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- Valeri Modebadze – Professor of International Relations and Politics, Doctor of Social Sciences was born in 1977 in T... moreValeri Modebadze – Professor of International Relations and Politics, Doctor of Social Sciences was born in 1977 in Tbilisi.
In 1998 – 2001 He studied at the University of Wolverhampton. In 2001 he graduated from the University of Wolverhampton, from the faculty of Humanities, languages and Social Sciences and was awarded Bachelor’s degree in Politics & German & Spanish.
In 2002 – 2003 He did Master in Social Sciences at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. In 2003 he earned his master's degree in Social Sciences (Society and Politics).
In 2002 – 2007 He studied Law at Sokhumi State University and earned his bachelor degree in jurisprudence.
In 2006 -2010 He did PhD in Social Sciences at International Black Sea University and defended his PhD thesis successfully. In 2010 He was awarded Doctor’s Degree in Social Sciences (International Relations and Politics).
Valeri Modebadze has an extensive experience of working at various universities as a lecturer and teaching students various courses in Social Sciences. He has worked at the following universities as a lecturer and Professor of International Relations and Politics: Teaching University of International Relations, American University for Humanities, University of Georgia, Euroregional Teaching University, International Black Sea University, The Saint Ilia Martali Tbilisi National University. In 2010-2011 He held the position of the dean of the Faculty of Business and Management at the Teaching University of International Relations. He has also experience of working at various international organizations and companies that are operating in Georgia.
Currently, Valeri Modebadze works at Georgian Technical Unviersity as a professor of International Relations. Throughout his career as a university lecturer he delivered lectures at different subjects of Political Science and International Relations, such as Introduction to Politics, International Organizations, International Relations, Negotiations and conflict resolution, Comparative Politics, Public Policy, Political Ideologies, History of International Relations, Geopolitics, the role of NATO in international relations, The role of European Institutions in the International Security System, Foreign Policy Decision Making and International Relations Theory.
He has published so far 8 books and 74 scientific articles at different prestigious journals.edit
The aim of this research was to find out if the war in Ukraine affects the Russian society and Sino- Russian relations and if Beijing is capable of saving the Russian economy from destruction. With regards to research methods, a document... more
The aim of this research was to find out if the war in Ukraine affects the Russian society and Sino- Russian relations and if Beijing is capable of saving the Russian economy from destruction. With regards to research methods, a document analysis method was used to obtain valid information about the socio-economic consequences of the war. A wide range of documents and scholarly articles were analyzed in order to obtain reliable and objective information. The research revealed that the war has devastating effect on Russia’s economy and could cause aggravation of socio-economic problems in the future. Russia could become an isolated and impoverished country. The war has also negative effect on Sino-Russian relations. Despite having close ties with Russia, Beijing refuses to support Russia during these difficult times and does not offer financial, economic and military assistance to Kremlin. Indeed, China’s ability to save Russia from economic disaster is limited.
Research Interests:
სტატიაში აღწერილია თუ რა ფაქტორები უშლის ხელს ევროკავშირის გაფართოებას და ახალი წევრების მიღებას სუპრანაციონალურ ორგანიზაციაში. გაანალიზებული და განხილულია გარე და შიდა საფრთხეები, რომელიც ხელს უშლის ევროკავშირის აღმოსავლეთით... more
სტატიაში აღწერილია თუ რა ფაქტორები უშლის ხელს ევროკავშირის გაფართოებას და ახალი წევრების მიღებას სუპრანაციონალურ ორგანიზაციაში. გაანალიზებული და განხილულია გარე და შიდა საფრთხეები, რომელიც ხელს უშლის ევროკავშირის აღმოსავლეთით გაფართოებას. ევროპა ამჟამად უამრავი გამოწვევების წინშე დგას, რის გამოც ევროკავშირის გაფართოება აღარ არის მიჩნეული პრიორიტეტულ საკითხად ევროპის პოლიტიკურ წრეებში. ეკონომიკურმა კრიზისმა და პოლიტიკურმა არასტაბილურობამ მოსახლეობის განწყობა შეცვლა და გააძლიერა ევროსკოპტიციზმი ევროპაში. ამჟამად, ევროკავშირის წევრი ქვეყნების მოსახლეობა უარყოფითად არის განწყობილი გაფართოების პროცესის მიმართ. 2008 წლის გლობალურმა ფინანსურმა კრიზისმა ნეგატიურად იმოქმედა ევროპის ეკონომიკურ განვითარებაზე და შეაფერხა ევროპის გაფართოება. ევროპაში თანდათანობით მვკიდრდება მოსაზრება, რომ ევროკავშირს არ გააჩნია ამჟამად აბსორბციის შესაძლებლობა და არ შესწევს უნარი, რომ მიიღოს ახალი წევრები სუპრანაციონალურ ოგრანიზაციაში. ახალი წევრების მიღებამ შეიძლება კიდევ უფრო მეტად შეაფერხოს ევრკავშირის განვითარება და უფრო დიდი გამოწვევების და პრობლემების წინაშე დააყენოს სუპრანაციონალური ორგანიზაცია.
Research Interests: Political Extremism/Radicalism/Populism, Populism, Enlargement and Integration in the EU, EU Enlargement, Euroscepticism, and 10 moreEnlargement Policy of the EU, European union enlargement, Populismo, Euopeanism and euroscepticism, British Public Euroscepticism, EU Enlargement Process, Syrian Refugee Crisis, The European Union and Enlargement, European Refugee Crisis, and European Union enlargement policy
კვლევის მიზანი იყო აშშ-სა და ჩინეთს შორის არსებული კონფლიქტის გაანალიზება და მეცნიერულად შესწავლა. რაც უფრო სწრაფი ტემპით ვითარდება ჩინეთი, მით უფრო იზრდება დაპირისპირება ამ ორ ზესახელმწიფოს შორის. ორივე სახელმწიფოს ჰეგემონური... more
კვლევის მიზანი იყო აშშ-სა და ჩინეთს შორის არსებული კონფლიქტის გაანალიზება და მეცნიერულად შესწავლა. რაც უფრო სწრაფი ტემპით ვითარდება ჩინეთი, მით უფრო იზრდება დაპირისპირება ამ ორ ზესახელმწიფოს შორის. ორივე სახელმწიფოს ჰეგემონური ამბიციები გააჩნია და ეჯიბრებიან ერთმანეთს აზიაში გაბატონებისათვის. ჩინეთის სწრაფმა აღზევებამ გლობალური პოლიტიკის რადიკალური ტრანსფორმაცია გამოიწვია ბოლო ათწლეულებში. ძალთა ბალანსი თანდათანობით აზიისკენ იხრება, რაც ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატების სირიოზულ შეშფოთებას იწვევს. ჩინეთმა ბოლო ათწლეულებში სწრაფი ტრანსფორმაცია განიცადა და გახდა აზიის ყველაზე ძლიერი სახელმწიფო. აშშ შეშფოთებით ადევნებს თვალს თუ როგორ ხდება ჩინეთის სწრაფი აღზევება ანარქიულ საერთაშორისო სისტემაში. ჩინეთი უკვე გახდა რეგიონული ლიდერი აზიაში, რაც ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატებისთვის დიდ გამოწვევას წარმოადგენს. ჩინეთის ეკონომიკური და სამხედრო პოტენციალის ზრდასთან ერთად, მუდმივად იზრდება მისი გეოპოლიტიკური ამბიციებიც. კვლევის შედეგად დადგინდა, რომ მომავალში ჩინეთსა და აშშ-ს შორის კონფლიქტის ალბათობა არ არის გამორიცხული. აღმოსავლეთ აზიაში ბევრი პოტენციური ცხელი წერტილია სადაც კონფლიქტი შეიძლება ნებისმიერ დროს დაიწყოს აშშ-სა და ჩინეთს შორის. პოტენციურ ცხელ წერტილებად მოიაზრება ტაივანი, აღმოსავლეთ ჩინეთის ზღვა და სამხრეთ ჩინეთის ზღვა. ჩინეთსა და მეზობელ სახლემწიფოებს შორის არსებობს უამრავი ტერიტორიული დავები, რაც შეიძლება მომავალში ღია კონფლიქტში გადიზარდოს. ამ ტერიტორიული დავების გარდა შეკავების პოლიტიკამაც შეიძლება გამოიწვიოს კონფლიქტის ესკალაცია ახლო მომავალში. აშშ აპირებს შეკავების პოლიტიკის გატარებას ჩინეთის მიმართ, რაც გამოიწვევს ურთიერთობების მაქსიმალურად დაძაბვას ამ ორ ზესახელმწიფოს შორის და კონფლიქტის ესკალაციას. ბევრი ექსპერტი თვლის, რომ აშშ და ჩინეთი მომავალში ვერ შეძლებენ „თუკიდიდეს ხაფანგისგან“ თავის დაღწევას.
Research Interests:
Mediation plays very important role in conflict resolution. This article describes and analyzes the role of mediation in the conflict resolution process. It discusses what skills a successful mediator should possess. Scholars and experts... more
Mediation plays very important role in conflict resolution. This article describes and analyzes the role of mediation in the conflict resolution process. It discusses what skills a successful mediator should possess. Scholars and experts agree that a good mediator should have the appropriate knowledge, skills, sense of humor, tact, and detailed information about the conflict in which he or she intends to engage. Resolving conflicts is one of the most difficult and complicated issues, which requires special skills and talents. Various methods are used to resolve the conflict (negotiation, mediation, facilitation, arbitration, etc.) International conflict or international disputes are regulated in exactly the same way as disputes within a country. Initially, the parties try to resolve the issue through diplomacy. Although resolving disputes through diplomacy is a priority, when the negotiation process comes to a standstill, the parties turn to a mediator. Good Mediator tries to gain the trust of the rivaling parties and remains neutral and impartial during the conflict resolution process. Various mediation strategies are also analyzed in detail, such as communication-facilitation strategy, procedural strategy and directive strategy. This article describes main factors that need to be considered to properly manage the mediation process.
Research Interests: Mediation, Conflict prevention and resolution, Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding, Conflict Mediation Strategies, Peace and Conflict Resolution, and 5 moreConflict Analysis and Resolution, International Mediation, Negociation and mediation, International Peace and Conflict Resolution, and Conflict and Conflict Resolution
This article analyzes the importance of drones in modern warfare and armed conflicts. It explains how states and non-state actors use drones for various purposes. The United States of America was the first country globally to use drones... more
This article analyzes the importance of drones in modern warfare and armed conflicts. It explains how states and non-state actors use drones for various purposes. The United States of America was the first country globally to use drones twenty years ago to eliminate dangerous terrorists. George W. Bush was the first president of USA who used drones for counterterrorism operations in different countries. Drones proved to be very effective tool during the war on terror. If USA used drones only as killing machines for the elimination of terrorists, Azerbaijan was the first country that used them for military purposes in the war against Armenia. The massive usage of drones by the armed forces first took place in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 2020. This conflict often referred to as the "war of drones," demonstrated how effective drones could be in modern warfare if used wisely and rationally. This conflict has shown that even a small state can achieve total air supremacy in the conflict if it uses drones properly and effectively. After the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, the number of states willing to purchase drones has increased considerably.
However, it is also noteworthy that not only states are interested in drones, but also terrorist organizations and aggressive non-state actors. Many terrorist organizations have started to use drones in order to achieve
their goals. One of the main challenges that faces states today is to develop effective defense mechanisms to neutralize and eliminate threats coming from drones quickly. The research question of this paper is: how
did the usage of drones affected modern warfare and what are the advantages and disadvantages of the massive usage of drones? The main goal of this article is to find out positive and negative sides of the usage
of drones in modern warfare. The aim of this article is also to find what threats to do the states face because of the massive usage of drones by the terrorist organizations.
However, it is also noteworthy that not only states are interested in drones, but also terrorist organizations and aggressive non-state actors. Many terrorist organizations have started to use drones in order to achieve
their goals. One of the main challenges that faces states today is to develop effective defense mechanisms to neutralize and eliminate threats coming from drones quickly. The research question of this paper is: how
did the usage of drones affected modern warfare and what are the advantages and disadvantages of the massive usage of drones? The main goal of this article is to find out positive and negative sides of the usage
of drones in modern warfare. The aim of this article is also to find what threats to do the states face because of the massive usage of drones by the terrorist organizations.
Research Interests:
This article describes emergence of the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis and explains those factors that caused the escalation of tensions and prevented the peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Despite many... more
This article describes emergence of the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis and explains those factors that caused the escalation of tensions and prevented the peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Despite many efforts of the International Community to deescalate tensions between the conflicting parties and bring them back to negotiating table, the outbreak of the Second Karabakh War was inevitable. Armenia refused to make any concessions during negotiations and return occupied territories to Azerbaijan. Since the 1990-s the OSCE Minsk group tried to solve the conflict through negotiations and diplomacy. Three countries, Russia, France, and the USA acted as mediators during the peace talks which were ongoing for 27 years but without any kind of progress. All attempts to solve the conflict peacefully were futile. In the 1990-s, after the end of the First Karabakh War Armenians intended to use seven districts around Karabakh as a bargaining chip during negotiations with Azerbaijan, but later their attitude towards this issue changed and they refused to make any concessions to Azerbaijan. As time passed Armenia's position hardened considerably and they began to view these occupied territories as their own land. The government of Armenia for decades has completely ignored United Nations Security Council resolutions that demanded the withdrawal of Armenian occupational forces from Nagorno-Karabakh and the return of occupied territories to Azerbaijan. When the government of Azerbaijan saw that nothing could be achieved through diplomacy and negotiations, then it decided to resolve the Karabakh conflict by the use of force and increased considerably military spending. The 2020 Karabakh War was the result of the diplomatic failure. Keywords: Nagorno-Karabakh war, conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, Conflicts in the South Caucasus, Geopolitical interests of great powers in Caucasus region.
Research Interests: Peace and Conflict Studies, Critical Geopolitics, Geopolitics, Conflict Resolution, Ethnic Conflict, and 8 moreEthnicity & Ethnic Conflicts, Geopolitics of Energy, Oil Natural Gas Energy Geopolitics, Ethnic Conflicts, Geopolitics and International Relations, Conflicts In the South Caucasus, Nagorno-Karabakh War, and Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
The purpose of this study was to see whether the Taliban regime poses a threat to the international community. The research primarily examined the threats that the formation of a theocratic regime in Afghanistan poses to neighboring... more
The purpose of this study was to see whether the Taliban regime poses a threat to the international community. The research primarily examined the threats that the formation of a theocratic regime in Afghanistan poses to neighboring countries and the international community. With regards to research methods, a document analysis method was used to obtain valid information and to analyze and describe the complex situation in Afghanistan. A wide array of documents and scholarly articles were analyzed to obtain reliable and objective information. This research revealed that the Taliban has not changed at all and still rules Afghanistan with medieval methods and strategies. Since the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, the economic situation has deteriorated considerably and people face severe hardship. Therefore, hundreds of thousands of Afghans want to leave their homeland and migrate to the West. The Taliban violates constantly human rights and discriminates against women, ethnic and religious minorities. The Taliban has transformed Afghanistan into a narco-state. Neighboring countries fear that Afghanistan might become a hotbed of terrorism and extremism again.
Research Interests:
The aim of this research was to explain how the coronavirus pandemic led to the rise of authoritarianism throughout the world. With regards to research methods, A document analysis method was used to obtain valid information and to... more
The aim of this research was to explain how the coronavirus pandemic led to the rise of authoritarianism throughout the world. With regards to research methods, A document analysis method was used to obtain valid information and to analyze and describe the complex situation after the spread of COVID-19. A wide array of documents and scholarly articles were analyzed in order to obtain reliable and objective information. The research question of this paper is: How did the coronavirus pandemic affected the government performance and did it cause the rise of authoritarianism? Is there a causal link between the spread of the coronavirus pandemic and the rise of authoritarianism? This research revealed that the COVID -19 caused the unprecedented rise of government power in different parts of the world. In many countries the governments took advantage of the crisis and imposed a lot of restrictions on the people. Governments use the pandemic as a pretext to limit human rights. On the pretext of controlling the pandemic such fundamental human rights as freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly and association, the right to privacy, etc. are massively restricted. Since the outbreak of the pandemic civil space has been severely restricted and press freedom is a thing of the past in many countries. The state of emergency in various countries creates favorable conditions for the government to restrict human rights and impose total control over the society in order to prevent the outbreak of pandemic.
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The aim of this research was to explain how the coronavirus pandemic caused the rise of authoritarianism in the Eurasian continent. Many autocratic leaders have taken advantage of the crisis to accumulate more power and impose harsh... more
The aim of this research was to explain how the coronavirus pandemic caused the rise of authoritarianism in the Eurasian continent. Many autocratic leaders have taken advantage of the crisis to accumulate more power and impose harsh restrictions on people. International organizations and human rights activists often complain that human rights conditions have considerably worsened since the spread of pandemic in many countries of the Eurasian continent. We have witnessed the rise of authoritarianism across Eurasia. With regards to research methods a document analysis method was used in order to obtain objective and reliable information about the rise of authoritarianism. The research revealed that there is a strong causal relationship between the spread of COVID-19 and the rise of authoritarianism. The coronavirus pandemic offered an excellent opportunity to European and Asian leaders to concentrate as much power as possible in their hands. There is a widespread fear among human rights activists that many leaders will not relinquish the extraordinary powers that they have accumulated, once the pandemic will be over.
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The aim of this research was to analyze and explain the causes of poverty. This article offers theoretical explanations and interpretations of poverty. When explaining poverty, particular attention is played to theories such as... more
The aim of this research was to analyze and explain the causes of poverty. This article offers theoretical explanations and interpretations of poverty. When explaining poverty, particular attention is played to theories such as modernization theory, theory of neocolonialism and dependency theory. This article also explains how the industrial revolution managed to reduce poverty rate considerably and improved living-conditions of ordinary people. In preindustrial times, the poverty rate was much higher in the world and almost everyone lived in extreme poverty. Industrial revolution played very important role in the reduction of poverty and created vast opportunities for horizonal and vertical mobility. At the same time, it inflicted enormous damage on environment and caused the emergence of ecological problems such as air pollution, global warming, deforestation, desertification etc. One of the most acute problems that the industrial society is facing is, how to reduce poverty without inflicting damage on the environment.
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The aim of this research was to discuss and analyze various methods of assessment of leader's personal characteristics and leadership style. In fact, there are various methods that can be used to assess personal qualities and... more
The aim of this research was to discuss and analyze various methods of assessment of leader's personal characteristics and leadership style. In fact, there are various methods that can be used to assess personal qualities and psychological characteristics of a leader. This research focused mainly on the methods developed by distinguished American scientists such as Margaret Herman, James David Barber and David A. Winter. With regards to research methods, a document analysis method was used to obtain valid information and to analyze and describe various methods of assessment of leader's personal traits and leadership style. This research revealed that it is quite possible to obtain information about leader's personal qualities and psychological characteristics even without meeting him or her. Marguerite Herman developed a method of assessing the personality traits of leaders which is known as Personality Assessment-at-a-Distance. This method allows us to evaluate leader's personal qualities and psychological characteristics distantly by analyzing his or her speeches and conversations.
Research Interests: Personality Psychology, Public Administration, Political Psychology, Personality Assessment, Political Psychology, Political Behavior, Public Opinion, Survey Research and Experiments, and 10 moreLeadership Style, Social Psychology and Political Science, Leadership styles, Politics, Political Psychology, International Relations, International Rule of Law and Human Rights,Media and Communication, Conflict Studies, Conflict Reporting, Conflict Resolution, and Post War Reconstruction, Assessment of Leadership Skills, Social and Political Psychology, Political Psychology and Leadership, Psychology/Political science, Political Science, Cognitive Psychology, Electoral Studies, and Political Science and Psychology
After the declaration of independence, the Democratic Republic of Georgia faced many problems with its northern neighbor. Both the Red Army and the White Army were equally hostile to the idea of Caucasian independence and the Caucasian... more
After the declaration of independence, the Democratic Republic of Georgia faced many problems with its northern neighbor. Both the Red Army and the White Army were equally hostile to the idea of Caucasian independence and the Caucasian people were forced to fight against them on the battlefield, as well as on the diplomatic front. During the Russian Civil War, Soviet Russia could not dispatch enough troops to Caucasus in order to occupy the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Therefore, it was offering financial, political and military support to separatist forces in Georgia. With the help of Soviet Russia, separatist forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia organized many uprisings against the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Soviet Russia was also offering assistance to all anti-Georgian organizations: the Caucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist party, the Russian National Council of Transcaucasia, the Russian clergy of Tbilisi, the Russian National Council of Batumi and Sukhumi, etc. Soviet Russia helped these organizations to organize revolts against the Democratic Republic of Georgia. The aim of these anti-government revolts was to overthrow the government and establish a Soviet rule in Georgia.
After defeating General Denikin and the White forces, Soviet Russia approached Caucasus and renewed its subversive activities in the Democratic Republic of Georgia. The Caucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist party was doing everything it could to organize “peasants’ and workers’ rebellion” in Georgia. With the help of Soviet Russia, this organization supported Ossetian separatists and local rebels in the fight against the Georgian government. The aim of this article is to analyze conflicts between Russia and Georgia in 1918-1921. The article also describes the occupation of Georgia by the Red Army and its consequences. This research is based on historical method. Conflicts that took part between Russia and Georgia are analyzed in detail by using the above mentioned method.
After defeating General Denikin and the White forces, Soviet Russia approached Caucasus and renewed its subversive activities in the Democratic Republic of Georgia. The Caucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist party was doing everything it could to organize “peasants’ and workers’ rebellion” in Georgia. With the help of Soviet Russia, this organization supported Ossetian separatists and local rebels in the fight against the Georgian government. The aim of this article is to analyze conflicts between Russia and Georgia in 1918-1921. The article also describes the occupation of Georgia by the Red Army and its consequences. This research is based on historical method. Conflicts that took part between Russia and Georgia are analyzed in detail by using the above mentioned method.
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This article deals with Georgians living in Iran. For centuries Eastern part of Georgia remained under the Persian influence. After Persian military campaigns and invasions, a large number of Georgians were displaced to Iran. The largest... more
This article deals with Georgians living in Iran. For centuries Eastern part of Georgia remained under the Persian influence. After Persian military campaigns and invasions, a large number of Georgians were displaced to Iran. The largest mass deportation of Georgians to Iran took place during the reign of Shah Abbas I in 1614-1617. The population of kingdom of Kakheti was forcibly resettled to various provinces of Iran. They were scattered across different provinces of Persia. Only Fereydan Georgians were able to preserve their ethnic identity and culture. Compact settlement in the isolated mountains of Iran enabled them to keep their Georgian identity. Unfortunately, the number of Georgian language speakers in Fereydan is gradually diminishing. This article explains problems that Fereydan Georgians are facing in Iran.
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This article explains why it is so difficult to achieve peace in Nagorno-Karabakh and what factors prevent the peaceful resolution of the conflict. This conflict is very difficult to resolve because the conflicting parties have... more
This article explains why it is so difficult to achieve peace in Nagorno-Karabakh and what factors prevent the peaceful resolution of the conflict. This conflict is very difficult to resolve because the conflicting parties have contradictory geopolitical interests and cannot achieve consensus during negotiations. We have to take into account Russia"s geopolitical interests in South Caucasus that Kremlin is interested in freezing this conflict to weaken both states, Azerbaijan and Armenia, and bring them back to Russia"s orbit. Moscow aims to establish firm control over South Caucasus which was viewed in the past as a "Russian backyard". Russia still views South Caucasus as its zone of influence and tries to bring this region back into Russia"s orbit.
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The problem of Nepotism is widespread almost everywhere, not only in developing countries, but also in many economically advanced countries. One of the most acute problems that Georgia is facing today is the widespread nepotism in all... more
The problem of Nepotism is widespread almost everywhere, not only in developing countries, but also in many economically advanced countries. One of the most acute problems that Georgia is facing today is the widespread nepotism in all spheres of public life. Nepotism reduces country’s economic development and leads to weakening of effectiveness of the government institutions. In case of nepotism a wide range of legal norms and principles are violated, such as equality before the law, impartiality and equal access to civil service for all citizens.
According to the research which was conducted by different non-Governmental Organizations, recruitment procedure in civil service is not conducted in accordance with the competition rules. This fact is also confirmed by those citizens that were dismissed from civil service. The violation of competition rules has become a common practice in civil service.
After the adoption of a revised EU-Georgia Association Agenda for the period 2017-2020, Georgian government has undertaken an obligation to establish a transparent, independent and impartial system of civil service. European Union demands from Georgia to reform the civil service and build a merit-based and professional civil service. The requirement to reform the civil service and the inclusion of this objective in the Association Agenda is a recognition of the fact, that the Georgian government has so far failed to create a competent and transparent civil service. The creation of a professional civil service can only be achieved if vicious practice of nepotism will be eradicated in all spheres of public life. Georgia needs professional, competent and knowledgeable civil servants, that can implement efficient policies and transform the country into western-style liberal democracy. Effective and efficient civil service is an essential prerequisite to Georgia’s economic progress. Therefore, it is essential to reform the civil service and staff it with qualified and competent people.
According to the research which was conducted by different non-Governmental Organizations, recruitment procedure in civil service is not conducted in accordance with the competition rules. This fact is also confirmed by those citizens that were dismissed from civil service. The violation of competition rules has become a common practice in civil service.
After the adoption of a revised EU-Georgia Association Agenda for the period 2017-2020, Georgian government has undertaken an obligation to establish a transparent, independent and impartial system of civil service. European Union demands from Georgia to reform the civil service and build a merit-based and professional civil service. The requirement to reform the civil service and the inclusion of this objective in the Association Agenda is a recognition of the fact, that the Georgian government has so far failed to create a competent and transparent civil service. The creation of a professional civil service can only be achieved if vicious practice of nepotism will be eradicated in all spheres of public life. Georgia needs professional, competent and knowledgeable civil servants, that can implement efficient policies and transform the country into western-style liberal democracy. Effective and efficient civil service is an essential prerequisite to Georgia’s economic progress. Therefore, it is essential to reform the civil service and staff it with qualified and competent people.
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During the Cold War Turkey had excellent relations with the United States of America. Both countries needed each other and saw the Soviet Union as their main rival. Strategic Partnership was established between the two nations and USA... more
During the Cold War Turkey had excellent relations with the United States of America. Both countries needed each other and saw the Soviet Union as their main rival. Strategic Partnership was established between the two nations and USA provided military assistance to Turkey in order to contain the Soviet Union. With the assistance of the USA, Turkey managed to neutralize Soviet threat and integrate into NATO. Turkey became a close ally of the West. After the Cold War, American-Turkish relations have gradually cooled and deteriorated significantly over the last years. The aim of this article is to analyze those factors that have caused the deterioration of American-Turkish relations.
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This article describes the problems that post-Soviet states face in building democracy and creating democratic institutions. When Soviet Union collapsed the West hoped that post-Soviet republics would carry out effectively democratic... more
This article describes the problems that post-Soviet states face in building democracy and creating democratic institutions. When Soviet Union collapsed the West hoped that post-Soviet republics would carry out effectively democratic reforms and would become liberal democracies. However, the expectation that Post-Soviet states would soon be transformed into liberal democracies did not materialize. The political system that was established in most of the post-Soviet republics is far from what we call the liberal democracy. The political system that is widespread in these countries can be described as an electoral, or minimal democracy. This article describes conditions that are needed for an electoral democracy to be transformed into a consolidated democracy. Particular attention is paid to five spheres (civil society, economic society, political society, bureaucratic structure and rule of law) without which democracy cannot be consolidated. Any state that wants to become a liberal democracy has to pay particular attention to the development and consolidation of the above mentioned five spheres.
Research Interests: Democratization, Democratic consolidation; Quality of democracy, Democracy and democratization, Democracy Building and Democratization, Post-Communist Transformation; Civil Society; Consolidation of Democracy, and 2 moreDemocracy and Democratization in the Third World and Democratic Consolidation and Civil Society
The article describes the negative impact of the Coronavirus pandemic on both Georgia and the European tourism industry. The number of visitors and tourists in Georgia as well as in the EEuropean Union has sharply declined, which has... more
The article describes the negative impact of the Coronavirus pandemic on both Georgia and the European tourism industry. The number of visitors and tourists in Georgia as well as in the EEuropean Union has sharply declined, which has dealt a fatal blow to the tourism sector. Due to the rapid spread of the pandemic, various countries around the world decided to introduce strict restrictions: reduced international air traffic, tightened border controls. The number of tourists has been drastically reduced due to the closure of airports, the suspension of flights and the introduction of strict restrictions. The tourism industry in both Georgia and various European countries is currently in turmoil and requires proper response from the government and the development of a crisis management strategy. If the pandemic lasts for a long time, it can deal a deadly blow, especially to those countries the economies of which are not diversified and depend only on one sector, tourism.
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This article explains why it is so necessary to reform the United Nations Security Council. The United Nations Security Council was established after the Second World War, in 1945. Since then, the world has changed immensely, but nothing... more
This article explains why it is so necessary to reform the United Nations Security Council. The United Nations Security Council was established after the Second World War, in 1945. Since then, the world has changed immensely, but nothing has been done to update the structure of the United Nations Security Council. Its structure is outdated and is no longer representative of today's geopolitical reality. Over the last years, there have been many debates and discussions in the academic and political circles of various countries about the need of reforming the United Nations Security Council. The structure of the Security Council has to be changed in order to make it more representative of the "geopolitical realities of today". There are many proposals for reforming United Nations Security Council, but the member states of the United Nations cannot reach consensus and cannot agree how to carry out these reforms.
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As the world population continues to grow, humankind is expected to experience more social, economic and environmental problems. The global population keeps growing at a very rapid pace. According to the statistical data in 2030 the... more
As the world population continues to grow, humankind is expected to experience more social, economic and environmental problems. The global population keeps growing at a very rapid pace. According to the statistical data in 2030 the global population will reach 8.4 billion and in 2050 the total size of the population will be 9.6 billion. As a result of this phenomenal growth of population, the consumption of resources such as land, food, water, air, fossil fuels and minerals has grown rapidly over the last decades. More consumption means more waste, more water pollutants, toxic materials and greenhouse gasses. Unregulated population growth will cause the environmental degradation and ecological disaster in the future. The research question of this paper is: is there a causal link between the population growth and environmental degradation? The main goal of this article is to find out if the unchecked population growth causes damage to our environment.
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This article describes the creeping occupation of Georgian territories and Russian aggression against the local civilian population. It explains in detail how Russia violates international norms and rules and treats the civilian... more
This article describes the creeping occupation of Georgian territories and Russian aggression against the local civilian population. It explains in detail how Russia violates international norms and rules and treats the civilian population in the occupied territories of Georgia. Since the occupation of the Georgian territories, Russia constantly discriminates against the local Georgian people and treats them very inhumanly.
Many Georgian families were forced to abandon Abkhazia and South Ossetia due to this inhuman treatment. The legal status of Georgians living in the occupied territories considerably worsened after the Russian Federation signed a treaty on “alliance and strategic partnership” with Abkhazia and South Ossetia. As time passes, Russia is creating more obstacles and problems for local Georgian people and treats them very inhumanly. Georgians living in the occupied territories are deprived of all human rights and are treated as second - rate citizens by puppet regimes in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Georgian people living close to the occupation line also face enormous problems
due to the creeping annexation of Georgian territories. Russian Federation tries to expand the boundaries of South Ossetia at the expense of Georgian lands. As a result of this creeping occupation local Georgian people living close to the occupied territories constantly lose their vital agricultural lands, which are the only source of income for them
Many Georgian families were forced to abandon Abkhazia and South Ossetia due to this inhuman treatment. The legal status of Georgians living in the occupied territories considerably worsened after the Russian Federation signed a treaty on “alliance and strategic partnership” with Abkhazia and South Ossetia. As time passes, Russia is creating more obstacles and problems for local Georgian people and treats them very inhumanly. Georgians living in the occupied territories are deprived of all human rights and are treated as second - rate citizens by puppet regimes in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Georgian people living close to the occupation line also face enormous problems
due to the creeping annexation of Georgian territories. Russian Federation tries to expand the boundaries of South Ossetia at the expense of Georgian lands. As a result of this creeping occupation local Georgian people living close to the occupied territories constantly lose their vital agricultural lands, which are the only source of income for them
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This article describes the competition between China and the USA for global hegemony. Both states have hegemonic ambitions and compete with each other over the domination of Asia. The rise of China has transformed global politics, as well... more
This article describes the competition between China and the USA for global hegemony. Both states have hegemonic ambitions and compete with each other over the domination of Asia. The rise of China has
transformed global politics, as well as the balance of the global economy. As China’s economic and military power increases steadily, its geopolitical ambitions are also constantly growing. Some experts do not exclude the possibility of conflict between China and the USA in the future. There are many potential hot spots in East Asia where conflict could erupt at any time in the future between the USA and China. Many experts doubt whether the USA and China can escape Thucydides’ Trap in the future.
transformed global politics, as well as the balance of the global economy. As China’s economic and military power increases steadily, its geopolitical ambitions are also constantly growing. Some experts do not exclude the possibility of conflict between China and the USA in the future. There are many potential hot spots in East Asia where conflict could erupt at any time in the future between the USA and China. Many experts doubt whether the USA and China can escape Thucydides’ Trap in the future.
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This article analyses John Stuart Mill's views on liberty and freedom of expression. The ideas of John Stuart Mill had great impact on the liberal ideology and western political thought. His work has not lost its relevance today. John... more
This article analyses John Stuart Mill's views on liberty and freedom of expression. The ideas of John Stuart Mill had great impact on the liberal ideology and western political thought. His work has not lost its relevance today. John Stuat Mill explains in detail why there should be freedom of expression and why the individual must be protected from political despotism. According to him without liberty and freedom of expression there is no progress in society. A culture devoid of freedom has never created a broad liberal mind. According to John Stuart Mill the despotism of custom and censorship can inflict enormous harm on any nation and stifle progress in such a society.
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This article discusses the challenges facing the EU and analyzes those factors that hinder Europe's expansion. Since its establishment, the EU has expanded several times, but today it faces many challenges (internal and external) that... more
This article discusses the challenges facing the EU and analyzes those factors that hinder Europe's expansion. Since its establishment, the EU has expanded several times, but today it faces many challenges (internal and external) that hinder its further expansion. From domestic challenges this article analyzes the economic and financial crisis, the rise of populism and Euroscepticism on the Old Continent, and Brexit. As for the external challenges facing the EU, particular attention is paid to the following three issues: the migration crisis and the heightened terrorism threat, the Kremlin's readiness to hinder EU enlargement and the inability of the former communist countries to carry out democratic reforms.
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This article discusses whether Trump’s decision to withdraw from Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement will bring any benefits to USA. Some experts believe that the US withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement is a tragic... more
This article discusses whether Trump’s decision to withdraw from Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement will bring any benefits to USA. Some experts believe that the US withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement is a tragic event, which will lead to the weakening of America’s geopolitical influence in Asia-Pacific Region. It will also cause the dissolution and abolition of pro-American coalitions in Asia. Many Asian countries will be forced to abolish close trade, political and economic ties with the United States of America and establish close links with China. However, not everyone shares this position. Public opinion is divided in USA on this issue. Left-wing politicians argue that the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement could not bring any benefits to the American workforce. It would be beneficial only for big transnational companies that are constantly in search of cheap labor force and cheap resources. According to left-wing intellectuals, these companies transfer domestic jobs overseas and cause unemployment in USA.
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The popularity of extremist parties in Europe is on the rise. Populist parties have become serious electoral contenders and are no longer confined to the political margins. The principal causes of the rise of populism are the 2008... more
The popularity of extremist parties in Europe is on the rise. Populist parties have become serious electoral contenders and are no longer confined to the political margins. The principal causes of the rise of populism are the 2008 financial crisis and the 2015 refugee crisis. People were especially dissatisfied by harsh austerity measures which were carried out in Europe during the economic crisis and lost
confidence in liberal democracy. They became radicalized and began to vote for extremist parties. Sudden influx of refugees from Syria and Middle East created favorable ground for the rise of populism and extremism. Populism draws strength from public opposition to multi-culturalism, mass migration processes and the perceived “decline” of national identity and national culture. The aim of this article is to explain why the rise of populism represents a major threat to the “Old Continent’s” stability.
confidence in liberal democracy. They became radicalized and began to vote for extremist parties. Sudden influx of refugees from Syria and Middle East created favorable ground for the rise of populism and extremism. Populism draws strength from public opposition to multi-culturalism, mass migration processes and the perceived “decline” of national identity and national culture. The aim of this article is to explain why the rise of populism represents a major threat to the “Old Continent’s” stability.
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This article describes the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia for achieving regional hegemony in the Middle East. Both states have an ambition to be the leader of the Islamic world and there is a constant struggle between them to... more
This article describes the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia for achieving regional hegemony in the Middle East. Both states have an ambition to be the leader of the Islamic world and there is a constant struggle between them to dominate Middle East and spread their influence in neighboring countries. Both countries fund militant Islamic movements abroad and are engaged in fierce battle for regional dominance. After the establishment of theocratic regime in Iran, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia vehemently opposed Teheran’s ambitions to export revolutions and increase its influence in the Middle East.
Saudi Arabia is determined to counter the Iranian revolutionary threat and constantly opposes Teheran’s ambitions to dominate the Arab World. Saudi Arabia and Iran often accuse each other of fueling sectarian violence by backing Shia and Sunni militias in Iraq, Yemen, Syria and Lebanon. Both countries try to avoid direct confrontation with each other. Instead of direct conflict, both sides fight each other indirectly and provide varying degrees of support to different camps in nearby conflicts
Saudi Arabia is determined to counter the Iranian revolutionary threat and constantly opposes Teheran’s ambitions to dominate the Arab World. Saudi Arabia and Iran often accuse each other of fueling sectarian violence by backing Shia and Sunni militias in Iraq, Yemen, Syria and Lebanon. Both countries try to avoid direct confrontation with each other. Instead of direct conflict, both sides fight each other indirectly and provide varying degrees of support to different camps in nearby conflicts
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This article analyzes the role that psychological factors play in the decision making process. Decisions are often made by individuals or groups that have different psychological traits. The personality traits of a decision maker or... more
This article analyzes the role that psychological factors play in the decision making process. Decisions are often made by individuals or groups that have different psychological traits. The personality traits of a decision maker or decision makers can be crucial during the decision making process. Thus, personal qualities of the decision maker must be taken into account when analyzing foreign policy decisions. There are many psychological factors that influence decision making process. Psychological factors such as leader's personality, leadership style, emotions, cognitive consistency, Images and the use of analogies influence and shape foreign policy decision making.
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This article describes the main challenges that the European Union is facing over the last years. It also analyzes the European Integration process and the emergence of the European Union. European integration process began after the... more
This article describes the main challenges that the European Union is facing over the last years. It also analyzes the European Integration process and the emergence of the European Union. European integration process began after the Second World War. European politicians realized that 'the old continent', which was destroyed and razed to the ground, needed unification in order to play more important role in the bipolar international system. The European integration was a step by step process, which reached its culmination after signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, when the European Union was formally established. The European Union created very favorable ground for free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market. Despite these positive developments, new threats emerged over the last years that can put an end to the European integration process. From these threats and challenges, particular attention is dedicated to Britain's exit from the European Union (Brexit), rise of radicalism and populist parties, migration crisis and a heightened terrorism threat.
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This article analyzes geopolitical interests of Kremlin in Georgia and South Caucasus. It also de- scribes Moscow’s actions to dominate and control this strategically important region. The threats coming from Russia are analyzed in... more
This article analyzes geopolitical interests of Kremlin in Georgia and South Caucasus. It also de- scribes Moscow’s actions to dominate and control this strategically important region. The threats coming from Russia are analyzed in detail. South Caucasus is the region where the economic and strategic inter- ests of the West and Russia collide with each other. Despite its small size, Caucasus is a very important region. It is an alternative energy corridor, which allows European Union and the West to reduce its energy dependence on Russia and gain access to energy rich regions of Caspian Basin and Central Asia. Kremlin’s aim is to establish firm control over the South Caucasus energy corridor and become the only supplier of oil and gas for the West. Another geopolitical objective of Kremlin is to strengthen Moscow- Yerevan-Tehran axis and weaken Ankara-Tbilisi-Baku axis.
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In the 1990-s the European Union showed little interest in Caucasus and treated this region as the Russia’s backyard. In contrast to UN and OSCE, it played a passive role in Caucasian affairs, especially in the security sphere.... more
In the 1990-s the European Union showed little interest in Caucasus and treated this region as the Russia’s backyard. In contrast to UN and OSCE, it played a passive role in Caucasian affairs, especially in the security sphere. Moreover, EU was more preoccupied with the bloody wars and conflicts in the Balkans and did not pay enough attention to the South Caucasus. Although EU provided financial and technical assistance to the newly independent Caucasian states, its involvement in Caucasus was still very insignificant and limited. Since the enlargement of the European Union and the accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the EU, The South Caucasus is no longer viewed by EU as a distant and insignificant region. Nowadays, the European Union has an access to the Black Sea and the maritime boundary with the Caucasus region. After the enlargement process, Europe's interest in the neighboring region has increased considerably. Over the last years the European Union began to develop closer economic and political relations with the South Caucasian states by means of the European Neighborhood policy and the Eastern Partnership Program. The aim of this Neighborhood policy is to create a secure political, economic and social environment and promote stability, co-operation and prosperity in the Caucasus region. European Union helps Caucasian states in the implementation of democratic reforms and supports democratization process in South Caucasus. European Union is also involved in the resolution of conflicts of the Caucasus region. However, its role in the settlement of conflicts is rather limited. The aim of this article is to analyze European union’s relations with the South Caucasian states - Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
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One of the main foreign policy priorities of the Georgian government is to integrate the country into Euro – Atlantic structures. Although Georgia has made important progress in creating democratic institutions and in the transition... more
One of the main foreign policy priorities of the Georgian government is to integrate the country into Euro – Atlantic structures. Although Georgia has made important progress in creating democratic institutions and in the transition towards democracy, many obstacles remain that prevent the country to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. From these obstacles special attention should be paid to the Russian factor, as well as to internal problems such as ethnic conflicts with breakaway regions, fragile democratic institutions and political instability. Although Georgia has made some progress towards building democracy, it is still regarded as a hybrid regime and a lot has to be done to transform the country into liberal democracy.
Soviet government deliberately created three autonomous units in Georgia in order to establish absolute control on freedom-loving Georgian people. These autonomous units served to the political interests of Russia and they were used by... more
Soviet government deliberately created three autonomous units in Georgia in order to establish absolute control on freedom-loving Georgian people. These autonomous units served to the political interests of Russia and they were used by Kremlin as a political weapon for retaining influence over Georgia. After the collapse of Soviet Union, Russia has started to assist separatist forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia in order to retain control over independent Georgia.
Russia played a decisive role in inciting Georgian–Abkhazian conflict. International community is well informed about the involvement of Russian forces in the war of Abkhazia in 1992-1993. Russia still uses breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as leverage for making pressure on Georgia and avoids its integration into Euro-Atlantic structures.
Russia played a decisive role in inciting Georgian–Abkhazian conflict. International community is well informed about the involvement of Russian forces in the war of Abkhazia in 1992-1993. Russia still uses breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as leverage for making pressure on Georgia and avoids its integration into Euro-Atlantic structures.
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Over the last years, relations between Russia and Ukraine deteriorated rapidly. Russia’s attitude towards Ukraine has changed radically after the establishment of pro-western regime in Ukraine. Russia views Ukraine as its zone of... more
Over the last years, relations between Russia and Ukraine deteriorated rapidly. Russia’s attitude towards Ukraine has changed radically after the establishment of pro-western regime in Ukraine. Russia views Ukraine as its zone of influence or as part of the new Eurasian State. Therefore, Ukraine’s European orientation is perceived as a major threat that can put an end to Russia’s ambitions to establish a new empire, the so called “Eurasian Union”. Ukraine’s pro-western path and its ambition to integrate into Euro-Atlantic structures is the main factor that strains relations between the two Slavic nations. The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of the Ukraine crisis on Russia, European Union and Ukraine.
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One of the main objectives of the Georgian government is to maintain Georgia’s sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity within internationally recognized borders. The maintenance of Georgia’s territorial integrity strongly... more
One of the main objectives of the Georgian government is to maintain Georgia’s sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity within internationally recognized borders. The maintenance of Georgia’s territorial integrity strongly depends on the effective implementation of the policy of non-recognition of Georgia’s separatist regions. This article explains the ways in which the policy of non-recognition of Georgia’s breakaway regions can be strengthened. Effective implementation of the non-recognition policy depends on the following factors: 1. Expansion of diplomatic ties; 2. Active cooperation with Western countries and international organizations and their involvement in the implementation of the policy of non-recognition; and 3. Along with the non-recognition policy, implementation of the policy of withdrawal of recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
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This article emphasizes the importance of geographical factors for the maintenance of ethnic identity.
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United Caucasus might seem an utopian idea, but we have to take into account that this idea has a strong historical basis. It will be practically impossible to realize it in the near future. The Caucasus region is so important to Russia... more
United Caucasus might seem an utopian idea, but we have to take into account that this idea has a strong historical basis. It will be practically impossible to realize it in the near future. The Caucasus region is so important to Russia that it will always oppose any attempts to realize this plan. At this moment, the only possibility is to establish strong economic and cultural relations with the North Caucasian countries.
სტატიაში განხილულია თუ როგორ უნდა გავხადოთ არაღიარების პოლიტიკა უფრო ეფექტური. არაღიარების პოლიტიკის წარმატებით განხორციელება რამოდენიმე ფაქტორზე არის დამოკიდებული. ეს ფაქტორებია: 1. დიპლომატიური კავშირების გაფართოება 2. დასავ- ლეთის... more
სტატიაში განხილულია თუ როგორ უნდა გავხადოთ არაღიარების პოლიტიკა უფრო ეფექტური. არაღიარების პოლიტიკის წარმატებით განხორციელება რამოდენიმე ფაქტორზე არის დამოკიდებული. ეს ფაქტორებია: 1. დიპლომატიური კავშირების გაფართოება 2. დასავ-
ლეთის სახელმწიფოებთან და საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაციებთან აქტიური თანამშრომლობა და მათი ჩართვა არაღიარების პოლიტიკის განხორციელებაში 3. არაღიარების პოლიტიკის პარალელურად აღიარების უკან წაღების პოლიტიკის გატარება
ლეთის სახელმწიფოებთან და საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაციებთან აქტიური თანამშრომლობა და მათი ჩართვა არაღიარების პოლიტიკის განხორციელებაში 3. არაღიარების პოლიტიკის პარალელურად აღიარების უკან წაღების პოლიტიკის გატარება
This article analyzes Georgian-Chechen relations, historical and socio-cultural relations between two nations. Georgians always kept very close relations with the Vainakhs. The Vainakh tribes often migrated to Georgia, which was caused by... more
This article analyzes Georgian-Chechen relations, historical and socio-cultural relations between two nations. Georgians always kept very close relations with the Vainakhs. The Vainakh tribes often migrated to Georgia, which was caused by a variety of reasons: Frequent conflicts with enemies, lack of arable land, economic hardship, blood-feud tradition, etc.
This article analyzes creeping annexation of Georgia’s territories and threats coming from Russia. Russia has a lot of leverage to make pressure on Georgia. Georgian government should think of how to neutralize these threats and should be... more
This article analyzes creeping annexation of Georgia’s territories and threats coming from Russia. Russia has a lot of leverage to make pressure on Georgia. Georgian government should think of how to neutralize these threats and should be prepared for all possible scenarios.
The article analyzes the treaties signed at the Paris Peace Conference, which have radically changed the political map of Europe. The treaty of Versailles, the treaty of Saint-Germain, the treaty of Trianon, the treaty of Neuilly and the... more
The article analyzes the treaties signed at the Paris Peace Conference, which have radically changed the political map of Europe. The treaty of Versailles, the treaty of Saint-Germain, the treaty of Trianon, the treaty of Neuilly and the treaty of Sevres laid the foundations of the new
world order, which was named the Versailles system. The above mentioned treaties could not neutralize the tense political situation in Europe. On the contrary, the political situation became even more uncontrollable. The Versailles system turned out to be quite shaky and unstable.
world order, which was named the Versailles system. The above mentioned treaties could not neutralize the tense political situation in Europe. On the contrary, the political situation became even more uncontrollable. The Versailles system turned out to be quite shaky and unstable.
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The idea of a united Europe has a long history. Origins of this idea can be traced back to the middle ages. The concept of the united Europe was formulated differently by different thinkers and public figures. Implementation of this idea... more
The idea of a united Europe has a long history. Origins of this idea can be traced back to the middle ages. The concept of the united Europe was formulated differently by different thinkers and public figures. Implementation of this idea became possible only after the Second World War. The Second World War changed the balance of power and
marked the end of Europe’s global hegemony. European leaders came to the conclusion that it was necessary to unite the "old continent" so that it would have more weight and would play more important role in international politics.
marked the end of Europe’s global hegemony. European leaders came to the conclusion that it was necessary to unite the "old continent" so that it would have more weight and would play more important role in international politics.
This is a book about the deported Meskhetian population.