Mineral Industry: Practices in Addressing the 17

Sustainable Development Goals

Barcenal, Fabiano M., Jr.

November 2020

Engr. Adrian Keith Rapirap Caamiño

MNE 110 A3 Principles of Mining
Professor
 1. Introduction
The Sustainable Development Goals were born in 2012 at the Rio+20, the United
Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, with the largest
conference ever organized by the United Nations. Until 2012, there were various international
deals with environmental issues such as climate change and biodiversity destruction, and
there were Millennium Growth Goals or MDGs aimed at meeting certain social milestones in
developed countries by the year 2015. The nation meeting in Rio+20 agreed that a more
inclusive set of common priorities was needed to solve the immediate social, economic and
environmental problems facing the world. This started with the broadest consultation ever
conducted by the UN, an enormous attempt was made to get input from as many people as
possible, including those who often do not have a voice in international agreements. About
ten million people around the world engaged in the consultations which helped to form the
SDGs. In addition to national governments, the key stakeholder groups surveyed included
women, children and youth, aboriginal peoples, NGOs, municipal councils, workers and labor
unions, business and industry, the science and technical community and farmers.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover sustainability from a number of
angles: social, economic and environmental. They set global priorities for the three P's —
people, the planet, and prosperity. The SDGs are at the core of the 2030 Agenda, an action
plan supported by all 193 members of the United States. They call for better employment,
public education, healthy health, gender and wealth equity, renewable energy and water
biodiversity, and climate change. They aim to pursue sustainable growth by 2030.
Governments have a vital role to play in reaching these targets, but they are not the only
actors, corporations, civil society, aboriginal leaders, academics and the general public.
After three years of negotiations and debate, 193 countries agreed on a set of
development goals, bolder and more ambitious than anything that came before them, namely
the SDGs. The deadline for the SDGs is 2030, which means that the 2020s produce the
decades, but how do we know that progress has been achieved on any of these historic
issues? The 17 SDGs was based on an evidence-based system with 169 quantitative targets
and 232 metrics accompanying them. Tucked inside each of these 17 targets is really a lot of
thinking, a lot of consultation, and this is simply supposed to be the best guess on the
problems that matter most and the stuff that, if we were to accomplish them over the next
10 years, would radically change the world. This means that the SDG is transparent, succinct,
time-bound and observable, which allows governments and decision-makers to use SDGs in
their preparation. This ensures that we can keep track of the improvement achieved by the
SDGs. In order to achieve the SDGs, all countries are required to adopt strategies and
investment plans and to use goals and metrics to monitor their development, and then report
their progress to the UN. This is achieved by Voluntary National Assessments (VNRs) with a
number of countries reporting annually. Most nations, including Australia, have already sent
the first VNR. Governments are essential to the achievement of the SDGs when they
formulate and fund strategies that promote the targets, but all stakeholders have an
important role to play. Industry and business are seeking alternatives for products and
services that are consistent with SDGs and, societies and people and that promote SDG efforts
and keep governments and the private sector accountable.

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 Training, science and creativity are all important to the accomplishment of the SDGs,
so that universities have a crucial role to play in developing and disseminating information
and solutions. There will be no short legs to hit the SDGs.
Both responses from the global, to the state, to the local and also to the citizen need
to be cohesive and aligned, but progress to date has been sluggish, making it very clear now
that governments, companies and communities need a much broader, quicker and more
ambitious response. Many analysts suggest that, in order to achieve the SDGs, we need
changes in culture that are unparalleled in human history and reflect a radical departure from
business as normal.
The emphasis of the Sustainable Development Goals is global and inclusive, whether
domestic or international. SDGs have much more detailed data sets that will potentially give
us a rare and much better ability to understand the influence of organizations as a group or a
region. There are 17 targets, but below these targets are fixed targets and indicators with the
motto of the SDG, "Leave no one behind."
The 2030 Framework for Sustainable Growth and the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) is a global action plan for social integration, environmental protection and economic
development. We express the view that the mineral industry has an unparalleled ability to
harness substantial human, physical, technical and financial capital to advance the SDGs.
Mineral Industry is a multinational industry that is frequently concentrated in rural,
ecologically vulnerable and less developed regions, including many tribal lands and territories.
When properly handled, it will build jobs, promote creativity and carry investment and
infrastructure on a game-changing scale over long-term horizons. Yet, if under-managed,
mining can also lead to environmental destruction, displaced communities, injustice and
escalated violence, among other challenges.
The burgeoning literature, together with the presence of countless mechanisms and
metrics, has made it exceedingly difficult to identify sustainable development in the context
of mining. As a result, a plethora of interpretations and standards for sustainable growth have
been set forward and extended to different areas of the sector.
The idea of sustainable development has gained substantial attention in recent years,
having become the overarching model for balancing the environmental, social and economic
agendas of society (Shields and Solar, 2000). In September 2015, the United Nations General
Assembly adopted a document entitled "Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for
sustainable growth" with the goal of drawing up a course of action for individuals, the earth
and posterity with a view to enhancing universal peace through a global partnership. The
Agenda lays out 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 priorities, based on the
eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) initiated in 2000 to tackle poverty (United
Nations-UN 2015).
Sustainable development (SD) is an important idea for the minerals industry with a
view to securing a continuing license to operate and enhancing environmental, economic and
social efficiency. Centered on the priorities set out in the MDG, the SDGs have been released,
which provide recommendations for action on social equity, environmental protection and
economic growth. In addition, the SDG is an extension of the MDG and its basic goals are to
reduce global poverty, to fight inequalities and oppression and to contain climate change.

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 A core aspect of the 2030 Agenda is the understanding that social and economic
growth depends on the sustainable management of the natural environment and its
resources (Terama et al., 2016), which promotes the application of the SDGs in any economic
or industrial activity. The mining sector therefore has a strong capacity to achieve these
objectives through the mobilization of economic and technical capital. According to
Florkowska and Bryt-Nitarska (2018), the Agenda provides opportunities for a more
cooperative and supportive way of production and social organization with the capacity to
foster social and environmental justice.
In evaluating the relationship between global mega-trends and SDGs, (Okado and
Quinelli, 2016) identified two challenges: the lack of criteria for a sustainable development
model and the lack of homogeneity between countries to support efforts to enhance and
reinforce global governance. The willingness of governments to implement environmental
studies laws (mandatory for mining activities) and to meet their criteria is a positive direction
for the industry to contribute to the achievement of SDGs globally (Pfeiffer et al., 2017).
The congruence between mining activities and the SDG, based on the knowledge of
scientific literature and the observation of one mining operation. The results point out a range
of possibilities for the application of the SDGs in the mining industry, as well as activities that
can make the operation environmentally, socially and economically sustainable.

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 2. Discussion
Mining — considered in a broad sense, encompassing both mineral extraction and
processing operations — has historically been one of the manufacturing practices that have
contributed the most to human economic growth, serving as the basis for a variety of
industries, including energy, construction, chemical, pharmaceutical, automobile, electronics,
aerospace, ceramics, cosmetics and detergents. Humans continue to depend heavily on
metals because of their many important characteristics — malleability, ductility, electrical and
thermal conductivity, and durability — which make them a very good and cost-effective
choice for a variety of applications. These metals are primarily extracted from primary
resource production, and this situation will probably remain unchanged for the next few
decades. This will continue amid all recent attempts to enhance the recyclability and
circularity of metals found in discarded items, as well as other sources of waste associated
with mining operations, such as building and construction materials.
Mineral industry, which has the capacity and capacity to contribute positively towards
the 17 SDGs and employs millions of people, primarily in remote and less developed
countries. In contrast, many of the issues SDGs directly address are often considered to be
responsible for: environmental destruction, the removal of populations, the worsening
economic and social inequalities, violent conflicts, gender abuse, tax evasion and corruption,
the increased risk of many problems in the health sphere, and abuse of human rights.
The goals and objectives will promote action over the next 10 years in fields of vital
interest to mankind and the planet:
People
We are committed to bring an end to poverty and hunger, in all its manifestations and
dimensions, and to ensure that all human beings will achieve their capacity in dignity and
freedom and in a safe climate.
Planet
We remain committed to saving the earth from destruction, including by sustainable
use and development, to sustainably maintaining its natural resources, and to take immediate
action on climate change to meet the needs of present and future generations.
Peace
We are committed to promote peaceful, just and equitable communities that are free
from terror and violence. Without peace, there will be no economic development and no
peace without sustainable development.
Prosperity
We are committed to ensure that all human beings will live a successful and satisfying
existence and that physical, social and technological change is achieved in accordance with
nature.
The interlinkages and the interconnected design of the Sustainable Development
Goals are of vital significance in ensuring that the target of the new Initiative is accomplished.
If we achieve our goals in the full reach of the Agenda, the lives of all will be greatly changed
and our planet will be transformed for the better.

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 The mining industry has the opportunity and the potential to make a meaningful impact
to all 17 SDGs.
Mining may have a positive and negative effect in the SDGs. Mining will promote
economic growth by creating opportunities for decent jobs, business development, increased
fiscal revenues, and linkages to infrastructure. Many minerals also constitute crucial building
blocks for technology, infrastructure, electricity and agriculture. However, historically mining
has helped to solve many of the challenges faced by the SDG – environmental destruction,
population displacements, worsening economic and social disparities, armed conflict, gender-
based abuse, tax evasion and corruption, increased risk for many health issues and human
rights abuses. Due to improving how businesses handle their environmental and social
impacts, protect their wellbeing, achieve energy efficiency, report on financial flows and
respect and help the human Rights industry has made considerable strides in the last decades
in minimizing and managing these effects or risks.
The reach and nature of traditional mining activities underline some common
opportunities to exploit and contribute to SDGs although the mining industry is diverse.
All targets are reached and individual companies will have to evaluate how their
businesses can affect. Mining companies will contribute positively. Specific actions and
opportunities for a business shall rely on the social, political and economic background at local
level, mineral resources, mining activities (exploration, development, extraction or closing)
and on feedback obtained through formal dialog and engagement from local communities
and other stakeholders.

Sustainable Development Goals

SDG 1: No Poverty, End poverty in all its forms everywhere

SDG 2: Zero Hunger, End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promotes sustainable agriculture
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being, Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
all at all ages
SDG 4: Quality Education, Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
SDG 5: Gender Equality, Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, Ensure availability and sustainable management
of water and sanitation for all
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
and modern energy for all
SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth, Promote sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent
work for all

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SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, Build resilient infrastructure,
promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, Reduce inequality within and among countries
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, Ensure sustainable consumption
and production patterns
SDG 13: Climate Action, Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
SDG 14: Life Below Water, Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development
SDG 15: Life on Land, Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forest, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Promote peaceful and inclusive
societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
SDG 17: Partnership for the Goals, Strengthen the means of implementation and
revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

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 SDG 1: No Poverty
End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Mining generates significant revenues through taxes, royalties and dividends for
governments to invest in economic and social development, in addition to opportunities for
jobs and business locally. Mining companies can take an inclusive approach by working with
communities to understand the mines’ actual and potential positive and negative impacts.
Mining will help to reduce poverty through direct jobs, the provision of goods and
services locally, and the payment of taxes and royalties allowing the creation of important
social and economic infrastructure. Poverty levels may be important where businesses work
in remote areas. The existence of mining can either reduce poverty by generating jobs and
improving skills, or increase poverty if traditional livelihoods and lifestyles are adversely
affected.
Mining areas are traditionally located in communities far from business centers, as
production is dependent on the mineral availability in the natural environment, which
contributes to the creation of villages within the industry (Carney and Gushulak 2016). The
operation creates jobs for the people, moves a chain of suppliers to supply sectors, generates
population income and contributes to poverty reduction.
Besides generating direct and indirect jobs, another kind of collaboration includes
paying taxes, charges and royalties (Takano et al. 2016). The government needs to invest in
communities to improve the quality of life of the people by campaigning against poverty by
creating jobs inside and outside mining companies. The Government must invest in the
community.
Education and training contribute to the inclusiveness of disadvantaged communities
by increasing their opportunity for access to employment. Companies should promote the
retention in partnership with technical and educational institutions of previously marginal
workers with on-the-job training or complementary programs. Because of apprenticeship and
training programs, contractors and subcontractors may also contribute to professional
growth. Companies can target education and eventual employability programs for young and
young adults.

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 Many countries need to invest in mining in domestic suppliers and develop local
supply chains to exploit skills, knowledge, creativity and technology to generate additional
indirect jobs and induced economic development. In order to promote the local livelihoods in
the community and eventually to establish relationships with and access to resources the
companies working on indigenous lands have additional incentives to consider procurement
agreements with indigenous locals. Companies will, as with jobs, develop local and national
capabilities for the development of goods and services with local suppliers and third-party
organizations. These programs build the capacity of suppliers to meet demand and quality,
pricing, health, safety and environmental standards of the mining industry. In several cases a
supplier may begin servicing non-mining industries once it meets the relevant standards.
Sourcing of basic services from micro- and small-scale businesses and local farmers can
involve local procurement.
The SDG1 will further be sponsored by companies through cooperation with local
governments, local authorities, civil society, and other players so that they can harness capital
to ease integrated poverty and improve traditional livelihoods. Companies should regard
cooperative ventures not only as opportunities for social investment, but also as a way of
addressing structural problems for companies arising from poverty and exclusion.
Mining companies working in impoverished areas are generally forced to provide
employment by government and local authorities. The scope of the employment
opportunities created by mining is rather more capital intensive than labor-intensive.
Companies will meet local aspirations and alleviate job pressure by helping to increase the
livelihood of non-mining companies. This can include investment in farm productivity
projects, support for established goods and services in connection with markets, work
together to create new non-mining economic opportunities and support microfinance
initiatives.
The mineral industry can thus contribute resources to poverty reduction, encourage
direct and indirect employment, provide equal wages, make regional exchange a priority,
increase tax collection, generate funds for public money and extend strategies for poverty
alleviation in all aspects.

SDG 2: Zero Hunger

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promotes sustainable
agriculture

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 Where mining companies operate in historically agricultural areas, they can be a
concern for farmers and local communities and a possible source of social unrest by impacting
the mining on water, land and biodiversity resources. Mining companies, in particular among
children, can also operate in areas of chronic malnutrition. Companies can manage their
effects on natural resources by minimizing the amount of land they use and allowing access
to land owned by communities, which could provide valuable food sources. You may also
partner with development agencies to prevent hunger.
The keywords chosen to investigate the connections between this purpose and mining
were: the following: "ore mining," "agriculture" AND "mining location." These phrases
allowed the relationship between mining, sustainable agriculture, and soil and water
pollution to be widely understood, linking combating hunger to achieving food safety.
A real risk of soils and water pollution, as occurred during the breach of the tailings
dam at Mariana, Minas Gerais and Brazil (Brazil and Pires, 2017), is important to encourage a
sustainable agriculture. Geochemical surveys are important in this regard, since the mining
companies are responsible for ensuring the use of these resources without risk to human or
animal health (Brasil, 2001).
There are strategies for different kinds of mining, such as use of microbial enzymes to
test and track soil health in response to heavy metal contamination (Wahsha et al., 2017).
(Wahsha et al., 2017). Biorecuration, which consists of the removal of toxic metals from
polluted soils by interaction of microorganisms and metals, incorporates two separate
biological activities: oxidant bacteria and microorganisms’ reduction in sweeteners is another
strategy that encourages improved soils conditions in order to achieve this GDS. There is also
the ability to leach metal pollutants such as copper, cadmium, nickel and others and to clean
up the effluents collected during this process and reuse them in their environment (Jerez
2017).
In addition to soil contamination, erosion causes impacts on land use. A research in
aggregate mining, for which sediment transport from the soil resulted in morphological
changes, leading to soil imbalances and changes of water hydrologic in land areas (Brunier et
al., 2014), has been developed in Vietnam. (Brunier et al., 2014).
The negative impacts on land and water as identified in the environmental licensing
process have to be mitigated by mining companies in Brazil. In its article 2, Law 9,985 put as
near as possible the duty to recover the damaged areas and to restore an ecosystem or a wild
population (Brazil 2000). One type of recovery is the environmental compensation that allows
the reconstruction after resource loss or even replacement of a neighboring region in the
same watershed if no recovery is possible in the area where the extraction takes place.
The activity will lead to awareness on how mining can influence areas in which
agriculture develops elaborated hunger-free programs, fostering agricultural and mining
integration through collaborations with the agricultural sector. The economic and technical
support to the introduction of Community Gardens is one of the realistic ways to achieve this
objective. Industries thus contribute to the creation of opportunities for alternative income
sources that meet food requirements.

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 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Increased occupational health threats, for example cardiovascular diseases, breathing

diseases, communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS may affect the
workforce. Certain working arrangements have linked mental wellbeing, drug addiction and
domestic violence, such as fly-in / fly-out. Public health may also be of concern where mining
is undertaken in poorer areas with a restricted health facility, thus increasing vulnerability of
communities to disease.
For the promotion of third sustainable development goal, the possible health threats
associated with the mining industry raise major challenges. These include occupational
threats and increasing risk factors for cardio-vascular and breathing diseases such as air
contamination, silique toxicity, HIV/AIDS, mental illness, drug abuse and domestic abuse such
as split fly-in/fly-out lifestyles as well as month-on/month work schedules. Mining can also
occur in regions that are especially susceptible to tropical conditions such as malaria and the
movement of workers associated with the mines can also pose health risks, particularly to
children and women who are exposed to sexual harassment, violence, pregnancy or
substance abuse. In order to resolve the risk factors pre-emptively, mining companies have
major health and safety obligations and policies. Mining companies can also work on health
care with governments and other stakeholders
The promotion of well-being for all has an inherent effect on mitigating the negative
effects of the practice. The impacts that affect the welfare of neighboring communities
include: soil vibration (Ozer et al., 2008), altered topographing of the town (Armaghani, et.
Al., 2015), deforestation (Ubaque et al., 2014), changes in the area of the micro-climate (Luna
et al., 2016).
In addition to the inconvenience caused to mine area locals, certain impacts could
more directly affect employees. The physical integrity of employees includes the use of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Managers must conduct a detailed inspection of the
use of PEP to protect against injuries and workplace diseases (Lira et al., 2012).

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 The mining industry will help to prevent and prevent diseases such as AIDS by
promoting vaccination (for children and adults). They can also avoid work-related diseases,
incorporate health into environmental impact assessment programs, ensure access to
knowledge that can facilitate diseases control and improve living conditions for people.

SDG 4: Quality Education

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities
for all

Mining education investment would boost the local ability of mining companies,
enhance potential workforce and connections with host communities.
Mining companies have to facilitate training courses according to their purpose for
their workers (Cardoso et al., 2017). In order for the workers to discover and improve different
skills, miners should provide opportunities through education (Triginelli and Cunha, 2013;
Azevedo et al., 2016).
Sponsoring by scholarships and undergraduate and postdoctoral programs is one way
to contribute to this goal, not just for the workforce but also to community members.
Partnerships between universities and technical colleges ensure that young persons are
educated in the workplace. The policy agencies, such as the National Council for Scientific and
Technological Development Council (CNPq), award business scholarships with minimum
industry counterparts. In the introduction of research, growth and development programs in
companies (CNPq, 2018), CNPq invests in the application of financial capital in training for
professional staff.
There is a small school for children in the community, but not far from the centers of
higher education and technical training, near to some mineral industries. So nones of these
industries have programmes, which configure the inability of these companies to contribute
to SDG, to encourage access to higher and technical education among young people and
adults. Options such as distance learning, using miners, promoting access to higher education,
and professional training for residents are available in the city. There are also opportunities.
These industries typically remain idle at night and are carefully accessible to the community
with their computing and Internet power.

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 The funding for children's school maintenance, supplementary teaching / pedagogical
materials, as well as support for the community in preserving and renovating school buildings
are a different form of education at all levels. Industries are able to build ways to promote
the continued participation and success of high school workers' children, by offering awards,
incentives and rewards for those with constant attendance.
Via technical, vocational and educational programs for current and potential workers
in mining, mining will contribute to quality education. Companies should work together to
provide the professional training required by the mining industry in national curricula.
Companies should also invest in schools and teacher training and work together with
governments and communities to enhance educational quality and accessibility. Special
treatment is warranted if the local community does not have trained employees. Bringing
skilled workers from other areas may marginalize community residents, lead to economic and
education inequities and have a negative effect on the relationship between community and
business.

SDG 5: Gender Equality

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Mining companies are responsible for creating equitable workforce access and
economic opportunities.
Gender equality means fair access and equal participation in political and economic
decision-making for women and girls to healthcare, education and employment. Equality
between the sexes is a basic human right, but there are still substantial inequalities in
women's rights to participate completely in their communities and societies.
Mines also tend to be predominantly male (Mwakumanya and Maghenda, 2016).
Women are primarily active in washing. To contribute to this purpose, women's inclusion
must be promoted and equal pay guaranteed for all genders and working conditions that
allow women to gain greater access to mining. There are discrepancies between the salaries
paid to men and women. Even in the same position, women receive lower wages than men.

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 The operating machinery, facilities and management roles of women are not eligible.
The industry's most popular argument is for women to become pregnant, which results in the
maternity leave cost and the need to be replaced by another employee during that time,
which is also why men are hired preferably.
Certain positions call for "physical power," to use shovels to place the goods in the
trucks that, in the opinion of managers, are essential for the organizational structure of the
male body because women are tending to be frailer and can’t do so efficiently. But it is
possible for women to engage in executive roles and also in running devices that do not need
physical strength to dismiss the logic of women only playing the role of cleaning / cooking /
secretary.
Inclusion of women in mining remains far from reality. This market for women must
be opened up with just and equal opportunities, in order for this situation to improve. Helbert
(2018) suggests an eco-feminist ethic to help find alternatives to redress an unfair distribution
between men and women of the costs and benefits of mining ventures. There are, therefore,
steps to be taken by miners to ensure women's inclusion in mining, to tackle sexism and
abuse, support for women' s involvement on leadership roles, the provision of the required
PPE to women's needs, and the payment of equal salary.
Mining firms will foster gender equality by maintaining fair pay and gender equity at
all levels of the company. Firms may also make constructive attempts at hiring, retaining and
maintaining women 's security in the workplace. Women tend to have less advantages and
more detrimental consequences than men in societies affected by mining. This can be
resolved by understanding and creating an equitable access to employment and economic
opportunities, including women as stakeholders in land acquisition, relocation and
consultation.

SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

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 At all stages of the life cycle of a mine, water is important. Mining and metal activities
are major water users. If good water management techniques are not used, they can
adversely affect water access and quality.
Mining is a big water user and can have a detrimental effect on quality of the water.
The mining industry can contribute to adequate access to clean water and sanitation by
reduction in quantity and quality of its water spring (by water efficiency initiatives and water
waste recycling), increase local water supply (by sharing of water infrastructure), get water
from the right sources, ensure that local water consumers or operators are not displaced.
Preventing surface and groundwater pollution is a significant problem for mining. In
order to ensure water quality, continuous monitoring of the environment is necessary (Arhin
et al., 2016). Industries should help health work through the provision of periodic reports on
the state of waste water as well as responsibility for maintaining the river basin in which the
industry belongs (Brazil, 2001). The promotion and the reduction in use of renewable sources
such as reusable and recycled water are attitudes that can help achieve this objective.
The government must be active through programs, policies and acts to preserve water
balance in mining areas to efficient water resources management. One way to endorse
environmental management and sanitation for all is to combine political, economic and social
priorities with water. In order to achieve this aim, local communities are important to
participate in discussions on improving water policy, technology and means of control (Sena
et al., 2016).
In order to reduce crushed dust (particulate matter of crushing processes), water must
be supplied by crushed stone-mining operations in the kitchen, bathrooms and the workshop.
The water sprinkler must also be mounted on conveyer belts. The average water usage in
these industries is 20,000 L / day. For example, in coal and iron ore mining, water must be
used during the mining process and more care and consumption must be taken and water
should be recycled preferably (Liphadzi and Vermaak, 2017).
As with other forms of mining (gold, diamonds etc.) crusher mining industries do not
normally contaminate water supplies. However, it is also up to such industries to control the
quality of water and sanitation, as the crushed steel industries provide the required inputs
(aggregates) for sanitation and construction, contributing to this objective.
One of the best practices in tackling mineral industries is to conserve and recycle
water, track water quality and report on water usage, follow water management approaches
that take into account social, cultural and technological aspects, contribute to water shield
management, share benefits through water infrastructures, and promote drinking water and
sanitation planning and infrastructure.

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 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Mining accounts for approximately 2 % of global energy consumption and is energy

intensive. As a big energy user, the sector will reduce carbon emissions by speeding up energy
efficiency programs and using green technologies.
Miners need to increase their energy quality, to reduce as much as possible their
consumption and to improve the maintenance of energy infrastructure wherever they are
built. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind and geothermal systems, may be
selected in order to mine site disturbances and energy delivery to local communities (World
Economic Forum 2016).
The different consumption of energy in the various stages of the process is one
characteristic observed in the mineral industries that is important for other forms of mining
(Palamure, 2016). Each phase involves an energy requirement that needs to be determined if
there is an option when selecting the type of energy source to run the industry. For crushing
equipment and internal installations (office, café, workshop) the energies are required. Other
equipment, such as machinery (like excavators), are powered on diesel fuels.
Palamure (2016) has pointed out that large-scale mining operations need less energy
for processing a unit of mineral than medium or smaller scales. It implies that an economic
scale can be extended to other forms of mining in iron ore extraction operations based on
energy efficiency. Miners will take measures where they are installed to produce renewable
energy. A new mining benchmark method to display continuous energy efficiency progress in
the mining sector is being addressed by Levesque et. (2014)
Improve energy efficiency, integrate renewable energy, share energy infrastructure
advantages, and promote local energy projects are some of the best practices to achieve the
7th target for sustainable growth.

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 SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all

Where a country's economic life is important, mining will increase GDP by several
percentage points. To ensure complete participation, government needs to efficiently handle
mining revenues and cultivate relations with the broader economy.
Mining creates a chain of jobs and profits for the people living around the sector.
Supplies such as offices, materials for cleaning, foodstuffs, uniforms, PEP, fuel, spare parts,
and maintenance of equipment, machinery and fleets, may be required for operation of the
company (Huang et al., 2017). This may include: Industries can purchase such goods on the
local market and carry the region 's income as much as possible. They should also encourage
complete and effective work, provide training for workers, ensure equal representation, and
work together to eliminate child labor.
In order to achieve this SDG, it is important to achieve equal wages and decent
working conditions. Reasonable working conditions in the mineral industries were found to
protect against accidents and prevent diseases caused by the operation, including the
availability of PPE.
In a joint initiative between business, government and society, such as child labor in
mining (Maconachie and Hilson, 2016), certain situations must be addressed in unequal
conditions for women (Botha, 2016). Miners play a fundamental role in cultivating
employment for miners if they endorse good working conditions, equal pay, fight
discrimination against gender and child labour.
Despite the aspirations of the public, there can be few direct jobs from large-scale
mining. However, there is scope by local procurement for high economic multipliers. In
cooperation with other stakeholders, mining companies should contribute to the creation of
approaches to promote efficient domestic enterprises in order to increase local content and
supply capacity and to promote a more sustainable, long-term and diverse economic increase.
Mining economic growth can often be so high that it raises GDP by many percentage points.
However, such growth typically depends on strong, cyclical commodity prices and growth may
not be inclusive if no Government mechanisms for redistribution or attempts to promote ties
to the wider economy do not exist.

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 SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure,
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation

In order to develop, operate and export mined goods, mining require substantial
investments in infrastructure.
The mining industry needs scientific study, as it requires technical knowledge in
different fields, including geology and mine engineering. The advancement of machinery,
control and technology enhances the production processes in these industries and gives
mining companies an opportunity to contribute to that objective. Singh (2017) states that
mining research and innovation growth will guarantee that mineral resources are turned into
economically mineralized reserves, with a minimum environmental impact and improved
productivity.
Infrastructure for sustainable development are required for transport, water, energy
and information and communication technologies (ICT). These basic services are vital to lively
and resilient communities, strong and efficient health and education systems, and agricultural
and economic growth. As regards infrastructure, mining companies can help by sharing and
expanding access to key resources such as sanitary, road, rail, bridges and housing (Monteiro
et al., 2018). Furthermore, local goods and services should be purchased to ensure inclusive
industrialization and integration with local trade. On visits to the broken stone mines it was
possible to see that industry had paved the roads, improving the region's infrastructure.
One way to achieve this goal is through collaboration between government,
community, industry, academia and stakeholders to support policies to lead to mining
developments (World Economic Forum 2016). In order to create more robust infrastructures
and to boost the industrialization process, science research must be strengthened to
introduce technological advances. It encourages the development of new technologies and
processes aiming at the lowest environmental impacts (Rosa et al., 2014). Innovation will
improve competition in this field.
All these types of infrastructure are also necessary for mining. Common use
infrastructure is an important opportunity for mining to expand access to critical services,
particularly in countries with a wide infrastructure financing gap. Due to the need for
advanced mining techniques, mining companies may also contribute to national innovation
through research and development initiatives and their procurement practices, provided the
distinctive geological properties.

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 SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities
Reduce inequality within and among countries

Although the primary duty of governments is to minimize inequity through policies

and redistributive processes, mining companies should actively encourage inclusion through
local jobs and procurement and support for diversification of livelihoods. They can also follow
an inclusive approach to group consultation and decision-making engagement.
Many based mining nations battle economic disparity. Many researches have been
conducted to analyze, among other factors, the relationship between mining operations,
poverty, income equality and government reinvestment. Economic inequality causes social
inequality, which can lead to social instability and the loss of the social operating license of
the mining industry. Although governments are primarily responsible for reducing inequality
through policies and redistributive processes, mining may function effectively by encouraging
inclusion in direct jobs, leveraging local procurement, supporting livelihood diversification,
and partnering with public authorities to promote open public cons. In this context,
Mining companies may contribute to this purpose by hiring workers from local
communities who pay equal pay and decrease the inequalities in local salaries. Creating policy
on inequality reduction is the role of all sectors, including mining, and fostering social
inclusion through direct jobs and cooperation with the government to increase the access of
all to infrastructure services.
Mining companies need to predict risks by defining local population dynamics before
and after the installation of the industrial sector to work effectively towards reducing
inequality (The World Economic Forum, 2016). Some of the potential approaches to doing
this are to facilitate the recruitment and training of disadvantaged citizens, collaborate with
local entrepreneurs and encourage resource distribution, from mining to investment in
society.
Certain mining firms are based in native areas. Industries must involve traditional
cultures as these peoples will contribute to the valuation and respect of expertise and habits
(Rocha et al., 2015).
Mineral Industries should establish cooperation plans, primarily between neighboring
countries to minimize inequality between countries. Border companies should encourage
equality and share their infrastructure.

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 One way of determining the feasibility of the mineral industry business is to take
scenarios with the company or without it into consideration. This will help to define measures
to minimize inequality within and between countries and to contribute to the achievement
of this SDG by projecting various scenarios.

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities,

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Mining materials like steel, copper and aluminum play an important role in urban
development. They also physically and digitally link cities by supporting the road, rail, air and
ICT infrastructures.
Today, half of the world's population lives in towns. By 2030, 60% of mankind will be
home to towns. Cities are centers of innovation, creativity, the economy, the arts, research
and much more that contribute to human growth. The challenge is to establish urban
environments that provide inclusive prosperity opportunities without straining natural
resources and land use.
The impacts resulting from the growth of towns and communities caused many social
and environmental effects, among others (Pasternak 2016), as they included growing crime,
poverty and inequality, decreasing greenery, fauna, water pollution, etc. The urbanization
challenge is to build urban areas in a sustainable way, environmental and socially.
Through the introduction of cultural heritage protection plans and the preservation of
green spaces, mining companies are able to contribute to the growth of resilient urban areas,
including businesses, government agencies and community planning for land use. The
promotion of the recycling and reuse of mining waste is one step that helps to minimize
environmental impacts, create social inclusion opportunities and improve the conditions of
the urban community.
Through promoting development, all stakeholders in land use and settlement
planning, the development of local infrastructure, the implementation of cultural heritage
plans and reclaimed land in parks and green areas where appropriate, mining companies will
contribute in the development of sustainable cities and communities. Potential contributions
include mining waste disposals and the reuse of materials and technologies. Mine-related
immigration can also create shortages in work prospects for current residents, increase the

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availability and economic activity of local labor and stress public services and intensify
unplanned urban development.
It is important to view the operation under four prisms, to reconcile the different
aspects of sustainability in the mining sector: the structure and functionality of environmental
regulations to protect the environment (environmental sustainability); the competitiveness
of the mining industry in terms of environmental regulations and their implementation
(economic sustainability); public engagement and opportunities for local communities to
affect their environment, as well as community approval of projects before and during
operations (social sustainability) and preservation of cultural rights in mining projects
(cultural sustainability).
Where there is no hope of rehabilitating a region that is still being mined, the miners
should support the recovery of a nearby site in the same watershed, ensuring compensation
for mineral discovery (Monteiro and Silva, 2018). Industry therefore has a role to play in
fostering safe societies, both within and outside the location where they are located, in order
to contribute to the achievement of this objective.
Installation of mining operations has an effect on the surroundings and neighboring
cities. There could be an economic crisis in the area after the mine has been exhausted. It is
also part of the socio-environmental obligation of the mining companies to broaden the
possibilities of assistance to the community after the conclusion of their operations.

SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

While mining provides the materials that are important to modern society, it also
generates significant amounts of waste. Concerted collaborative action is needed to increase
recycling rates.
In the mining process, materials are created for society and are used every day in
goods. Mining also produces waste, much of which is unusable. As high-quality minerals
reserves are being depleted and progressively lower quality ore is being extracted, waste
volumes are likely to increase. Despite these challenges, mining can support sustainable
development by responsible "materials management" across the value chain.
In order to achieve sustainable production and consumption patterns, mining
industries must enhance waste management through recycling and reuse techniques. The

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incorporation in the production chain of waste into the cycle economy may help change the
patterns of production and consumption and make the mining activities environmentally
sustainable, socially just and economically viable.
Proactive and preventative waste management offers environmental benefits with a
value produced by the material being disposed of from the mines in terms of mining activity
(Lebre et al., 2017). The concepts of the circular economy can also be applied in practice in
order to achieve this purpose, by means of optimization and improved use of natural
resources.
The mineral industry, together with the government, should encourage community
campaigns for the teaching, reuse and even commercialization of practical actions in domestic
waste recycling. This will help raise awareness of the value of attitudes to waste avoidance,
encourage resource reuse and make economic and environmental development and
consumption practices more sustainable.

SDG 13: Climate Action

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Mining companies will contribute to mitigating climate change by reducing their

carbon footprint and engaging in dialog with stakeholders to improve adaptation capacity and
incorporate climate change initiatives into policies and strategies. Barring the large-scale
commercial feasibility of emission-reducing technologies such as carbon capture and storage
or geo-engineering, or a carbon price that adequately represents the negative environmental
impacts of pollution, coal-fired energy will continue to be one of the main contributors to
climate change, and the resulting emissions need to be phased out. Moving away from coal
would entail not only the implementation and adoption of emerging technology, but also

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support for countries heavily dependent on coal in order to make the transition to cleaner
technologies, energy sources and alternative job opportunities feasible.
Silva et al. (2016) suggest that socially and economically disadvantaged population
groups suffer more from climate change than people living in mining regions. It is important
to know the various realities and to relate them to a wider range of solutions for a peaceful
and solidary survival. In this context, education and awareness-raising is an effective tool for
achieving this SDG, primarily due to the adaptation and construction of resilience to major
changes.
Miners may contribute by preparing expenditure, designing risks and creating
opportunities to reduce the impacts of climate change, in particular by monitoring minefield
variations in the microclimate of the area. They must disseminate transparent reports that
will enable decision-makers to take action to manage this effect. In addition, there is a need
for collaboration between business, government and stakeholders to coordinate corporate
strategies to tackle climate change globally.

SDG 14: Life Below Water

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development

Mining companies may contribute to ocean sustainability by recognizing marine

impacts and mitigation measures, acknowledging the reliance of local communities on marine
resources that may be adversely affected by mining, and contributing to the preservation and
conservation of oceans and seas.
It is important to consider the reliance of local communities on the use of marine and
coastal resources and to help them manage fishing activities in order to achieve this aim (Silva
et al., 2013). The conservation of marine environments ensures that the livelihoods of the
people in these areas are protected.
Investments in deep-sea mining have increased due to lack of resources in some
regions of the world. New technologies to improve offshore extraction techniques have
been developed. This form of exploration includes impacts, such as the transport of toxic

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sediments that may affect the balance of marine ecosystems. In addition, it is a form of
mining that needs higher investment in equipment and technology (Santos et al., 2018).
In order to contribute to this SDG, miners need to carefully evaluate the impacts of
deep-sea mining, collaborate with the government to establish marine reserve protection
and conservation areas, and contribute to scientific research and innovation through the
development of coastal area management plans with government and local communities.
They should all work together
with the development of the fishing activity in a sustainable way, respecting the closed
period1 and disposing properly waste and tailings.

SDG 15: Life on Land

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forest, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity
loss

Mining companies have a potentially significant role to play in the management of

biodiversity and conservation.
Mining companies can do this by reducing negative impacts through environmental
compensation initiatives. Although a region that is in full service cannot be recovered, there
are ways to recover from exploitation, to recover from other areas, near or far from the mines
(Brasil, 2001).
Mining companies must take countervailing steps to preserve damaged habitats and
mitigate the loss of biodiversity. Monitoring activities is a way to ensure the protection of the
exploited environment, the possible re-composing and conservation of ecological resources.
This monitoring should be carried out by industry, the society and government agencies
(Brazil, 2001; Jaskoski, 2014).
The Community shall engage in this process, accompanying and condemning actions
beyond the requirements laid down by statute. In order to do this, it is important to inform
and educate the community about the mining industry, so that they can support the public
authorities in the monitoring process. Public participation, by public hearings, has a direct
effect on government decisions resulting, in some cases, in the termination or cancelation of
projects (Jaskoski, 2014).

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 Another peculiarity of the crushed stone industry is the emission of particulate matter
which accumulates in the surrounding vegetation. This accumulation of powder can cause
changes in vegetation morphology and alter the natural landscape (Tabatabaei and
Mohammadi, 2013). This effect can be reduced by using water sprinklers in conveyor belts
that reduce the occurrence of particulate matter while maintaining the original vegetation
(Monteiro et al., 2018).
In addition to environmental compensation and monitoring, miners will contribute to
this SDG by collaborating with the government to establish campaigns to fight desertification,
to educate local communities about the climate and the protection of biodiversity, to prevent
unnecessary deforestation and to protect the areas where they are located.

SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

Inclusive and peaceful sustainable development, human rights abuses, corruption, tax
evasion and war. The 16th SDG seeks to create more efficient access to justice and to
institutions that lead to a transparent rule of law and to the security of human rights. Securing
peace also means reducing violence and conflict, protecting children, reducing corruption and
increasing opportunities for people to engage in government.
For all kinds of economic and industrial activities, the promotion of peace and justice
at all levels is important. Mining can reach this purpose in many ways: through the fight
against corruption and corruption, through open dissemination of information, the easing of
conflicts with the local community and through the provision of inclusive and involved
decision-making between government, industry, community and rule of law1
Mining companies can contribute to stable communities by respecting human rights,
ensuring access to information, promoting representative decision-making, seeking to
prevent company-community disputes and carefully monitoring their security approaches to
ensure that they minimize rather than increase the risk of conflict. Companies should also
agree to accountability through the spectrum of their operations that have an impact on

1
The Rule of Law exists to guarantee respect for civil liberty, human rights, and fundamental guarantees, through the establishment of
legal protection. The rules are also imposed on the political authorities that must be subject to them (Santos, 2011).

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society, from transparency of mining sales and payments to transparency of contributions
made to local communities.
By aggressively countering illegal mining-related financial flows through transparency
and monitoring, mining companies will help to improve accountable and open institutions.
Mining can also benefit stable communities by remediating tensions between the business
and the society, ensuring access to information, respect for human rights, support
representative decision-making and managing their security policies carefully in order to
minimize the risk of a conflict rather than increase it. Companies should agree to transparency
through the spectrum of their socially influential operations, from openness of mining income
and payments to transparency of local community commitments.
Miners must have a comprehensive understanding of regional history, laws, culture
and religions in order to foster stability and guarantee justice for all while preventing
corruption at all levels. They should also carry out their operations in compliance with local
and international regulations, with the highest ethical requirements, establishing and
maintaining acceptable operating procedures and protocols (McClintock and Bell, 2013).

SDG 17: Partnership for the Goals

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development

The Agenda 2030, particularly SDG17 (Partnerships for the Goals) stresses how multi-
stakeholder initiatives are structured to create a sustainable planet.
The final objective is to work with countries in alliances to incorporate all other SDGs
with a view to creating a sustainable future in all dimensions. Mining companies must take
care of environmental issues, responsible natural resource access, environmental protection
and social responsibility for implementation (Vintro et al., 2014). The mining industries must
be committed to environmental issues.
Governments are, first of all, responsible for mineral mining regulations, rules and
policies in all areas of the SDG, including social care, public health, education, infrastructure,
economic policy and environmental standards.

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 Secondly, businesses are responsible for carrying out their core business practices
responsibly in compliance with human rights, public legislation, optimizing positive
contributions to society and preventing or minimizing negative impacts on the economic,
social, cultural and environmental spirit. Companies also pay taxes and royalties, participate
in responsible policy debate, and should work together to harness capital and make social
investment in order to ensure that it is compatible with goals for local growth.
Third, NGOs collaborate with governments and businesses to resolve gaps and to
ensure that governments and corporations carry out their obligations towards society.
Fourth, development partners and bilateral donors are able to help in several ways,
from providing project funding based on compliance with environmental criteria to providing
government, community and local business technical expertise and capacity-building support.
They can also help share best practices around the country and encourage closer coordination
between policies, practices and sustainable development in the mining sector.
The National Economic and Development Authority ("NEDA") conducts monitoring
and surveillance in order to ensure the achievement of the SDGs in the Philippines, to ensure
cooperation among the different actors. Specifically, it is NEDA which chairs the Multi-
Sectoral Committee on International Human Development Commitments (“MC-IHDC”), which
is composed of national government agencies and non-government organizations, and
ensures the mainstreaming of the SDGs into policies of the government. On the other hand,
the Department of Interior and Local Government is in charge of the localization of SDGs
within local government units.
Other government agencies involved in mapping mining into the attainment of SDGs
in the Philippines include the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, specifically
the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (“MGB”) and the Environmental Management Bureau, the
Department of Energy, the Climate Change Commission, the Department of Labor and
Employment, the Department of Health and the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples.
The SDGs have been integrated into the Philippine Development Plan (“PDP”) 2017-
2022 and in our various sectoral development plans, and are measured and reported annually
through the Socioeconomic Report.
To support the monitoring of the SDGs and the PDP, NEDA introduced the SDG Annex
in the formulation of the 2018 Socioeconomic Report. Since the PDP is the de facto
implementation mechanism of the SDGs and the PDP is assessed through the SER, each
chapter of the PDP and SER is used to assess the contributions and consistency of the
Philippines’ actions with the global commitments of the SDGs. The SDG Annex of the SER
identifies the Philippine policies, programs, activities, and projects (“PPAPs”) that are
implemented to meet our SDG targets. The MGB’s role in implementing SDG 13 on Climate
Action, for example, is covered by the PPAPs for “Geological Assessment for Risk Reduction
and Resiliency”.

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 3. Conclusion
Mineral Industries are using natural resources equivalent of 1.5 planets per year. The
biggest challenge is overconsumption due to our way of living and how we produce goods
and services. Mineral Industry uses a lot of resources; therefore, it is the forefront on the
question of sustainability. Mineral Industry is definitely needed because it is also a part of the
renewable solution to combat climate change.
Mining, minerals and metals are important for the economic and social growth of many
countries. For modern life, minerals are important. Increasing the commitment to sustainable
production of mines, minerals and metals requires efforts at all levels to:
1. Support efforts to combat and benefit from the environment, the economy, health,
and culture over the life cycle of mining, minerals and metals, including health and
protection for workers and use a variety of collaborations, and to facilitate current
initiatives between national and foreign governments, intergovernmental
organizations, mining and workers, etc.
2. Enhance the involvement of stakeholders, including local and indigenous communities
and women, to play an active role in the production of minerals, metals and mining
throughout the life cycle of mining operations, including after closure for
rehabilitation purposes, in compliance with national regulations and taking into
account significant transboundary impacts;
3. Encourage sustainable mining practices by providing financial, technical and capacity-
building support to developing countries and countries with economies in transition
for mining and mineral processing, including small-scale mining, and, where possible
and necessary, increase value-added processing, upgrade scientific and technological
knowledge, and restore and rehabilitate
The 17 SDGs have been established as a guideline for an action plan for a sustainable
climate, together with economic development and social inclusion. Through the ability of the
sector to participate practically in the proposed 17 SDGs through efforts and cooperation
between mineral industry and government and local communities.
While some of the SDGs can sound high and difficult to achieve, there are realistic ways
in which mining companies can incorporate into their core business. In addition, it is
imperative for such companies to cooperate with other stakeholders, particularly
government, civil society and communities, along with the mining industry as a whole, to use
their resources to achieve the SDG.
The promotion of sustainable development is an economic challenge and mineral industry
is no different. The mining activities are consistent with all SDGs. However, there is a need for
government and company pressure to completely sustainable this operation, even though
the benefit or cost of its goods will decrease.
Mineral Industry businesses therefore play a major role in supporting inclusive and
egalitarian work, leading to poverty eradication. It can facilitate the dissemination through
education of awareness of the sector and the openness of information and data. In addition,
renewable energy and infrastructure can be used and distributed in a better way and the
effect on land, water and air can be mitigated. In particular, mineral industries will foster
peace in all regions, leading to each SDG achievement.

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 4. References

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artisanal mining site, northern Ghana. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 38(1),
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Armaghani, D. J., Momeni, E., Abad, S. V. A. N. K., & Khandelwal, M. (2015). Feasibility of ANFIS
model for prediction of ground vibrations resulting from quarry blasting.
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Azevedo, B.M., Erdmann, R.H., Trierweiller, A.C., Bento, V.F., 2016. Analise do sistemade
produçao e dos fatores de competitividade em uma empresa do setor de
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Botha, D., 2016. Women in mining still exploited and sexually harassed. S. Afr. J.Hum. Resour.
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