand H. KABAT

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Constituents Using the Light Microscope', IIW Doc., (1983) IXJ-78-83.
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55 R.A. FARRARand ZHUYAOZHANG,,. Mater~ Sci. Leii., 12 (1993)f pp. 1606-1611.

Books on Welding from
The Institute of Materials
B557 Metallurgical Modelling of Welding

0ystein Grong
This book gives graduate students, engineers and researchers an in-depth
insight into the field of welding metallurgy, providing a broad overview of
fundamental principles.
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of
the chemical and physical processes which take place during welding. This
text brings together all the basic components necessary to reach the goal of
faster process developments, optimisation of process and properties and the
possibility of developing new and more weldable alloys.
600pp ISBN 0 901716 37 5 £85
B533 Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena

H. Cerjak and K. E. Easterling (eds)
'Technically, it is the first comprehensive publication on mathematical
modelling and contains an impressive collection of papers on heat flow,
melt turbulence, solidification structures and physical metallurgy. Further,
exposition of the underlying principles is very clear, so that it covers much
of the existing basic knowledge on welding. Several papers are definitive
and the book should become a standard reference in every welding library.'
A. T. Price, Ironmaking and Steelmaking
384pp ISBN 0 90 1716 16 2 £65
B594 Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 2

H. Cerjak (ed.), H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia (series ed.)
The second in the Institute's new Materials Modelling Series. The
proceedings of a conference held under the auspices of the International
Institute of Welding Commissions IX and IXB and the Dept. of Materials
Science and Welding, Technical University of Graz.
288pp ISBN 0 901716 63 4 £65

Atlas of CCT Diagram For Low Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Welds PDF

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Atlas of CCT Diagram For Low Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Welds PDF

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AN ATLAS OF

THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS

© The Institute Materials 1995

Typeset, printed and bound by

Since the pioneering studies on continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams

2. Microstructural terminology for low carbon low alloy weld metals

(1) Primary ferrite (or polygonal ferrite);

transformation phases. It is therefore necessary to briefly compare these different

Table 1. Review of microstructural terminology used for low carbon low

Allotriomorphic Proeutectoid ferrite; Grain boundary Proeutectoid ferrite; Proeutectoid ferrite;

Massive ferrite; Granular ferrite.

Pearlite; Ferrite-carbide Pearlite;

Table 2. Definition of microstructural terms used by the current

Transformation product General description Equivalent terminology in IIW

Martensite (M) Lath martensite Martensite (M(L»

In this monograph, the terminology of most of the CCT diagrams will be

c.AF d. AF with PF an FSP

Continuous cooling dilatometry technology is by far the most commonly used

Fig. 2 The normal procedure of producing a CCT diagram for steel."

Fig. 3 Construction to determine transformation

The dilatometry method clearly has many advantages in constructing CCT

2. In 4.1.4-4.1.8, 4.2.13, 4.4.1 and 4.10.1 diagrams, the grain size of

3. In the CCT diagrams, nd = not determined. NA = not available.

4. CCT diagrams applicable to low alloy weld metals

4.8 C-Mn-Si- Ti-B

4.1.1 C(O.06 )-Mn(O.7

Harrison and Farrar")

Austenitised: 13S0°C 1Osee

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)

----- Ferrite finish

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

Kenny, Kerr, Lazor and Graville")

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

Time (800-500°C), sec

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

----- Ferrite finish

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

4.1.9 C(O.09 )-Mn(l.35

Matruda and Yamamoto")

Austenitised: 1350°C 10see

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

4.1.10 C(O.05 )-Mn(0.68

Austenitised: 13S0°C 10see

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

4.1.11 C(O.05%)-Mn(O.69%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

Austenitised: 1350°C 10see

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt % )

4.1.12 C(O.05%)-Mn(O.69%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

Austenitised: 1350°C 10see

200 •.•. PF start

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

4.1.13 C(O.04%)-Mn(O.98%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

Austenitised: 1350°C 1Osee

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt % )

4.1.14 C(O.Os%)-Mn(1.S8%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

Austenitised: 1350°C 10see

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)

Austenitised: 1350°C 10see

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt %)

4.1.16 C(O.07%)-Mn(1.36%) MIG weld (source: Bannister")

Austenitised: 1350°C 10sec

Chemical composition of the weld metal (wt%)