RURAL SETTLEMENTS AND ITS TYPES

 A human settlement is defined as a place inhabited more or less permanently. It is widely accepted that
settlements can be differentiated in terms of rural and urban.

 RURAL SETTLEMENT;
 Any settlements in which most of the people are engaged in primary activities such as agriculture,
forestry, mining, animal husbandry or fishing is known as a rural settlement.
 Rural settlements are most closely and directly related to land.
 The rural settlements size is relatively small.

 TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT:

 Clustered- The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built-up area of houses. Such
settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the north eastern states. Sometimes
develop along river valleys.

 Semi-clustered- Semi-clustered or fragmented settlements may result from tendency of clustering in a

restricted area of dispersed settlement. Such settlements are widespread in the Gujarat plain and some
parts of Rajasthan.
  Hamlet- These units are locally called panna, para, palli, in various parts of the country. This
segmentation of a large village is often motivated by social and ethnic factors.

 Dispersed- Dispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India appears in the form of isolated huts in remote
jungles or on small hills with farms or pasture on the slopes. Many areas of Meghalaya, Uttarakhand,
Himachal Pradesh and Kerala have this type of settlement.

Which of the following is not the characteristic of rural settlement?

Agriculture
Animal husbandry
Industry
Fishing

Which of the following rural settlement is known as palli?

Clustered
Semi-clustered
Hamleted
Dispersed

Which of the following rural settlement is also called isolated settlement?

Clustered
Dispersed
Semi-clustered
Hamleted

Which of the following rural settlement is also called fragmented settlement?

Clustered
Semi-clustered
Hamleted
Dispersed

In remote jungles or on small hills which type of could be found?

Clustered
Semi-clustered
Hamleted
Dispersed

Which types of rural settlements found in fertile alluvial plains along with river valley?
Clustered
Dispersed
Semi-clustered
Hamleted

On the basis of economic criteria human settlement could be divided into-

2 types
3 types
4 types
8 types

For the formation of hamleted which factor is more responsible?

Physical
Social
Ethnic
Both b and c.

Rural settlements are most closely and directly related to _______.

Land
Road
Trade
None of these

Which of the following rural settlement is also called nucleated settlement?

Clustered
Semi-clustered
Hamleted
Dispersed
PATTERNS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
Rectangular Pattern: This settlement type develops around the rectangular shape of the agricultural fields as it
is common to find a system of land measurement based on square units.
Square Pattern: It is the modified form of a rectangular pattern. The shape of farmland is responsible for such
villages.
Linear Pattern: When houses are arranged along the bank of a river or coastline or transportation line, the pattern
of settlement formed will be linear.

Triangular Pattern or Arrow Head Pattern: When either two roads or two rivers are converging at a point,
there will be a clustering of houses either on the doab or between the transportation lines.
Radial Pattern: When transportation lines are emerging from a point like over a dome-shaped plateau, the radial
pattern develops.

Star shaped Pattern: This pattern of settlement develops when three or more transportation lines cross each
other.

Nebular Pattern: This type of settlement pattern develops when transportation lines appear like a Nebula of
circular ring emerging from centre.

T-shaped: T-shaped settlements develop at tri-junctions of the roads.

Y-shaped: Y-shaped settlements emerge as the places where two roads converge on the third one and houses are
built along these roads.

Cross-shaped or Cruciform settlements: Cruciform settlements develop on the cross-roads and houses extend
in all the four direction.

1. Which of this is a rural settlement pattern?

a. Central business district
b. Linear
c. Suburb
d. None of these

2. Cruciform settlement pattern is also known as-

a. Nebular pattern
b. Cross shaped
c. Radial pattern
d. Triangular pattern

3. Triangular Pattern is also known as-

a. Nebular pattern
b. Cross shaped
c. Arrow head pattern
d. Radial pattern

4. _______settlement patterns are developing at tri-junctions of the roads.

a. T-shaped
b. Star-shaped
c. Cross shaped
d. Square pattern

5. Which settlement pattern developed on doab region?

a. Nebular pattern
b. Cross shaped
c. Radial pattern
d. Triangular pattern

6. Which of the settlement pattern developed the surroundings of agricultural field?

a. Rectangular pattern
b. Cross shaped
c. Nebular pattern
d. T-shaped
 7. Along with road, river and rail line which settlement pattern developed?
a. Rectangular pattern
b. Square pattern
c. Linear pattern
d. Star-shaped

8. Where several roads converge, ___________ settlement pattern developed.

a. Radial
b. Star-shaped
c. Nebular pattern
d. Cross shaped

9. When transportation lines are emerging from a point like over a dome-shaped plateau, the _______
pattern develops.
a. Rectangular pattern
b. Cross shaped
c. Radial
d. Star-shaped

10. According to the 2011 census report, the percentage of rural settlement is-
a. 65.45%
b. 68.84%
c. 31.16%
d. 75.67%

Urban Settlements
The census of India, 1991 defines urban settlements as “All places which have municipality, corporation,
cantonment board or notified town area committee and have a minimum population of 5000 persons, at least
75 per cent of male workers are engaged in non-agricultural pursuits and a density of population of at least
400 persons per square kilometres are urban.

 Categories of Urban settlements by Population Size (According to Indian Census):

Types of Town Population

Class I Town 1,00,000 or more
Class II Town 50,000 – 99,999
Class III Town 20,000 – 49,999
Class IV Town 10,000 – 19,999
Class V Town 5,000 – 9,999
Class VI Town <5000

 Urban Settlement according to their population size:

Settlements type Population Size

Town < 100,000
 City 100,000 – 1 million
Metropolis/ Million Plus Cities 1 million – 5 million
Conurbation 5 million – 10 million
Megalopolis/ Mega Cities >10 million

Conurbation: A large city and its suburbs consisting of multiple cities and towns. The term conurbation was
coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915. Example: greater London, Manchester, Chicago, Tokyo.

Twin Cities/ Sister Cities: Kolkata - Haora, Hyderabad – Secunderabad, Cuttack – Bhubaneswar.

Urban Agglomeration: An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread consisting a town and its adjoining
outgrowths (OGs).

 Million Plus Urban Agglomeration of India:

Rank Urban Agglomeration State/ Union Territory

1 Mumbai Maharashtra
2 Delhi Delhi
3 Kolkata West Bengal

 Urban Settlement according to Activity/ Function:

Types of Town Example

Administrative New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bhopal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar.
Industrial Bhilai, Jamshedpur, Salem.
Port Haldia, Kandla, Kochi, Vishakhapatnam.
Religious/ Spritual Varanasi, Mathura, Puri.
Recreational/ Tourist Darjeeling, Shimla, Mussoorie, Panchmari, Jaisalmer.
Mining Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi.
Cultural Santiniketan, Oxford, Hollywood, Paris.
Transport Nodes Mughal Sarai, Agra, Katni, Dhulia.

1. According to the Census Department of Government of India, a class Ill urban place has a population
between
a. 10,000 to 19,999
b. 20,000 to 49,999
c. 50,000 to 99.999
d. None of the above

2. Varanasi is an example of ________ city.

a. Defence
b. Administrative
c. Port
d. Religious

3. In 2011, the number of one million cities in India was-

a. 23
b. 32
c. 35
d. 53

4. Which of the following is the largest urban agglomeration in India?

a. Kolkata
b. Delhi
c. Mumbai
d. Bangalore

5. Which of the following is not a criterion for urban settlement in India?

a. minimum population should be 5000
b. at least 57 per cent of male workers are engaged in non-agricultural pursuits
c. a density of population of at least 400 persons per square kilometres
d. None of the above

6. An _________is a continuous urban spread consisting a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs).
a. City
b. Urban agglomeration
c. Suburban region
d. Urban decentralization

7. Mughal Sarai is an example of ________ city.

a. Industrial
b. Administrative
c. Mining
d. Transport node

8. Population of cities should be-

a. < 100,000
b. 100,000 – 1 million
c. 1 million – 10 million
d. >10 million

9. Which of the following is not an example of sister city?

a. Kolkata – Haora
b. Kolkata- Kalyani
c. Hyderabad – Secunderabad
d. Cuttack – Bhubaneswar

10. Which of the following is not an example of conurbation?

a. Manchester
b. Chicago
c. Vatican City
d. Tokyo

Migration

 Migration refers to movement of people from one geographical region to other due to the natural,
economic, social or cultural factors.
 According to UNO, migration is a geographical phenomenon which occurs between the two geographical
regions resulting in a permanent change in human settlement.
 In 2019, the number of migrants globally reached an estimated 272 million, 5 million more than 2010.
International migrants comprise 3.5% of the global population.
 Indian census 2011 has recorded that more than 5 million persons have migrated to India from other
countries. Out of this about 88.9% came from the neighbouring countries: Bangladesh followed by Nepal
and Pakistan.
 Maharashtra occupied first place in migrants.
 On the other hand, Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of net out- migrant from the state.
  Factors of Migration:

Push Factors Pull Factors

 Unemployment  Better job opportunities
 Poor living conditions  Suitable living
 Riot conditions
 Unpleasant climate  Peace and stability
 Natural disasters  Entertainment
 Epidemics/ Pandemic  Pleasant climate
 Socio-economic
backwardness

 Types of Migration:
 Immigration and Emigration: When people from one country move temporally or permanently to
another country. For example, if people from India move to America then for America, it is termed as
Immigration whereas for India it will be called Emigration.
 In-migration and Out-migration: In-migration is the process of people moving into a new area within
the country to live there permanently. Out-migration is the process of people moving out of an area within
the country to another area to reside permanently.
 Gross and Net migration: During any time period, the total number of persons coming in a country and
the total number of people going out of the country for residing is called gross migration. The difference
between the total number of persons coming to reside in a country and going out of the country for
residing during any time period is termed as net migration.
 Internal Migration and External Migration: Internal Migration can be defined as the human migration
within one geographical entity usually a nation, while External Migration refers to the movement of
people from one country to another for permanent settlement.
Internal migrants can be classified into following four migration streams:
(a) Rural-to-Rural
(b) Rural-to-Urban
(c) Urban-to-Urban
(d) Urban-to-Rural

 Concept of Brain drain and Brain gain:

 Brain drains: the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or
field for another usually for better pay or living conditions.
 Brain gain: an increase in the number of highly trained, foreign- born professionals entering a country
to live and work where greater opportunities are offered.

11. Emigration of educated or skilful person from one country for better pay or living conditions is
called—
a. Brain gain
b. Brain drains
c. Trans humans
d. None of these

12. Which among the following is an example of push factor of migration?

a. Better medical care
b. Job opportunities
c. Riot
d. Religious freedom

13. From which neighbouring countries, maximum migrants come to India?

a. Pakistan
b. Bangladesh
c. Nepal
d. Sri Lanka

14. Which is not a Push factor?

a. Poverty
b. Pressure of Population
c. Entertainment
d. Disaster

15. Which one of the following states receives a maximum number of immigrants?
a. Uttar Pradesh
b. Delhi
c. Maharashtra
d. Bihar

16. As per 2011 Census, how many people have migrated to India from other countries?
a. More than 5 million persons
b. More than 6 million persons
c. More than 7 million persons
d. More than 8 million persons

17. Which of the following Indian states has maximum number of net out-migrants?
a. Uttar Pradesh
b. Madhya Pradesh
c. Bihar
d. Chhattisgarh

18. How many streams are there in internal migration?

a. Four
b. Three
c. Two
d. One

19. Which among the following causes migration?

a. Push factors
b. Pull factors
c. Government policies
d. A & B both

20. Which of these is not true for migration?

a. It is a spontaneous response to uneven distribution of opportunities over space
b. People move from place of low opportunity to high opportunity
c. Creates benefits & problems for areas
d. Migration has stopped now