Hazardous waste comes from a variety of sources and poses threats to health and the environment. It is classified into several categories including radioactive substances, chemicals, biomedical waste, flammable waste, and explosives. Radioactive waste requires long term storage and isolation until it is no longer hazardous. It is generated from nuclear fuel cycles, weapons, medical, and industrial uses. Treatment methods for radioactive waste include vitrification, ion exchange, and Synroc to immobilize the waste for safe long term storage.
Hazardous Waste Management & Its Legal Requirement in IndiaNikesh Banwade
The Presentation Brief about the
Hazardous Waste,
Hazardous Waste Storage,
Hazardous Waste management,
Hazardous waste management Rule 2016,
Its legal requirement,
Hazardous waste generated at home & in Cement Manufacturing Industries.
Other Waste
2018
Manifest system
Transportation
Cement Manufacturing
AFR
Alternative Fuel and Raw Material
Cement Kiln
This document provides an overview of hazardous waste management rules and regulations in India. It discusses the key aspects of hazardous waste including definitions, characteristics, types of listed wastes, effects on human health and environment, and treatment methods. The rules classify waste as hazardous based on ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Hazardous waste must be properly stored, transported, and treated using physical, chemical, thermal, or biological processes before disposal to reduce risks. The main goals of the regulations are to safely manage hazardous waste and prevent environmental pollution.
Hazardous wastes are types of waste that are harmful to human health or the environment. They include petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, paints, dyes, fertilizers, asbestos, caustic soda, and inorganic chemicals. Nuclear waste and electronic waste can also be hazardous. Medical waste, construction waste, industrial chemicals, and waste from pharmaceutical manufacturing may contain hazardous components if not properly managed. The government has established rules to ensure the safe treatment and disposal of hazardous waste and reduce its generation.
This document discusses hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste and lists its sources such as chemical, petroleum, metal, and leather industries. Hazardous wastes are classified based on their ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The rules and regulations for hazardous waste specify responsibilities for generators and transporters for preparation, manifests, and record keeping. Transportation of hazardous waste requires packing and labeling, and storage facilities are used temporarily before treatment and disposal. The management strategy includes waste minimization, various treatment methods like physical, chemical, and biological, incineration, solidification, and finally disposal in landfills or by deep well injection.
This document provides an overview of hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste as any waste that poses a danger to health or the environment due to its physical, chemical, or other hazardous properties. It discusses various sources of hazardous waste and classifications. Treatment methods include physical, chemical, and biological processes like neutralization, oxidation, reduction, and incineration. The goals of hazardous waste management are to minimize waste and use treatment to destroy or stabilize the waste before disposal. India generates over 60 million metric tons of hazardous waste annually, with recycling accounting for around half. Proper rules, transportation, and disposal facilities are needed to safely manage hazardous waste.
STUDY FOLLOWING WASTE MINIMIZATION TECHNICS:
1)Waste minimization
2)Detoxification and neutralization of waste by treatment
3)Destructure of combustible waste by incineration
4)Solidification of sludge and ash.
5)Disposal of residues in landfills
1. Hazardous waste landfills are designed with multiple layers to prevent contamination, including compacted waste, clay and plastic linings, leachate collection systems, and groundwater monitoring wells.
2. Common hazardous wastes include cleaning products, paints, pesticides, batteries, motor oil and antifreeze which should not be thrown in the trash or poured down drains but disposed of properly.
3. Transitioning to a low-waste society requires reducing and reusing materials to minimize pollution, following principles like industrial ecology that mimic natural cycles.
This document provides an overview of hazardous waste management practices for employees, including defining hazardous waste and its characteristics, regulations around hazardous waste accumulation and storage, proper hazardous waste labeling, container management best practices, procedures for detecting leaks or spills, and steps to respond to non-emergency spills. The objectives are for employees to understand hazardous waste categories and regulations with at least 70% accuracy.
This document describes the effluent treatment plant (ETP) of Delta Knit Composite Ltd. The ETP uses a biological treatment process to treat 120 m3/hr of industrial wastewater. The treatment process includes screening, equalization, pH correction, aeration, sedimentation, sludge thickening, and recycling of sludge. The ETP is able to reduce pollutants in the wastewater and produce treated effluent that can be safely discharged and dried sludge.
This document discusses hazardous waste management. It identifies sources of hazardous waste from industries like petroleum refineries, iron and steel plants, and leather tanning. It categorizes hazardous wastes based on their ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The document outlines regulations for generators and transporters of hazardous waste regarding preparation, documentation, and record keeping. It also discusses labeling requirements and various treatment and disposal methods for hazardous waste, including minimization, physical and chemical treatment, biological treatment, incineration, solidification, and land disposal.
This document discusses the classification, characterization, and identification of hazardous waste. It begins by defining different types of solid, liquid, and hazardous wastes. It then outlines the main waste management rules in India for plastics, e-waste, bio-medical waste, and other wastes. The document explains that waste characterization is important to analyze waste composition for proper treatment. It also lists the main EPA categories for hazardous wastes, including F, K, P, and U listed wastes. Finally, it details the 13 classes of hazardous waste based on their ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity, and other dangerous characteristics.
The document is a presentation on hazardous waste and its management. It defines hazardous waste and differentiates it from toxic waste. It discusses the various sources of hazardous waste like industrial activities, mining sites, agricultural facilities etc. It describes the different types of hazardous wastes like listed wastes, characteristic wastes, universal wastes and mixed wastes. It also explains the different characteristics of hazardous waste like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity. The presentation concludes with discussing the health risks of hazardous waste and various options for its management like recovery, treatment and disposal.
The document discusses hazardous waste management and the design of a Hazardous Waste Treatment Center (HWTC). The HWTC would include facilities for liquid waste treatment, land farming, hazardous and regular waste landfilling, solidification and stabilization, and incineration. The design aims to safely manage hazardous wastes while minimizing environmental and health risks through a modular and flexible approach.
This document provides an overview of hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste and lists examples. The main types of hazardous waste are listed waste from the EPA, characteristic wastes exhibiting hazardous properties, universal wastes like batteries and lamps, and mixed wastes containing radioactive material. Proper storage and handling of hazardous waste is important, including labeling, securing containers, and limiting storage time. The document also discusses hazardous waste identification processes and the status of management in Pakistan, which restricts hazardous waste imports but lacks proper monitoring and implementation.
overview on hazardous wastes and its managementArvind Kumar
The document provides an overview of hazardous wastes and their management. It discusses several key points:
1) Hazardous waste generation has become an international problem as industrialization has increased, with developing countries like India facing growing challenges in disposal.
2) Several landmark pollution episodes involving chemicals like DDT, mercury, and PCBs highlighted the health and environmental risks of hazardous wastes.
3) Hazardous wastes are defined based on their potential to harm human health or the environment. India generates around 7 million tons annually, with most disposed in landfills.
4) Major industrial sources of hazardous wastes include chemicals, metals, and other sectors. Rules and regulations aim to ensure
This document discusses hazardous waste management in India. It provides an introduction to hazardous waste and the need for proper management. It describes India's Hazardous Waste Management Rules of 2016 and the Basel Convention on hazardous waste. It also outlines the categories of hazardous wastes in India, the basic approach to management, and key elements like identification, data collection, characterization, quantification, site identification, environmental impact assessment, and implementing treatment, storage, and disposal facilities.
Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach where producers are given responsibility for managing the disposal of products they produce once they are designated as waste. This transfers the costs of waste management from governments to producers. Under EPR frameworks, producers must organize collection and recycling/disposal systems and are responsible for reducing environmental impacts across the product lifecycle. EPR aims to encourage producers to make products more sustainable and recyclable. Plastic Waste Management Rules in India outline EPR provisions where producers, importers, and brand owners must establish waste management systems. EPR implementation requires coordination between many stakeholders like producers, local governments, waste pickers, and pollution control boards.
environmental sanitation environmental protection and control SJ BASHA
The document discusses environmental sanitation methods for various settings including hostels, hotels, and public places. It emphasizes the importance of cleanliness, hygiene, waste disposal, and pest control. For hostels specifically, it recommends daily cleaning and disinfection of common areas, proper refuse management, maintenance of sanitary pipes, a pest control program, regular toilet cleaning and maintenance, and educating residents on personal hygiene practices. For hotels, key responsibilities of the housekeeping department are outlined, including cleaning rooms and public areas, bed making, linen management, laundry services, and pest control. Proper hygiene procedures are also important for areas like the kitchen, housekeeping, and food service.
sustainability developments environmental protection and controlSJ BASHA
Sustainable development aims to meet human needs while sustaining natural systems. It requires consideration of the interconnected relationships between economy, society, and environment. Sustainability indicators measure progress on issues like quality of life, literacy, health, and standard of living. Achieving sustainability requires strategies like improving resource efficiency, reducing pollution in industrial processes, and adopting environmental management systems. Barriers include focusing solely on economic growth without regard for environmental and social impacts.
This document provides information about a 3Com 703245-501 power supply unit, including how to purchase it, payment and shipping details, warranty information, and additional services offered by Launch 3 Telecom such as repairs, maintenance contracts, and equipment deinstallation.
La valutazione del rischio chimico: normativa, metodologie e strumentiFabio Rosito
Questa presentazione vuole essere una trattazione ordinata di quanto la norma prescrive in materia di valutazione del rischio chimico. Vengono riportati gli strumenti utilizzabili tra cui il modello Al.Pi.ris.Ch della Regione Piemonte.
Este documento parece ser una lista de tareas o proyectos relacionados con la tecnología e informática. Incluye elementos como páginas de blogs, presentaciones en Slideshare, mantenimiento de artefactos tecnológicos y desarrollo científico y tecnológico. También menciona tareas como subir evidencias y trabajar con codornices.
Perpectiva micológica de los dermatofitos en el ser humanoIPN
Este documento describe la historia evolutiva de los hongos dermatofitos y su relación con los seres humanos. Los dermatofitos han estado infectando la piel, pelo y uñas de los humanos desde tiempos prehistóricos y han desarrollado la capacidad de infectar de forma específica a humanos y animales. Actualmente, existen especies de dermatofitos geófilas, zoófilas y antropófilas. El diagnóstico micológico es importante para identificar la especie causante y guiar el tratamiento correcto, ya que
Las zygomicosis son infecciones fúngicas graves y poco comunes causadas por hongos ubicuos pertenecientes a la clase Zygomycetes, los cuales están subdivididos en dos órdenes: Mucorales y Entomophthorales. Las infecciones debidas a Mucorales se caracterizan por una rápida evolución con destrucción tisular e invasión de vasos sanguíneos. Sus manifestaciones clínicas se dividen en rinocerebral, pulmonar, cutánea, gastrointestinal y diseminada. El principal
Fairy tales have common elements such as an imaginary setting, good and bad characters that may be royal or magical, and magical events. Stories often begin with phrases like "once upon a time" and include problems that are solved by the end, sometimes with a lesson learned. Fairy tales usually have a pleasing or happy ending.
This document discusses methods for solving systems of linear equations, including the traditional method, matrix method, row echelon method, Gauss elimination method, and Gauss Jordan method. It provides examples working through solving systems of equations using Gauss elimination and Gauss Jordan. The key steps of each method like constructing the augmented matrix, row operations, and back substitution are demonstrated. Related fields where linear algebra is applied are also listed.
This project was developed for a competitive intelligence company by mining data from the various information sources e.g. Company (News, Investor Section, SEC filings, Annual Reports, Presentations etc), Universities/Medical Schools/Organizations, Medical Affairs Companies, Non- Profit Medical Agency, Government Agencies, Drug Delivery Companies, Contract Manufacturing Organizations, Contract Research Organizations, Consultancies and Financial Institutions. The complete information available there complied into a single MS word document, listed in MS Excel and then by using MS publisher it was converted into the report which finally converted into PDF.
This document discusses greenhouse technology and its uses. It describes passive greenhouses, which use natural heating and cooling, and active greenhouses, which use auxiliary energy systems. Greenhouses can be used for drying crops to extend their shelf life. Different heating systems for greenhouses are also outlined, including unit heaters, boiler systems, heat distribution pipes, infrared heaters, and solar heating.
Op 23 september 2002 wordt het ministerieel besluit (MB) ‘houdende intrekking van de erkenning van het Executief van de Moslims van België als erkende instantie’ en ‘houdende erkenning van de vzw Islam Vlaanderen als erkende instantie van de erkende godsdiensten’ in Vlaanderen goedgekeurd. Bevoegd minister is Marleen Vanderpoorten.
Inspectie
Er is een instantie die moet instaan voor inspectie en erkenning van het islamonderricht. Die bevoegdheid was toegewezen aan het Executief van de Moslims van België, het EMB. De minister van Onderwijs in Vlaanderen heeft op 30 juni 2002 de erkenning echter ingetrokken en die op 1 juli 2003 toegewezen aan de VZW Islam Vlaanderen.
Achtergrond
Dat is het gevolg van de regionalisering van de materie door de Lambermont-akkoorden die van kracht werden in 2002, maar ook omdat de dynamiek van het Franstalig en het Nederlandstalig landsgedeelte verschillend was. ‘Recent, in de aanloop naar de vernieuwing van de Moslimexecutieve (waarvan het mandaat afliep op 31 mei 2004), bleek er ook onenigheid te zijn tussen het Nederlandstalig en Franstalig gedeelte: de Vlaamse moslims opteerden voor een algehele vernieuwing van de bestaande executieve, terwijl er aan Franstalige zijde een meerderheid gewonnen leek voor een gedeeltelijke (1/3de) vernieuwing via verkiezingen’, lezen we in de publicatie ‘Moskeeën, imams en islamleerkrachten in België’ van de Koning Boudewijnstichting.
air and noise pollution environmental protection and controlSJ BASHA
This document discusses various air pollution control equipment and methods used to control particulate and gaseous pollutants from industrial emissions. It describes common particulate control devices like settling chambers, fabric filters, scrubbers, cyclones, and electrostatic precipitators. Factors to consider when selecting appropriate control equipment include particulate size and loading, required efficiency, gas properties, and cost. The summary provides an overview of key pollution control technologies and design considerations.
Discusses the facets of Performance Assessment: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, types, process, guidelines and procedures and the types of rubrics
This document discusses the environmental sustainability of drilling fluids. It outlines various additives used in drilling fluids and their potential environmental effects, such as barite containing heavy metals that can impact aquatic life. Alternatives to traditional additives are proposed, such as using bacteria or biodegradable compounds. The document also covers drilling fluid waste management and disposal options like biosorption to reduce the impact of waste before disposal. It concludes that a balance is needed between well drilling requirements and environmental considerations when developing more sustainable drilling fluid solutions.
Customer Centred Business Decisions in the EnterpriseJake Causby
Presented at Enterprise UX Sydney, March 15 2017. #EUXSyd. Large organisations these days want to act like startups. They see the benefits Agile and Lean are bringing to process. How might we bring Lean methodologies to the enterprise so we can move faster, cut red tape, reduce wastage and make better decisions? Here's 8 things you can try...
Jaime de Melo - Ferdi and University of Geneva
ERF 23rd Annual Conference
Regional cooperation Peace & Development: Issues & Lessons for Mena
Amman, Jordan March 18-20, 2017
www.erf.org.eg
Revue de presse IoT / Data du 19/03/2017Romain Bochet
Bonjour,
Voici la revue de presse IoT/data/energie du 19 mars 2017.
Cette semaine, Google étend son projet de détection des potentiels toits solaires (à tester !), plusieurs villes qui ne sont pas des hubs de l’innovation se lancent dans des initiatives de smartcity et de 5G. La data des réseaux subit des évolutions dans différents points de vues, d’une fabrication qui met en doute au compteur communicant à l’exploitation (en Chine) en passant par les datacenter Schneider pour traiter les données au plus proche du lieu de leur production.
Bonne lecture et à la semaine prochaine !
Sommaire :
- Bradford City Council, the Internet-of-Things and better public service
- D’un pays à l’autre, les compteurs communicants sont-ils les mêmes ?
- Turin to become Italy’s first 5G city, aims for total deployment by 2020
- Schneider Electric targets IoT and edge apps with micro data centre
- Big data lab to boost digital economy
- Project Sunroof Now Predicting Rooftop Solar Potential In All 50 US States
This was my college assignment on Hazardous Waste Management for Environment Awareness Subject.
Index for this project is as follow:
1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
3. Methods
4. Result
5. Conslusion
The document discusses sustainable practices in waste management, focusing on hazardous waste. It defines hazardous waste and explains that state pollution control boards ensure its proper management. The document outlines various rules that govern hazardous waste in India and describes methods for identifying hazardous solid waste based on its characteristics such as flammability, toxicity, reactivity, corrosiveness, and radioactivity. It also discusses waste exchange, waste minimization, and resource recovery through recycling.
this presentation defines the types of hazardous waste and the effects that it has on human and the environment or the public health as a whole and how to manage it.
Hazardous waste is any waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Toxic wastes can be liquids, solids, gases, or sludges and require special handling. The main types of hazardous waste include nuclear waste, biomedical waste, electronic waste, and chemical waste. Hazardous waste management strategies include waste minimization, treatment through neutralization, incineration, stabilization, and disposal in specially designed landfills. Treatment methods also aim to break down waste into non-toxic forms through physical, chemical, or biological processes.
Toxic waste is waste material that can cause death, injury or birth defects to living creatures. It spreads quite easily and can contaminate lakes, rivers, and the atmosphere. The term is often used interchangeably with “hazardous waste”, or discarded material that can pose a long-term risk to health or environment.
The document discusses hazardous wastes and their characteristics. It defines hazardous waste as any waste that poses a threat to human health or the environment due to its physical, chemical, or toxic properties. Some key points made in the document include:
- Hazardous wastes are identified based on lists provided by government agencies or if they exhibit characteristics like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.
- Characteristics that make a solid waste hazardous include flammability, toxicity, reactivity, infectiousness, radioactivity, and corrosiveness.
- Waste exchange and industrial symbiosis aim to reduce waste by allowing one industry's waste to be used as a resource in another industry's
The document discusses hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste and provides examples of sources of hazardous waste such as hospitals, timber treatment, and vehicle servicing. The waste management hierarchy is described which aims to first eliminate hazardous waste production, then reduce, reuse, and recycle waste before disposal. Methods of managing hazardous waste are outlined including waste minimization techniques, chemical, physical, biological, and thermal treatment methods like incineration. The goal of treatment is to reduce the hazard and mobility of wastes to safely dispose of residues.
This document discusses hazardous waste management. It begins by explaining how population growth and development have led to increased waste production globally. It then defines hazardous waste and classifies it into categories such as biomedical waste, chemical waste, radioactive substances, flammable waste, and explosives. The document outlines various treatment methods for hazardous waste including chemical, biological, physical, and thermal processes. It also discusses standards and facilities for the storage of hazardous waste, including containers, tanks, containment buildings, drip pads, and surface impoundments. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of proper hazardous waste management for environmental protection and human health.
IRJET - Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Activated CarbonIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on treating industrial wastewater using activated carbon adsorption and advanced oxidation processes. The study investigated the effectiveness of these methods for removing various pollutants like pesticides, total solids, chlorides, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed that activated carbon was highly effective at removing pollutants, with efficiencies of over 85% for most contaminants tested. Combining activated carbon with advanced oxidation processes further increased removal of chemical oxygen demand to 85.7%. In conclusion, activated carbon and advanced oxidation processes are effective methods for industrial wastewater treatment.
Radioactive waste from nuclear medicine needs safe management to protect human health and the environment. Waste management should be planned from the start and includes segregating, collecting, treating, storing, transporting, and disposing of different types of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste. Regulations require minimizing waste volume and exposure to the public, as well as optimizing control of discharges. Proper infrastructure includes legislation, regulatory oversight, trained staff, and treatment facilities for different waste types based on factors like half-life and form.
Our world become polluted in various ways.Industrial wastages are not properly recycled or destroyed which caused diverse effects on the evironment.All wastes can not be termed as hazardous wastes.Hazardous waste and the application in these wastes in diffirent industries are vary country to country,conditions to conditions.
This document discusses various topics related to environmental management and waste management. It begins by defining waste and waste management. It then describes different types of wastes including radioactive, plastic, industrial, and human waste. Methods of waste disposal like landfills and incineration are explained. The concepts of waste minimization, reuse, recycling, energy recovery, and disposal are covered in relation to the waste hierarchy. Specific sections cover radioactive wastes, plastic waste, and sustainable forest management. Integrated water resources development and management concepts are also discussed.
Adsorptive Removal Of Dye From Industrial Dye Effluents Using Low-Cost Adsorb...IJERA Editor
Industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities of humans have affected the environmental system, resulting in drastic problems such as global warming and the generation of wastewater containing high concentration of pollutants. As water of good quality is a precious commodity and available in limited amounts, it has become highly imperative to treat wastewater for removal of pollutants. In addition, the rapid modernization of society has also led to the generation of huge amount of materials of little value that have no fruitful use. Such materials are generally considered as waste, and their disposal is a problem. The utilization of all such materials as low-cost adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater may make them of some value. An effort has been made to give a brief idea about the low-cost alternative adsorbents with a view to utilizing these waste/low-cost materials in the treatment of wastewater.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the biosorption of cadmium (Cd) from aqueous solution onto sweet potato skin (SPS). The amount of Cd adsorbed was found to depend on solution pH, contact time, and initial Cd concentration. Equilibrium data fit the Freundlich isotherm model best. Thermodynamic parameters indicated the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The study characterized the functional groups of SPS and evaluated it as a potential low-cost biosorbent for removing heavy metals like Cd from wastewater.
This document discusses various types and methods of waste management. It begins by defining hazardous waste and identifying the main types as gaseous, liquid, and solid. It then outlines steps for waste inventory, characterization, segregation, and minimization. Various treatment and disposal methods are described such as landfilling, chemical treatment, biological treatment, thermal treatments, physical treatments, solidification/encapsulation, and energy recovery from waste incineration. The overall document provides an overview of classifying, handling, and processing different categories of waste.
The document discusses various topics related to hazardous waste management including:
1. Sources, characteristics and types of hazardous wastes from different industries and activities.
2. Methods of collection, transport, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes which include landfilling, incineration, stabilization, solidification, and recycling.
3. Regulations and facilities for treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes to ensure safety and protect the environment.
This document summarizes a seminar on hazardous waste management. It discusses the classification and basic approaches to hazardous waste management, including treatment, storage, and containers. Treatment methods are described like biological oxidation, chemical precipitation, and membrane separation technologies. Storage of hazardous waste must comply with regulations and is usually in containers, tanks, or containment buildings temporarily until treatment or disposal. Proper management of hazardous waste is important for environmental and human safety.
Solid and hazardous waste management is important for environmental and public health. Solid waste includes materials like food, plastic bags, and yard waste. Hazardous waste can be dangerous if not properly disposed of. The key aspects of waste management are proper collection, transportation, and disposal of waste, including recycling and treatment. Improper management of waste can lead to pollution, disease transmission, and other health issues.
Profitability and efficiency analyses of organic temperate vegetable producti...Open Access Research Paper
This research analyzed the profitability and efficiency of organic temperate vegetable production through the supply chain approach. Survey, key informant interviews, participant observation and archival research were used to gather data. Thirty eight (38) producers and 11 traders in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Region III and Region IVA served as respondents. Descriptive statistics, cost and return analysis and efficiency analysis were used to analyze research results. The emergence of new breeds of players makes the marketing channel of organic vegetables in the CAR complex compared to a simpler, more modern and integrated chain in the regions outside of the CAR. The six key players in the marketing of organic vegetables are the cooperative, assembler-wholesaler-retailer, assembler-wholesaler, assembler- retailer, retailer and institutional buyers. Returns to total expenses were highest for native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli and lettuce ranging from 100 percent to 235 percent. Native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli, French beans, and lettuce give higher profits to farmers ranging from 49.00 pesos to 71.00 pesos per kilogram. The production of cabbage, native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli, French beans, and lettuce requires low capital, labor and land use intensity indicating high efficiency. Value chain and marketing margin analyses show cost and margin differentials across players and across geographic locations indicating variations in the distribution of benefits among key actors. With the premium price that organic products command and the low capitalization, land and labor utilization needed, organic temperate vegetable production is profitable and efficient which determine its sustainability in the long run.
Denzel Washington Siblings: A Comprehensive Look at the Family Behind the Legendgreendigital
Introduction
Denzel Washington is synonymous with exceptional talent and a distinguished career in Hollywood. But, behind the celebrated actor is a family that has shaped the man we see today. This article delves deep into the lives of Denzel Washington siblings. Exploring their individual stories, relationships, and contributions to the Washington family's legacy.
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Early Life and Family Background
The Washington Family Roots
Denzel Washington was born on December 28, 1954, in Mount Vernon. New York, to Reverend Denzel Hayes Washington Sr. and Lennis "Lynne" Lowe Washington. His parents were pivotal figures in their community. with his father serving as a Pentecostal minister and his mother as a beauty parlor owner. This robust and faith-driven upbringing laid the foundation for the values and discipline that Denzel and his siblings would carry throughout their lives.
Siblings: An Overview
Denzel Washington is one of three children. His older sister, Lorice Washington, and younger brother. David Washington, have each carved out their paths. contributing to their family and society. This section overviews their early lives before diving into more detailed biographies.
Lorice Washington: The Eldest Sister
Early Life and Education
Lorice Washington, the eldest of the Washington siblings. was born in Mount Vernon, New York. Growing up in a household that emphasized education and hard work. Lorice excelled in her studies and known for her nurturing nature. She often took on a caretaking role for her younger brothers.
Career and Personal Life
Lorice pursued a career in education, inspired by her parents' commitment to community and service. She became a well-respected teacher. dedicating her life to shaping young minds and fostering a love for learning. Lorice's influence on her students and her dedication to her profession reflect the values instilled in her by her parents.
Relationship with Denzel
As the eldest sibling, Lorice has always shared a close bond with Denzel. Their relationship characterized by mutual respect and admiration. Denzel often credits his sister for her unwavering support and for being a role model in his life. Their sibling bond has remained strong over the years. with Lorice playing a pivotal role in Denzel's personal and professional life.
David Washington: The Younger Brother
Early Life and Education
David Washington, the youngest of the Washington siblings. was also born in Mount Vernon, New York. Like his siblings, David raised in a household that valued discipline, education, and faith. He attended local schools and known for his athletic abilities and charming personality.
Career and Personal Life
Unlike his famous brother, David's career path diverged from the entertainment industry. He pursued a business career, leveraging his skills and education to build a successful professional life. David's entrepreneurial spirit and dedication to his work are testaments to the strong work et
@Call @Girls Vashi phone 9920874524 You Are Serach A Beautyfull Dolle come here
hazardous waste environmental protection and control
1. Hazardous Waste
1 Environmental Pollution and Control| Syed Jeelani Basha Asst Prof.
Unit 5
Hazardous Waste: Characterization – Nuclear waste – Biomedical wastes – Electronic wastes –
Chemical wastes – Treatment and management of hazardous waste-Disposal and Control
methods.
Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the
environment.
Hazardous wastes refer to wastes that may cause adverse health effects on the ecosystem and
human beings.
These wastes pose present or potential risks to human health or living organisms, due to the fact
that they are
Non-degradable or persistent in nature;
Biologically magnified;
Highly toxic and even lethal at very low concentrations.
Characteristics of hazardous wastes
The regulations define characteristic hazardous wastes as wastes that exhibit measurable
properties posing sufficient threats to warrant regulation. For a waste to be deemed a
characteristic hazardous waste, it must cause, or significantly contribute to, an increased mortality
or an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness, or pose a substantial
hazard or threat of a hazard to human health or the environment, when it is improperly treated,
stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise mismanaged.
(i) Ignitability: A waste is an ignitable hazardous waste, if it has a flash point of less than 60o
C;
readily catches fire and burns so vigorously as to create a hazard; or is an ignitable compressed
gas or an oxidiser. A simple method of determining the flash point of a waste is to review the
material safety data sheet, which can be obtained from the manufacturer or distributor of the
material. Naphtha, lacquer thinner, epoxy resins, adhesives and oil based paints are all examples
of ignitable hazardous wastes.
(ii) Corrosivity: A liquid waste which has a pH of less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal
to 12.5 is considered to be a corrosive hazardous waste. Sodium hydroxide, a caustic solution
with a high pH, is often used by many industries to clean or degrease metal parts. Hydrochloric
acid, a solution with a low pH, is used by many industries to clean metal parts prior to painting.
When these caustic or acid solutions are disposed of, the waste is a corrosive hazardous waste.
(iii) Reactivity: A material is considered a reactive hazardous waste, if it is unstable, reacts
violently with water, generates toxic gases when exposed to water or corrosive materials, or if it
2. Hazardous Waste
2 Environmental Pollution and Control| Syed Jeelani Basha Asst Prof.
is capable of detonation or explosion when exposed to heat or a flame. Examples of reactive
wastes would be waste gunpowder, sodium metal or wastes containing cyanides or sulphides.
(iv) Toxicity: To determine if a waste is a toxic hazardous waste, a representative sample of the
material must be subjected to a test conducted in a certified laboratory. The toxic characteristic
identifies wastes that are likely to leach dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals into ground
water.
Classification
From a practical standpoint, there are far too many compounds, products and product
combinations that fit within the broad definition of hazardous waste. For this reason, groups of
waste are considered in the following five general categories:
(i) Radioactive substance: Substances that emit ionising radiation are radioactive. Such
substances are hazardous because prolonged exposure to radiation often results in damage to
living organisms. Radioactive substances are of special concern because they persist for a long
period. The period in which radiation occurs is commonly measured and expressed as half-life,
i.e., the time required for the radioactivity of a given amount of the substance to decay to half its
initial value. For example, uranium compounds have half-lives that range from 72 years for U232
to 23,420,000 years for U236. The management of radioactive wastes is highly controlled by
national and state regulatory agencies. Disposal sites that are used for the long-term storage of
radioactive wastes are not used for the disposal of any other solid waste.
(ii) Chemicals: Most hazardous chemical wastes can be classified into four groups: synthetic
organics, inorganic metals, salts, acids and bases, and flammables and explosives. Some of the
chemicals are hazardous because they are highly toxic to most life forms. When such hazardous
compounds are present in a waste stream at levels equal to, or greater than, their threshold levels,
the entire waste stream is identified as hazardous.
(iii) Biomedical wastes: The principal sources of hazardous biological wastes are hospitals and
biological research facilities. The ability to infect other living organisms and the ability to
produce toxins are the most significant characteristics of hazardous biological wastes. This group
mainly includes malignant tissues discarded during surgical procedures and contaminated
materials, such as hypodermic needles, bandages and outdated drugs. This waste can also be
generated as a by-product of industrial biological conversion processes.
(iv) Flammable wastes: Most flammable wastes are also identified as hazardous chemical
wastes. This dual grouping is necessary because of the high potential hazard in storing, collecting
and disposing of flammable wastes. These wastes may be liquid, gaseous or solid, but most often
they are liquids. Typical examples include organic solvents, oils, plasticisers and organic sludges.
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(v) Explosives: Explosive hazardous wastes are mainly ordnance (artillery) materials, i.e., the
wastes resulting from ordnance manufacturing and some industrial gases. Similar to flammables,
these wastes also have a high potential for hazard in storage, collection and disposal, and
therefore, they should be considered separately in addition to being listed as hazardous chemicals.
These wastes may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous form.
vi) Household hazardous wastes: Household wastes such as cleaning chemicals, batteries, nail
polish etc in MSW constitute hazardous waste. Especially batteries contain mercury which are
alkaline which is dangerous enough to kill people. Generic household hazardous material include
non-chlorinated organic, chlorinated organic, pesticides, latex paint, oil based paints, waste oil,
automobile battery and household battery.
Nuclear or Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material. Radioactive waste is usually a by-
product of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear
technology, such as research and medicine. Radioactive waste is hazardous to most forms of life
and the environment, and is regulated by government agencies in order to protect human health
and the environment.
Radioactivity naturally decays over time, so radioactive waste has to be isolated and confined in
appropriate disposal facilities for a sufficient period until it no longer poses a threat. The time
radioactive waste must be stored for depends on the type of waste and radioactive isotopes.
Current major approaches to managing radioactive waste have been segregation and storage for
short-lived waste, near-surface disposal for low and some intermediate level waste, and deep
burial or partitioning / transmutation for the high-level waste.
Sources of radioactive waste:
Radioactive waste comes from a number of sources
Nuclear fuel cycle
Nuclear weapons decommissioning
Medical
Industrial
Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)
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Management of radioactive waste:
1 Initial treatment of waste
1.1 Vitrification
Long-term storage of radioactive waste requires the stabilization of the waste into a form which
will neither react nor degrade for extended periods. It is theorized that one way to do this might
be through vitrification.
Currently at Sellafield the high-level waste is mixed with sugar and then calcined.
Calcination involves passing the waste through a heated, rotating tube. The purposes of
calcination are to evaporate the water from the waste, and de-nitrate the fission products to assist
the stability of the glass produced.
The 'calcine' generated is fed continuously into an induction heated furnace with fragmented
glass. The resulting glass is a new substance in which the waste products are bonded into the
glass matrix when it solidifies. As a melt, this product is poured into stainless steel cylindrical
containers (―cylinders‖) in a batch process. When cooled, the fluid solidifies (―vitrifies‖) into the
glass. After being formed, the glass is highly resistant to water. After filling a cylinder, a seal is
welded onto the cylinder head. The cylinder is then washed. After being inspected for external
contamination, the steel cylinder is stored usually in an underground repository. In this form, the
waste products are expected to be immobilized for thousands of years.
1.2 Ion exchange
It is common for medium active wastes in the nuclear industry to be treated with ion exchange or
other means to concentrate the radioactivity into a small volume. The much less radioactive bulk
(after treatment) is often then discharged. For instance, it is possible to use a ferric hydroxide floc
to remove radioactive metals from aqueous mixtures. After the radioisotopes are absorbed onto
the ferric hydroxide, the resulting sludge can be placed in a metal drum before being mixed with
cement to form a solid waste form. In order to get better long-term performance (mechanical
stability) from such forms, they may be made from a mixture of fly ash, or blast furnace slag, and
Portland cement, instead of normal concrete (made with Portland cement, gravel and sand).
1.3 Synroc
The Australian Synroc (synthetic rock) is a more sophisticated way to immobilize such waste,
and this process may eventually come into commercial use for civil wastes (it is currently being
developed for US military wastes). Synroc was invented by Prof Ted Ringwood (a geochemist) at
the Australian National University. The Synroc contains pyrochlore and cryptomelane type
minerals. The original form of Synroc (Synroc C) was designed for the liquid high level waste
from a light water reactor. The main minerals in this Synroc are
hollandite (BaAl2Ti6O16), zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) and perovskite (CaTiO3). The zirconolite
and perovskite are hosts for the actinides. The strontium and barium will be fixed in the
perovskite. The caesium will be fixed in the hollandite.
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2 Long term management of waste
The time frame in question when dealing with radioactive waste ranges from 10,000 to 1,000,000
years, according to studies based on the effect of estimated radiation doses. Researchers suggest
that forecasts of health detriment for such periods should be examined critically. Practical studies
only consider up to 100 years as far as effective planning and cost evaluations are concerned.
Long term behaviour of radioactive wastes remains a subject for ongoing research projects in
geoforecasting.
2.1 Above-ground disposal
Dry cask storage typically involves taking waste from a spent fuel pool and sealing it (along with
an inert gas) in a steel cylinder, which is placed in a concrete cylinder which acts as a radiation
shield. It is a relatively inexpensive method which can be done at a central facility or adjacent to
the source reactor. The waste can be easily retrieved for reprocessing.
2.2 Geologic disposal
The process of selecting appropriate deep final repositories for high level waste and spent fuel is
now under way in several countries with the first expected to be commissioned sometime after
2010. The basic concept is to locate a large, stable geologic formation and use mining technology
to excavate a tunnel, or large-bore tunnel boring machines (similar to those used to drill the
Channel Tunnel from England to France) to drill a shaft 500 metres to 1,000 metres below the
surface where rooms or vaults can be excavated for disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The
goal is to permanently isolate nuclear waste from the human environment.
Many people remain uncomfortable with the immediate stewardship cessation of this disposal
system, suggesting perpetual management and monitoring would be more prudent.
Because some radioactive species have half-lives longer than one million years, even very low
container leakage and radionuclide migration rates must be taken into account. Moreover, it may
require more than one half life until some nuclear materials lose enough radioactivity to cease
being lethal to living things. A 1983 review of the Swedish radioactive waste disposal program
by the National Academy of Sciences found that country’s estimate of several hundred thousand
years—perhaps up to one million years—being necessary for waste isolation ―fully justified.‖
Ocean floor disposal of radioactive waste has been suggested by the finding that deep waters in
the North Atlantic Ocean do not present an exchange with shallow waters for about 140 years
based on oxygen content data recorded over a period of 25 years. They include burial beneath a
stable abyssal plain, burial in a subduction zone that would slowly carry the waste downward into
the Earth’s mantle, and burial beneath a remote natural or human-made island. While these
approaches all have merit and would facilitate an international solution to the problem of disposal
of radioactive waste, they would require an amendment of the Law of the Sea.
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2.3 Re-use of waste
Main article: Nuclear reprocessing
Another option is to find applications for the isotopes in nuclear waste so as to re-use them.
Already, caesium-137, strontium-90 and a few other isotopes are extracted for certain industrial
applications such as food irradiation and radioisotope thermoelectric generators. While re-use
does not eliminate the need to manage radioisotopes, it reduces the quantity of waste produced.
The Nuclear Assisted Hydrocarbon Production
Method, Canadian patent application 2,659,302, is a method for the temporary or permanent
storage of nuclear waste materials comprising the placing of waste materials into one or more
repositories or boreholes constructed into an unconventional oil formation. The thermal flux of
the waste materials fractures the formation and alters the chemical and/or physical properties of
hydrocarbon material within the subterranean formation to allow removal of the altered material.
A mixture of hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and/or other formation fluids is produced from the
formation. The radioactivity of high-level radioactive waste affords proliferation resistance to
plutonium placed in the periphery of the repository or the deepest portion of a borehole.
Breeder reactors can run on U-238 and transuranic elements, which comprise the majority of
spent fuel radioactivity in the 1,000–100,000-year time span.
2.4 Space disposal
Space disposal is attractive because it removes nuclear waste from the planet. It has significant
disadvantages, such as the potential for catastrophic failure of a launch vehicle, which could
spread radioactive material into the atmosphere and around the world. A high number of launches
would be required because no individual rocket would be able to carry very much of the material
relative to the total amount that needs to be disposed of. This makes the proposal impractical
economically and it increases the risk of at least one or more launch failures.
To further complicate matters, international agreements on the regulation of such a program
would need to be established. Costs and inadequate reliability of modern rocket launch systems
for space disposal has been one of the motives for interest in non-rocket space launch systems
such as mass drivers, space elevators, and other proposals.
3 National management plans
Most countries are considerably ahead of the United States in developing plans for high-level
radioactive waste disposal.
4 Illegal dumping
Authorities in Italy are investigating a 'Ndrangheta mafia clan accused of trafficking and illegally
dumping nuclear waste. According to a whistleblower, a manager of the Italy’s state energy
research agency Enea paid the clan to get rid of 600 drums of toxic and radioactive waste from
Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, and the US, with Somalia as the destination, where the
waste was buried after buying off local politicians. Former employees of Enea are suspected of
paying the criminals to take waste off their hands in the 1980s and 1990s.
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Biomedical waste
Biomedical waste is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially infectious)
materials.[1] It may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that
visually appears to be of medical or laboratory origin (e.g., packaging, unused bandages, infusion
kits, etc.), as well research laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are
restricted from environmental release.
Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid. Examples of infectious waste include discarded blood,
sharps, unwanted microbiological cultures and stocks, identifiable body parts (including those as
a result of amputation), other human or animal tissue, used bandages and dressings, discarded
gloves, other medical supplies that may have been in contact with blood and body fluids, and
laboratory waste that exhibits the characteristics described above. Waste sharps include
potentially contaminated used (and unused discarded) needles, scalpels, lancets and other devices
capable of penetrating skin.
Biomedical waste is generated from biological and medical sources and activities, such as the
diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases. Common generators (or producers) of biomedical
waste include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, medical research laboratories, offices of
physicians, dentists, and veterinarians, home health care, and funeral homes. In healthcare
facilities (i.e., hospitals, clinics, doctors offices, veterinary hospitals and clinical laboratories),
waste with these characteristics may alternatively be called medical or clinical waste.
Risk to human health
Disposal of this waste is an environmental concern, as many medical wastes are classified as
infectious or biohazardous and could potentially lead to the spread of infectious disease. The most
common danger for humans is the infection which also affects other living organisms in the
region. Daily exposure to the waste (landfill) leads to accumulation of harmful substances or
microbes in the person’s body.
Management
Biomedical waste must be properly managed and disposed of to protect the environment, general
public and workers, especially healthcare and sanitation workers who are at risk of exposure to
biomedical waste as an occupational hazard. Steps in the management of biomedical waste
include generation, accumulation, handling, storage, treatment, transport and disposal.
1. On-site and off-site
Disposal occurs off-site, at a location that is different from the site of generation. Treatment may
occur onsite or off-site. On-site treatment of large quantities of biomedical waste usually requires
the use of relatively expensive equipment, and is generally only cost effective for very large
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hospitals and major universities who have the space, labour and budget to operate such
equipment. Offsite treatment and disposal involves hiring of a biomedical waste disposal service
(also called a truck service) whose employees are trained to collect and haul away biomedical
waste in special containers (usually cardboard boxes, or reusable plastic bins) for treatment at a
facility designed to handle biomedical waste.
2. Generation and accumulation
Biomedical waste should be collected in containers that are leak-proof and sufficiently strong to
prevent breakage during handling. Containers of biomedical waste are marked with a biohazard
symbol. The container, marking, and labels are often red.
Discarded sharps are usually collected in specialized boxes, often called needle boxes.
3. Handling
Handling refers to the act of manually moving biomedical waste between the point of generation,
accumulation areas, storage locations and on-site treatment facilities.
Workers who handle biomedical waste should observe standard precautions.
4. Treatment
The goals of biomedical waste treatment are to reduce or eliminate the waste’s hazards, and
usually to make the waste unrecognizable. Treatment should render the waste safe for subsequent
handling and disposal. There are several treatment methods that can accomplish these goals.
Biomedical waste is often incinerated. An efficient incinerator will destroy pathogens and sharps.
Source materials are not recognizable in the resulting ash.
An autoclave may also be used to treat biomedical waste.
An autoclave uses steam and pressure to sterilize the waste or reduce its microbiological load to a
level at which it may be safely disposed of. Many healthcare facilities routinely use an autoclave
to sterilize medical supplies. If the same autoclave is used to sterilize supplies and treat
biomedical waste, administrative controls must be used to prevent the waste operations from
contaminating the supplies.
Effective administrative controls include operator training, strict procedures, and separate times
and space for processing biomedical waste.
For liquids and small quantities, a 1–10% solution of bleach can be used to disinfect biomedical
waste. Solutions of sodium hydroxide and other chemical disinfectants may also be used,
depending on the waste’s characteristics. Other treatment methods include heat, alkaline digesters
and the use of microwaves.
For autoclaves and microwave systems, a shredder may be used as a final treatment step to render
the waste unrecognizable.
The international symbol for biological hazard
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In India, The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules, 1998 and further amendments were passed for the regulation of bio-medical waste
management. On 28 th March 2016 Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 were also
notified by Central Govt. Each state’s Pollution Control Board or Pollution control Committee
will be responsible for implementing the new legislation.
In India, there are a number of different disposal methods, yet most are harmful rather than
helpful. If body fluids are present, the material needs to be incinerated or put into an autoclave.
Although this is the proper method, most medical facilities fail to follow the regulations. It is
often found that biomedical waste is put into the ocean, where it eventually washes up on shore,
or in landfills due to improper sorting when in the medical facility. Improper disposal can lead to
many diseases in animals as well as humans. For example, animals, such as cows in Pondicherry,
India, are consuming the infected waste and eventually, these infections can be transported to
humans through eating of the meat.
Electronic waste
Electronic waste or E-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used
electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal are also considered
e-waste. Informal processing of e waste in developing countries can lead to adverse human health
effects and environmental pollution.
Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful components such as
lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Recycling and disposal of e-waste
may involve significant risk to workers and communities in developed countries and great care
must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaking of materials such as
heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.
―Electronic waste‖ or ―E-Waste‖ may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic
equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators.
This includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal.
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Others are re-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel,
plastic, etc.) to be ―commodities‖, and reserve the term ―waste‖ for residue or material which is
dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations,
because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-
recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term ―e-waste‖ broadly to all surplus
electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are considered one of the hardest types to recycle.
Environmental impact
The processes of dismantling and disposing of electronic waste in developing countries led to a
number of environmental impacts as illustrated in the graphic. Liquid and atmospheric releases
end up in bodies of water, groundwater, soil, and air and therefore in land and sea animals – both
domesticated and wild, in crops eaten by both animals and human, and in drinking water.
One study of environmental effects in Guiyu, China found the following:
Airborne dioxins – one type found at 100 times levels previously measured
Levels of carcinogens in duck ponds and rice paddies exceeded international standards for
agricultural areas and cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead levels in rice paddies were above
international standards
Heavy metals found in road dust – lead over 300 times that of a control village’s road dust
and copper over 100 times
E-waste management
Recycling
One of the major challenges is recycling the printed circuit boards from the electronic wastes.
The circuit boards contain such precious metals as gold, silver, platinum, etc. and such base
metals as copper, iron, aluminum, etc.
One way e-waste is processed is by melting circuit boards, burning cable sheathing to recover
copper wire and open pit acid leaching for separating metals of value. Conventional method
employed is mechanical shredding and separation but the recycling efficiency is low. Alternative
methods such as cryogenic decomposition have been studied for printed circuit board recycling,
and some other methods are still under investigation. Properly disposing of or reusing electronics
can help prevent health problems, reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, and create jobs. Reuse and
refurbishing offer a more environmentally friendly and socially conscious alternative to down-
cycling processes.
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Chemical waste
A chemical waste is a solid, liquid, or gaseous material that displays either a ―Hazardous
Characteristic‖ or is specifically ―listed‖ by name as a hazardous waste.
There are four characteristics chemical wastes may have to be considered as hazardous. These are
Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, and Toxicity. This type of hazardous waste must be
categorized as to its identity, constituents, and hazards so that it may be safely handled and
managed.
Laboratory waste containers
Packaging, labelling, storage are the three requirements for disposing chemical waste.
1. Packaging
For packaging, chemical liquid waste containers should only be filled up to 75% capacity to
allow for vapour expansion and to reduce potential spills which could occur from moving
overfilled containers. Container material must be compatible with the stored hazardous waste.
Finally, wastes must not be packaged in containers that improperly identify other non existing
hazards.
In addition to the general packaging requirements mentioned above, incompatible materials
should never be mixed together in a single container. Wastes must be stored in containers
compatible with the chemicals stored as mentioned in the container compatibility section.
Solvent safety cans should to be used to collect and temporarily store large volumes (10–20 litres)
of flammable organic waste solvents, precipitates, solids or other non-fluid wastes should not be
mixed into safety cans.
2. Labelling
Label all containers with the group name from the chemical waste category and an itemized list
of the contents.
All chemicals or anything contaminated with chemicals posing a significant hazard. All waste
must be appropriately packaged.
3. Storage
When storing chemical wastes, the containers must be in good condition and should remain
closed unless waste is being added. Hazardous waste must be stored safely prior to removal from
the laboratory and should not be allowed to accumulate. Container should be sturdy and
leakproof, also has to be labeled. All liquid waste must be stored in leakproof containers with a
screw- top or other secure lid. Snap caps, mis-sized caps, parafilm and other loose fitting lids are
not acceptable. If necessary, transfer waste material to a container that can be securely closed.
Keep waste containers closed except when adding waste. Secondary containment should be in
place to capture spills and leaks from the primary container, segregate incompatible hazardous
wastes, such as acids and bases.
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Hazardous waste management
1. Generation
Hazardous wastes are generated in limited amounts in a community and very little information is
available on the quantities of hazardous waste generated within a community and in various
industries. Hazardous waste generation outside the industry is irregular and very less in amount,
rendering the waste generation parameter meaningless. The only practical means to overcome
these limitations is to conduct a detailed inventory and measurement studies at each potential
source in a community. As a first step in developing a community inventory, potential sources of
hazardous waste are to be identified. The total annual quantity of hazardous waste at any given
source in a community must be established through data inventory completed during onsite visits.
Waste
Category
Sources
Radioactive
substances
Biomedical research facilities, colleges and
university laboratories, offices, hospitals, nuclear
power plants, etc.
Toxic
chemicals
Agricultural chemical companies, battery shops,
car washes, chemical shops, college and university
laboratories, construction companies, electric
utilities, hospitals and clinics, industrial cooling
towers, newspaper and photographic solutions,
nuclear power plants, pest control agencies,
photographic processing facilities, plating shops,
service stations, etc.
Biological
wastes
Biomedical research facilities, drug companies,
hospitals, medical clinics, etc.
Flammable
wastes
Dry cleaners, petroleum reclamation plants,
petroleum refining and processing facilities,
service stations, tanker truck cleaning stations, etc.
Explosives Construction companies, dry cleaners, ammunition
production facilities, etc.
2. Storage and collection
Onsite storage practices are a function of the types and amounts of hazardous wastes generated
and the period over which generation occurs. Usually, when large quantities are generated,
special facilities are used that have sufficient capacity to hold wastes accumulated over a period
of several days. When only a small amount is generated, the waste can be containerised, and
limited quantity may be stored. Containers and facilities used in hazardous waste storage and
handling are selected on the basis of waste characteristics. For example, corrosive acids or caustic
solutions are stored in fibreglass or glass-lined containers to prevent deterioration of metals in the
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container. Great care must also be exercised to avoid storing incompatible wastes in the same
container or locations.
Light-Gauge Closed Head Drum
Light-Gauge Open Head Drum
The waste generator, or a specialised hauler, generally collects the hazardous waste for delivery
to a treatment or disposal site. The loading of collection vehicles is completed in either of the
following ways:
(i) Wastes stored in large-capacity tanks are either drained or pumped into collection vehicles;
(ii) Wastes stored in sealed drums or sealed containers are loaded by hand or by mechanical
equipment onto flatbed trucks.
3. Transfer and transport
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The facilities of a hazardous waste transfer station are quite different from solid waste transfer
station. Typically, hazardous wastes are not compacted (i.e., mechanical volume reduction) or
delivered by numerous community residents. Instead, liquid hazardous wastes are generally
pumped from collection vehicles and sludge or solids are reloaded without removal from the
collection containers for transport to processing and disposal facilities.
It is unusual to find a hazardous waste transfer facility, where wastes are simply transferred to
larger transport vehicles. Some processing and storage facilities are often part of the material
handling sequence at a transfer station.
4. Processing
Processing of hazardous waste is done for purposes of recovering useful materials and preparing
the wastes for disposal.
Processing can be accomplished on-site or off-site. The variables affecting the selection of
processing site include the characteristics of wastes, the quantity of wastes, the technical,
economical and environmental aspects of available on-site treatment processes and the
availability of the nearest off-site treatment facility (e.g., haul distance, fees, and exclusions). The
treatment of hazardous waste can be accomplished by physical, chemical, thermal or biological
means.
5. Disposal
Regardless of their form (i.e., solid, liquid, or gas), most hazardous waste is disposed off either
near the surface or by deep burial.
Hazardous waste treatment
1.Physical and chemical treatment
Physical and chemical treatments are an essential part of most hazardous waste treatment
operations, and the treatments include the following
(i) Filtration and separation: Filtration is a method for separating solid particles from a liquid
using a porous medium. The driving force in filtration is a pressure gradient, caused by gravity,
centrifugal force, vacuum, or pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The application of
filtration for treatment of hazardous waste fall into the following categories:
Clarification, in which suspended solid particles less than 100 ppm (parts per million)
concentration are removed from an aqueous stream. This is usually accomplished by depth
filtration and cross-flow filtration and the primary aim is to produce a clear aqueous effluent,
which can either be discharged directly, or further processed. The suspended solids are
concentrated in a reject stream.
Dewatering of slurries of typically 1% to 30 % solids by weight. Here, the aim is to
concentrate the solids into a phase or solid form for disposal or further treatment. This is
usually accomplished by cake filtration. The filtration treatment, for example, can be used for
neutralisation of strong acid with lime or limestone, or precipitation of dissolved heavy
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metals as carbonates or sulphides followed by settling and thickening of the resulting
precipitated solids as slurry. The slurry can be dewatered by cake filtration and the effluent
from the settling step can be filtered by depth filtration prior to discharge.
(ii) Chemical precipitation: This is a process by which the soluble substance is converted to an
insoluble form either by a chemical reaction or by change in the composition of the solvent to
diminish the solubility of the substance in it. Settling and/or filtration can then remove the
precipitated solids. In the treatment of hazardous waste, the process has a wide applicability in the
removal of toxic metal from aqueous wastes by converting them to an insoluble form. This
includes wastes containing arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel,
selenium, silver, thallium and zinc. The sources of wastes containing metals are metal plating and
polishing, inorganic pigment, mining and the electronic industries. Hazardous wastes containing
metals are also generated from cleanup of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites, e.g., leachate or
contaminated ground water.
(iii) Chemical oxidation and reduction (redox): In these reactions, the oxidation state of one
reactant is raised, while that of the other reactant is lowered. When electrons are removed from an
ion, atom, or molecule, the substance is oxidised and when electrons are added to a substance, it
is reduced. Such reactions are used in treatment of metal-bearing wastes, sulphides, cyanides and
chromium and in the treatment of many organic wastes such as phenols, pesticides and sulphur
containing compounds. Since these treatment processes involve chemical reactions, both
reactants are generally in solution. However, in some cases, a solution reacts with a slightly
soluble solid or gas.
There are many chemicals, which are oxidising agents; but relatively few of them are used for
waste treatment. Some of the commonly used oxidising agents are sodium hypochlorite,
hydrogen peroxide, calcium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate and ozone. Reducing agents
are used to treat wastes containing hexavalent chromium, mercury, organometallic compounds
and chelated metals. Some of the compounds used as reducing agents are sulphur dioxide, sodium
borohydride, etc. In general, chemical treatment costs are highly influenced by the chemical cost.
This oxidation and reduction treatment tends to be more suitable for low concentration (i.e., less
than 1%) in wastes.
(iv) Solidification and stabilisation: In hazardous waste management, solidification and
stabilisation (S/S) is a term normally used to designate a technology employing activities to
reduce the mobility of pollutants, thereby making the waste acceptable under current land
disposal requirements. Solidification and stabilisation are treatment processes designed to
improve waste handling and physical characteristics, decrease surface area across which
pollutants can transfer or leach, limit the solubility or detoxify the hazardous constituent. To
understand this technology, it is important for us to understand the following terms:
Solidification: This refers to a process in which materials are added to the waste to produce a
solid. It may or may not involve a chemical bonding between the toxic contaminant and the
additive.
Stabilisation: This refers to a process by which a waste is converted to a more chemically stable
form. Subsuming solidification, stabilisation represents the use of a chemical reaction to
transform the toxic component to a new, non-toxic compound or substance.
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Chemical fixation: This implies the transformation of toxic contaminants to a new non-toxic
compound. The term has been misused to describe processes, which do not involve chemical
bonding of the contaminant to the binder.
Encapsulation: This is a process involving the complete coating or enclosure of a toxic particle
or waste agglomerate with a new substance (e.g., S/S additive or binder). The encapsulation of
the individual particles is known as micro-encapsulation, while that of an agglomeration of waste
particles or micro-encapsulated materials is known as macro-encapsulation.
In S/S method, some wastes can be mixed with filling and binding agents to obtain a
dischargeable product. This rather simple treatment can only be used for waste with chemical
properties suitable for landfilling. With regard to wastes with physical properties, it changes only
the physical properties, but is unsuitable for landfilling. The most important application of this
technology, however, is the solidification of metal-containing waste. S/S technology could
potentially be an important alternative technology with a major use being to treat wastes in order
to make them acceptable for land disposal. Lower permeability, lower contaminant leaching rate
and such similar characteristics may make hazardous wastes acceptable for land disposal after
stabilisation.
(v) Evaporation: Evaporation is defined as the conversion of a liquid from a solution or slurry
into vapour. All evaporation systems require the transfer of sufficient heat from a heating medium
to the process fluid to vaporise the volatile solvent. Evaporation is used in the treatment of
hazardous waste and the process equipment is quite flexible and can handle waste in various
forms – aqueous, slurries, sludges and tars. Evaporation is commonly used as a pre-treatment
method to decrease quantities of material for final treatment. It is also used in cases where no
other treatment method was found to be practical, such as in the concentration of trinitrotoluene
(TNT) for subsequent incineration.
(vi) Ozonation: Ozone is a relatively unstable gas consisting of three oxygen atoms per molecule
(O3) and is one of the strongest oxidising agents known. It can be substituted for conventional
oxidants such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate. Ozone and UV
radiations have been used to detoxify industrial organic wastes, containing aromatic and aliphatic
polychlorinated compounds, ketones and alcohols.
2 Thermal treatment
The two main thermal treatments used with regard to hazardous wastes are:
(i) Incineration: Incineration can be regarded as either a pre-treatment of hazardous waste, prior
to final disposal or as a means of valorising waste by recovering energy. It includes both the
burning of mixed solid waste or burning of selected parts of the waste stream as a fuel. The
concept of treating hazardous waste is similar to that of municipal solid waste.
(ii) Pyrolysis: This is defined as the chemical decomposition or change brought about by heating
in the absence of oxygen. This is a thermal process for transformation of solid and liquid
carbonaceous materials into gaseous components and the solid residue containing fixed carbon
and ash. The application of pyrolysis to hazardous waste treatment leads to a two-step process for
disposal. In the first step, wastes are heated separating the volatile contents (e.g., combustible
gases, water vapour, etc.) from non-volatile char and ash. In the second step volatile components
are burned under proper conditions to assure incineration of all hazardous components.
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To elaborate, pyrolysis is applicable to hazardous waste treatment, as it provides a precise control
of the combustion process. The first step of pyrolysis treatment is endothermic and generally
done at 425 to 760o
C. The heating chamber is called the pyrolyser. Hazardous organic
compounds can be volatilised at this low temperature, leaving a clean residue. In the second step,
the volatiles are burned in a fume incinerator to achieve destruction efficiency of more than 99%.
Separating the process into two very controllable steps allows precise temperature control and
makes it possible to build simpler equipment. The pyrolysis process can be applied to solids,
sludges and liquid wastes. Wastes with the following characteristics are especially amenable to
pyrolysis:
Sludge material that is either too viscous, too abrasive or varies too much in consistency
to be atomised in an incinerator.
Wastes such as plastic, which undergo partial or complete phase changes during thermal
processing.
High-residue materials such as high-ash liquid and sludges, with light, easily entrained
solids that will generally require substantial stack gas clean up.
Materials containing salts and metals, which melt and volatilise at normal incineration
temperatures. Materials like sodium chloride (NaCl), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb), when
incinerated may cause refractory spalling and fouling of the heat-exchanger surface.
3 Biological treatment
On the basis of the fact that hazardous materials are toxic to living beings, it is not uncommon for
some to assume that biological treatment is not possible for hazardous wastes. This assumption is
untenable, and, in fact, we must aggressively seek biological treatment in order to exploit the full
potential of hazardous wastes in terms of removal efficiency and cost. Against this background,
let us now list some of the techniques used for biological treatment of hazardous waste:
(i) Land treatment: This is a waste treatment and disposal process, where a waste is mixed with
or incorporated into the surface soil and is degraded, transformed or immobilised through proper
management. The other terminologies used commonly include land cultivation, land farming,
land application and sludge spreading. Compared to other land disposal options (e.g., landfill and
surface impoundments), land treatment has lower long-term monitoring, maintenance and
potential clean up liabilities and because of this, it has received considerable attention as an
ultimate disposal method. It is a dynamic, management-intensive process involving waste, site,
soil, climate and biological activity as a system to degrade and immobilise waste constituents.
In land treatment, the organic fraction must be biodegradable at reasonable rates to minimise
environmental problems associated with migration of hazardous waste constituents. The various
factors involved in the operation of the system are as follows:
Waste characteristics: Biodegradable wastes are suitable for land treatment. Radioactive wastes,
highly volatile, reactive, flammable liquids and inorganic wastes such as heavy metals, acids and
bases, cyanides and ammonia are not considered for land treatment. Land treatability of organic
compound often follows a predictable pattern for similar type of compounds. Chemical structure,
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18 Environmental Pollution and Control| Syed Jeelani Basha Asst Prof.
molecular weight, water solubility and vapour pressure are few of the characteristics that
determine the ease of biodegradation.
Soil characteristics: The rate of biodegradation and leaching of waste applied, the availability of
nutrients and toxicants to microorganisms and the fate of hazardous waste constituents are
determined largely by application rate as well as the soil’s chemical and physical characteristics
or reaction. Principal soil characteristics affecting land treatment processes are pH, salinity,
aeration, moisture holding capacity, soil temperature, etc. Some of the characteristics can be
improved through soil amendments (e.g., nutrients, lime, etc.), tillage or through adjustments of
loading rate, frequency, etc., at the time of waste application.
Microorganisms: Soil normally contains a large number of diverse microorganisms, consisting
of several groups that are predominantly aerobic in well-drained soil. The types and population of
microorganisms present in the waste-amended soil depend on the soil moisture content, available
oxygen, nutrient composition and other characteristics. The key groups of the microorganisms
present in the surface soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa. In addition to
these groups, other micro and macro fauna, such as nematodes and insects are often present.
Waste degradation: Conditions favourable for plant growth are also favourable for the activity
of soil microorganisms. The factors affecting waste degradation that (may be adjusted in the
design and operation of a land treatment facility) are soil pH (near 7), soil moisture content
(usually between 30 to 90 %), soil temperature (activity decreases below 10o
C) and nutrients.
(ii) Enzymatic systems: Enzymes are complex proteins ubiquitous in nature. These proteins,
composed of amino acids, are linked together via peptide bonds. Enzymes capable of
transforming hazardous waste chemicals to non-toxic products can be harvested from
microorganisms grown in mass culture. Such crude enzyme extracts derived from
microorganisms have been shown to convert pesticides into less toxic and persistent products.
The reaction of detoxifying enzymes are not limited to intracellular conditions but have been
demonstrated through the use of immobilised enzyme extracts on several liquid waste streams.
The factors of moisture, temperature, aeration, soil structure, organic matter content, seasonal
variation and the availability of soil nutrients influence the presence and abundance of enzymes.
(iii) Composting: The principles involved in composting organic hazardous wastes are the same
as those in the composting of all organic materials, though with moderate modifications. The
microbiology of hazardous wastes differs from that of composting in the use of inoculums. The
reaction is that certain types of hazardous waste molecules can be degraded by only one or a very
few microbial species, which may not be widely distributed or abundant in nature. The factors
important in composting of hazardous wastes are those that govern all biological reactions. The
principal physical parameters are the shape and dimensions of the particles of the material to be
composted and the environmental factors of interest in an operation are temperature, pH,
available oxygen, moisture, and nutrient availability.
(iv) Aerobic and anaerobic treatment: Hazardous materials are present in low to high
concentration in wastewaters, leachate and soil. These wastes are characterised by high organic
content (e.g., up to 40,000 mg/l total organic carbon), low and high pH (2 to 12), elevated salt
levels (sometimes, over 5%), and presence of heavy metals and hazardous organics. Hazardous
wastes can be treated using either aerobic or anaerobic treatment methods.
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19 Environmental Pollution and Control| Syed Jeelani Basha Asst Prof.
In aerobic treatment, under proper conditions, microorganisms grow. They need a carbon and
energy source, which many hazardous wastes satisfy, nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and
trace metals and a source of oxygen. Some organisms can use oxidised inorganic compounds (e.g.
nitrate) as a substitute for oxygen. Care is to be taken such that all the required nutrients and
substances are supplied in sufficient quantities. Temperature and pH must be controlled as needed
and the substances that are toxic to the organisms (e.g., heavy metals) must be removed.
Anaerobic treatment is a sequential biologically destructive process in which hydrocarbons are
converted, in the absence of free oxygen, from complex to simpler molecules, and ultimately to
carbon dioxide and methane. The process is mediated through enzyme catalysis and depends on
maintaining a balance of population within a specific set of environmental conditions. Hazardous
waste streams often consist of hydrocarbons leading to higher concentrations of chemical oxygen
demand (COD). Depending upon the nature of waste, the organic constituents may be derived
from a single process stream or from a mixture of streams.
The treatability of the waste depends upon the susceptibility of the hydrocarbon content to
anaerobic biological degradation, and on the ability of the organisms to resist detrimental effect
of biologically recalcitrant and toxic organic and inorganic chemicals. The metabolic interactions
among the various groups of organisms are essential for the successful and complete
mineralisation of the organic molecules. Various parameters such as the influent quality, the
biological activity of the reactor and the quality of the reactor environment are monitored to
maintain efficient operating conditions within the reactor.