Patrick Hayes
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC), Research, Department Member
Research Interests:
This purpose of this note is lexicographic rather than theoretical: to tease apart some of the meanings of the word'context'as it is used in the technical literature. I will distinguish four different kinds of context and the... more
This purpose of this note is lexicographic rather than theoretical: to tease apart some of the meanings of the word'context'as it is used in the technical literature. I will distinguish four different kinds of context and the presuppositions that lie behind them. I hope to clarify what I believe to be a difference between two intellectual traditions, each of which brings a different collection of unspoken assumptions.
Abstract. Capturing and exploiting knowledge is at the heart of several important problems such as decision making, the semantic web, and intelligent agents. The captured knowledge must be accessible to subject matter experts so that the... more
Abstract. Capturing and exploiting knowledge is at the heart of several important problems such as decision making, the semantic web, and intelligent agents. The captured knowledge must be accessible to subject matter experts so that the knowledge can be easily extended, queried, and debugged. In our previous work to meet this objective, we created a knowledgeauthoring system based on graphical assembly from components that allowed acquisition of an interestingly broad class of axioms. In this paper, we explore the question: can we expand the axiom classes acquired by building on our existing graphical methods and still retain simplicity so that people with minimal training in knowledge representation can use it? Specifically, we present techniques used to capture ternary relations, classification rules, constraints, and if-then rules.
As part of a larger project, one of our goals is to enable users, not trained in AI, to be able to pose questions to an inference-capable knowledge base (KB), and receive acceptable answers. In particular, we wish the system to support... more
As part of a larger project, one of our goals is to enable users, not trained in AI, to be able to pose questions to an inference-capable knowledge base (KB), and receive acceptable answers. In particular, we wish the system to support answering a wide variety of questions, including longer questions which may include scenario descriptions, without requiring users to formulate their queries in predicate logic directly. In this paper, we present the approach we have developed to deal with this problem, based on the creation of a ...
Research Interests:
One of the fundamental questions regarding the temporal ontology is what is time composed of. While the traditional time structure is based on a set of points, a notion that has been prevalently adopted in classical physics and... more
One of the fundamental questions regarding the temporal ontology is what is time composed of. While the traditional time structure is based on a set of points, a notion that has been prevalently adopted in classical physics and mathematics, it has also been noticed that intervals have been widely adopted for expre~sion of common sense temporal knowledge, especially in the domain of artificial intelligence. However, there has been a longstanding debate on how intervals should be addressed, leading to two different approaches to the treatment of intervals. In the first, intervals are addressed as derived objects constructed from points, e.g., as sets of points, or as pairs of points. In the second, intervals are taken as primitive themselves. This article provides a critical examination of these two approaches. By means of proposing a definition of intervals in terms of points and types, we shall demonstrate that, while the two different approaches have been viewed as rivals in the li...
Research Interests: Mathematics and Qa
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Computer Science, Technology, Second Life, Pipeline, Blackboard, and 15 moreAutomatic question generation, Augmented, Definition, Just in Time, Artificial, Web Service, Visual Representation, Client Server, Description, Web Pages, Group, Source Code, Interconnection, Immersive Environment, and Logical Framework Approach
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Researchers in knowledge representation and practitioners of the OMG's Model Driven Architecture��(MDA) are beginning to recognize that there is overlap in these technologies and that there may be synergies that could be exploited to... more
Researchers in knowledge representation and practitioners of the OMG's Model Driven Architecture��(MDA) are beginning to recognize that there is overlap in these technologies and that there may be synergies that could be exploited to enable new, breakthrough capabilities in software engineering. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the commonalities and unique characteristics of each that may benefit the other and discuss areas of potential synergy. We also summarize features of the current draft revised ...
Research Interests:
We urge that an introductory course in AI should present a firm enough intellectual foundation to enable students to counter the many arguments being made against the subject's validity or coherence. Such foundations are not found in... more
We urge that an introductory course in AI should present a firm enough intellectual foundation to enable students to counter the many arguments being made against the subject's validity or coherence. Such foundations are not found in the history of the subject, on which many current texts spend too much time.
Research Interests:
This introduction focuses on how human-centered computing (HCC) is changing the way that people think about information technology. The AI perspective views this HCC framework as embodying a systems view, in which human thought and action... more
This introduction focuses on how human-centered computing (HCC) is changing the way that people think about information technology. The AI perspective views this HCC framework as embodying a systems view, in which human thought and action are linked and equally important in terms of analysis, design, and evaluation. This emerging technology provides a new research outlook for AI applications, with new research goals and agendas.
Research Interests:
The notion of time is a very interesting and exciting subject both in science and everyday life. One of the fundamental questions is: what is time composed of? While the traditional time structure is based on a set of points, a notion... more
The notion of time is a very interesting and exciting subject both in science and everyday life. One of the fundamental questions is: what is time composed of? While the traditional time structure is based on a set of points, a notion that has been prevalently adopted in classical physics and mathematics, it has also been noticed that intervals have been widely adopted for expression of commonsense temporal knowledge, especially in the domain of artificial intelligence. However, there has been a long-standing debate on whether intervals should be treated as primitive or not, leading to two different approaches to the treatment of intervals. In the first, intervals are modelled as derived objects constructed from points, e.g. sets of points, or pairs of points. In the second, intervals are taken as primitive themselves. This article provides a critical examination of these two approaches. By means of proposing a definition of intervals in terms of points and types, we shall demonstra...
This paper describes a new environment, COE, for capturing and formally representing expert knowledge for use in the Semantic Web. COE exploits the ease of use and rapid knowledge construction capabilities of the CmapTools concept mapping... more
This paper describes a new environment, COE, for capturing and formally representing expert knowledge for use in the Semantic Web. COE exploits the ease of use and rapid knowledge construction capabilities of the CmapTools concept mapping system and extends them to support the import and export of formal, machine-interpretable knowledge representations, such as OWL, across multiple ontologies. Pragati’s Expozé tool suite complements COE’s ontology construction, browsing and navigation features by providing cluster-based search capabilities that expose existing reusable concepts relevant to the user’s focus of attention.
Research Interests:
The meaningful integration and comprehen-sion of data from many different sources poses a difficult challenge for the Intelligence Com-munity. Establishing the underlying semantics of that data and developing semantics for new or... more
The meaningful integration and comprehen-sion of data from many different sources poses a difficult challenge for the Intelligence Com-munity. Establishing the underlying semantics of that data and developing semantics for new or specialized scenarios is a key part of the so-lution to that challenge. The emerging Seman-tic Web technologies address this challenge by developing an 'open network ' of formally de-scribed concepts, in which the publication of a formal ontology allows other users to re-use concepts when describing new knowledge. This vision requires that the tasks of knowl-edge entry and review are conducted in an en-vironment providing direct, intuitive access to the formally defined meanings of existing concepts, and tools to determine relationships between concepts which may have been com-posed in isolation from each other. We outline this vision and describe an initial implementa-tion of a software suite, Collaborative Ontol-ogy Environment (COE), which uses...
Research Interests:
The following document was written during 1995-6, while I was a Visiting Scholar at the Beckman Institute at the University of Illinois. It was originally issued, and may be cited, as:
Despite some successes, the lack of tools to allow subject matter experts to directly enter, query, and debug formal domain knowledge in a knowledge-base still remains a major obstacle to their deployment. Our goal is to create such... more
Despite some successes, the lack of tools to allow subject matter experts to directly enter, query, and debug formal domain knowledge in a knowledge-base still remains a major obstacle to their deployment. Our goal is to create such tools, so that a trained knowledge engineer is no longer required to mediate the interaction. This paper presents our work on the knowledge entry part of this overall knowledge capture task, which is based on several claims: that users can construct representations by connecting pre-fabricated, representational components, rather than writing low-level axioms; that these components can be presented to users as graphs; and the user can then perform composition through graph manipulation operations. To operationalize this, we have developed a novel technique of graphical dialog using examples of the component concepts, followed by an automated process for generalizing the user's graphically-entered assertions into axioms. We present these claims, our ...
Research Interests:
Concept Maps are seen as ways to conceptualize domains that can be comprehended within the human attention span, and are often based on terminologies arising in technical, scientific or engineering domains. We report on a set of related... more
Concept Maps are seen as ways to conceptualize domains that can be comprehended within the human attention span, and are often based on terminologies arising in technical, scientific or engineering domains. We report on a set of related projects that go beyond this tradition in two ways: by connecting CmapTools to the new, machine-processable standard notations for formal Web meta-data (RDF and OWL), and by applying the resulting tools to the construction of Web markup for works of art. This domain provides a semantically-rich case study because descriptions of artwork inherently contain a mix of artifacts, some of which can easily be formalized (creator, title, creation date, etc.) and some of which express meanings about the work that are more difficult to formalize. Formalization of knowledge about works of art could benefit web developers by giving greater organization to these types of resources on the internet. It will also help foster the development of ontologies in other, s...
Research Interests:
In this document, we describe the design of an end-to-end system, called SHAKEN, to enable SMEs, unassisted by AI technologists, to assemble models of mechanisms and processes. These models are both declarative and executable, so that... more
In this document, we describe the design of an end-to-end system, called SHAKEN, to enable SMEs, unassisted by AI technologists, to assemble models of mechanisms and processes. These models are both declarative and executable, so that questions about the mechanisms and processes can be answered by conventional inference methods (eg, theorem proving and taxonomic inference) and by various task-specific methods (eg, simulation, analogical reasoning, and problem solving). One scientific innovation, and the principal extension to Cyc and the ���HPKB ...
The Semantic Web consists of many RDF graphs nameable by URIs. This paper extends the syntax and semantics of RDF to cover such Named Graphs. This enables RDF statements that describe graphs, which is beneficial in many Semantic Web... more
The Semantic Web consists of many RDF graphs nameable by URIs. This paper extends the syntax and semantics of RDF to cover such Named Graphs. This enables RDF statements that describe graphs, which is beneficial in many Semantic Web application areas. As a case study, we explore the application area of Semantic Web publishing: Named Graphs allow publishers to communicate assertional intent, and to sign their graphs; information consumers can evaluate specific graphs using task-specific trust policies, and act on information from those Named Graphs that they accept. Graphs are trusted depending on: their content; information about the graph; and the task the user is performing. The extension of RDF to Named Graphs provides a formally defined framework to be a foundation for the Semantic Web trust layer.
Research Interests:
Computers are the only machines which both manipulate symbols and are manipulated by them; they are “physical symbol systems.” As we know, AI uses this insight to implement systems capable of thought. However, some people find this idea... more
Computers are the only machines which both manipulate symbols and are manipulated by them; they are “physical symbol systems.” As we know, AI uses this insight to implement systems capable of thought. However, some people find this idea of a symbolic machine very unsettling. This
tension can be a clinical precursor of a disorder called symbolophobia.
tension can be a clinical precursor of a disorder called symbolophobia.
Research Interests:
philosophical or epistemological problem, certainly not an electronic or computational problem. What is the frame problem? In this essay I thought I was providing interested bystanders with a useful introduction to the problem, as well as... more
philosophical or epistemological problem, certainly not an electronic or computational problem. What is the frame problem? In this essay I thought I was providing interested bystanders with a useful introduction to the problem, as well as an account of its philosophical interest, but some people in AI , including McCarthy and Hayes (who ought to know), thought I was misleading the bystanders . The real frame problem was not, they said, what I was talking about. Others weren 't so sure. I myself no longer have any firm convictions about which problems are which, or even about which problems are really hard after all but something is still obstreperously resisting solution, that's for sure. Happily, there are now three follow-up volumes that pursue these disagreements through fascinating thickets of controversy: The Robot' s Dilemma (Pylyshyn, 1987), Reasoning Agents in a Dynamic World (Ford and Hayes, 1991), and The Robot' s Dilemma Revisited (Ford and Pylyshyn, 1996)...
Research Interests:
Formal Unifying Standards for the Representation of Spatiotemporal Knowledge a Report on Arlada Task 02ta4-sp1-rt1 "formalisms for Spatio-temporal Reasoning" Advanced Decision Architectures Alliance Contents 1. Introduction 2. Example 3. a Proposal for a Solution 4. Parameters and Temporal Sortingsmore
This paper presents the working draft MOFTM (Meta-Object Facility) metamodel for Simple Common Logic (SCL), one of six metamodels currently envisioned for the Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM) standards effort in the Object Management... more
This paper presents the working draft MOFTM (Meta-Object Facility) metamodel for Simple Common Logic (SCL), one of six metamodels currently envisioned for the Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM) standards effort in the Object Management Group (OMG®). SCL is positioned for use as a constraint language for the ODM, an alternative to OCL for those who need significantly more flexibility or expressivity. We provide historical context and insight into the design process for developing the metamodel, and briefly discuss ongoing and future work required to complete the SCL-related subset of the ODM. INTRODUCTION Prior to the issuance of the Object Management Group (OMG®)’s Request For Proposal (RFP) for an Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM) in March 2003 [1], a number of technical meetings and discussions were held to determine the nature of the requirements that said RFP should incorporate. The resulting RFP reflects the urgency felt among Ontology platform special interest group (PSIG) ...
ABSTRACT Modules allow the reuse of an ontology as part of another ontology. If the ontologies do not share a common domain of discourse a simple ‘cut and paste’ approach to module reuse leads to unintended consequences, the Horatio... more
ABSTRACT Modules allow the reuse of an ontology as part of another ontology. If the ontologies do not share a common domain of discourse a simple ‘cut and paste’ approach to module reuse leads to unintended consequences, the Horatio problem. To solve this problem ISO/IEC 24707's Common Logic includes modules as a syntactic category. However, the semantics of modules is treated incongruently in ISO/IEC 24707. In this paper we propose an alternative semantics of modules, discuss their logical properties, and how they can be used in ontology development.
Research Interests:
Google, Inc. (search). ...
Research Interests:
Dr. Patrick Hayes, Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Human & Machine Cognition (Ph. D. Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh). Dr. Hayes has held academic positions in computer science at the University of Essex... more
Dr. Patrick Hayes, Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Human & Machine Cognition (Ph. D. Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh). Dr. Hayes has held academic positions in computer science at the University of Essex (England), in philosophy at the University of Illinois and as the Luce Professor of cognitive science at the University of Rochester. He has been a visiting scholar at University of Geneva and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Studies at Stanford, and has directed applied AI research at Xerox-PARC, SRI and ...
Research Interests:
ABSTRACT Modules allow the reuse of an ontology as part of another ontology. If the ontologies do not share a common domain of discourse a simple ‘cut and paste’ approach to module reuse leads to unintended consequences, the Horatio... more
ABSTRACT Modules allow the reuse of an ontology as part of another ontology. If the ontologies do not share a common domain of discourse a simple ‘cut and paste’ approach to module reuse leads to unintended consequences, the Horatio problem. To solve this problem ISO/IEC 24707's Common Logic includes modules as a syntactic category. However, the semantics of modules is treated incongruently in ISO/IEC 24707. In this paper we propose an alternative semantics of modules, discuss their logical properties, and how they can be used in ontology development.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
... Article author query; hayes p [PubMed] [Google Scholar]. Pat Hayes a1. ... Knowing about formality.Pat Hayes (1980) Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Volume 3, Issue 01, March 1980 pp 82-83... more
... Article author query; hayes p [PubMed] [Google Scholar]. Pat Hayes a1. ... Knowing about formality.Pat Hayes (1980) Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Volume 3, Issue 01, March 1980 pp 82-83 http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0140525X00001898. Pat Hayes (1980). ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
I first met John before I met him, when I read his Stanford AI Memo #1 in the library of the Machine Intelligence Unit in Edinburgh, and had my mind blown. When he came to Edinburgh the following year I begged for a chance for a lowly... more
I first met John before I met him, when I read his Stanford AI Memo #1 in the library of the Machine Intelligence Unit in Edinburgh, and had my mind blown. When he came to Edinburgh the following year I begged for a chance for a lowly graduate student to ask him some questions, and ...
Dr. Patrick Hayes, Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Human & Machine Cognition (Ph. D. Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh). Dr. Hayes has held academic positions in computer science at the University of Essex (England), in... more
Dr. Patrick Hayes, Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Human & Machine Cognition (Ph. D. Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh). Dr. Hayes has held academic positions in computer science at the University of Essex (England), in philosophy at the University of Illinois and as the Luce Professor of cognitive science at the University of Rochester. He has been a visiting scholar at University of Geneva and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Studies at Stanford, and has directed applied AI research at Xerox-PARC, SRI and ...
Page 1. 1 A Framework for Constructing Web Ontologies using Concept Maps Pat Hayes Tom Eskridge Thomas Reichherzer Raul Saavedra This work is continuing with additional DoD funding, in collaboration with Pragati, Inc (Mala Mehrotra) Page... more
Page 1. 1 A Framework for Constructing Web Ontologies using Concept Maps Pat Hayes Tom Eskridge Thomas Reichherzer Raul Saavedra This work is continuing with additional DoD funding, in collaboration with Pragati, Inc (Mala Mehrotra) Page 2. 2 Project Goals ∎ A tool to build, edit and display OWL ontologies. ∎ A graphical approach based on concept maps. ∎ Concept maps as an ontology building tool ∎ Representing existing ontologies as concept maps. ∎ Support tools for building OWL ontologies. ...
The purpose of this document is to identify requirements that are too general to result from any single use case area, cut across all use cases areas, or are not directly related to the existing use cases, but nonetheless important. ...... more
The purpose of this document is to identify requirements that are too general to result from any single use case area, cut across all use cases areas, or are not directly related to the existing use cases, but nonetheless important. ... The following requirements are recommended by the group. ... Ontologies are publicly available and different data sources can commit to the same ontology for shared meaning. ... Any use case in which distributed data sources use shared terminology. ... Interoperability requires agreements on the definitions of terms. ...
Documents in this release include:��� daml+ oil. daml-the revised language specification��� daml+ oil-ex. daml-a revised example ontology��� daml+ oil-ex-dt. xsd-datatype definitions used in the above example��� daml+ oil-walkthru.... more
Documents in this release include:��� daml+ oil. daml-the revised language specification��� daml+ oil-ex. daml-a revised example ontology��� daml+ oil-ex-dt. xsd-datatype definitions used in the above example��� daml+ oil-walkthru. html-an annotated version of the example ontology��� reference. html-systematic reference description of all the language elements��� differences-daml+ oil. html-an explanation of the changes from DAML+ OIL (December 2000)��� model-theoretic-semantics. html-revised Model-Theoretic Semantics��� axiomatic- ...
Research Interests:
The distributed and heterogeneous nature of today's applications such as the Web implies that a variety of agents may participate in answering questions. Since multiple agents with various reasoning methods and representation... more
The distributed and heterogeneous nature of today's applications such as the Web implies that a variety of agents may participate in answering questions. Since multiple agents with various reasoning methods and representation languages are possible, inference rules used to derive any particular answer may be quite diverse. In this paper we introduce the Inference Meta Language to represent inference rules in an abstract and uniform way. The language may be used to annotate proofs enabling them to be automatically checked. Checking may be critical if systems combine answers, i.e., web service composition. We have implemented a parser and checker for the language and it is in use in several proof-based explanation solutions.
The Simon Newcomb Award is given annually for the silliest published argument attacking AI. Our subject may be unique in the virulence and frequency with which it is attacked, both in the popular media and among the cultured... more
The Simon Newcomb Award is given annually for the silliest published argument attacking AI. Our subject may be unique in the virulence and frequency with which it is attacked, both in the popular media and among the cultured intelligentsia. Recent articles have argued that the very idea of AI reflects a cancer in the heart of our culture and have proven (yet again) that it is impossible. While many of these attacks are cited widely, most of them are ridiculous to anyone with an appropriate technical education.
Research Interests:
IKL Overview Forms of quantifiers Special IKL name forms Using quoted strings as indirect names Proposition names Proposition names are referentially transparent Identity between propositions Datatyping Translating other logics into IKL... more
IKL Overview Forms of quantifiers Special IKL name forms Using quoted strings as indirect names Proposition names Proposition names are referentially transparent Identity between propositions Datatyping Translating other logics into IKL Keeping track of names Description logics translate into IKL relational operators Sorts become legality classes in IKL Contexts and Modalities in IKL