Lecture11 12
Lecture11 12
Lecture11 12
dc equivalent circuit.
Common-Emitter Circuit
dc equivalent circuit.
Common-Emitter Circuit
Load-line and Modes of operation
Ebers–Moll model.
Voltage transfer characteristics
Voltage transfer characteristics
Voltage transfer characteristics
Saturation mode
● As VB B increases (VB B > VB E (on)), IB increases and the Q-
point moves up the load-line.
● As IB continues to increase, a point is reached where IC
can no longer increase.
● At this point, the transistor is biased in the saturation
mode; that is, the transistor is said to be in saturation.
● The B–C junction becomes forward biased, and the
relationship between IB and IC is no longer linear.
● VC E (sat) is less than B–E cut-in voltage. The forward-
biased B–C voltage is always less than the forward-
biased B–E voltage, so C–E voltage in saturation is a
small positive value. VC E (sat) is in range of 0.1 to 0.3 V.
Switch, inverter
Inverter
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR BIASING
Voltage Divider Biasing and Bias Stability
Voltage Divider Biasing and Bias Stability
Voltage Divider Biasing and Bias Stability
Chapter 5 topics discussed
● 5.1: 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.4, 5.1.5
● 5.2: 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3, 5.2.4
● 5.3: 5.3.1 (before beginning of Ex 5.12)
● 5.4: 5.4.1, 5.4.2 (before beginning of Ex 5.17)