Histopathology image analysis is widely accepted as a gold standard for cancer diagnosis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) contains large repositories of histopathology whole slide images spanning several organs and subtypes. However, not... more
Histopathology image analysis is widely accepted as a gold standard for cancer diagnosis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) contains large repositories of histopathology whole slide images spanning several organs and subtypes. However, not much work has gone into analyzing all the organs and subtypes and their similarities. Our work attempts to bridge this gap by training deep learning models to classify cancer vs. normal patches for 11 subtypes spanning seven organs (9,792 tissue slides) to achieve high classification performance. We used these models to investigate their performances in the test set of other organs (cross-organ inference). We found that every model had a good cross-organ inference accuracy when tested on breast, colorectal, and liver cancers. Further, high accuracy is observed between models trained on the cancer subtypes originating from the same organ (kidney and lung). We also validated these performances by showing the separability of cancer and normal samples in...
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Ultramicroporous MOFs enable tight packing of the active functional groups, directly impacting the selective guest–framework interactions.
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The impact of a heavier droplet falling into a deep pool of lighter liquid is investigated using three-dimensional numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the heavier droplets can hang from the surface of a lighter liquid using surface... more
The impact of a heavier droplet falling into a deep pool of lighter liquid is investigated using three-dimensional numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the heavier droplets can hang from the surface of a lighter liquid using surface tension. The impact phenomenon and the evolution of the heavier droplet as a function of its size and release height are explored. A theoretical model is also formulated to understand the role of different forms of energy associated with the hanging droplet. We further solve the force balance equations for the hanging droplets analytically, and demonstrate that the results obtained from our simulations match very well the analytical solution. This research offers opportunities in many areas, including drug and gene delivery, encapsulation of biomolecules, microfluidics, soft robots, and remediation of oil spills.
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Background: Low dye taping is used for excessive pronation at the subtalar joint of the foot, taping and orthoses are frequently applied to control excessive foot pronation, to treat and prevent musculoskeletal pain and injuries to the... more
Background: Low dye taping is used for excessive pronation at the subtalar joint of the foot, taping and orthoses are frequently applied to control excessive foot pronation, to treat and prevent musculoskeletal pain and injuries to the lower limb. Studies have predicted that 75% of all running injuries could be linked to excessive pronation. Aims & Objectives:-This study examines the time dependent changes in Navicular Drop and Plantar Pressures after application of low dye taping. Methods: Pre and post quasi experimental design was used. The group consisted of 40 subjects who were asymptomatic and had pronated foot. Each being screened for excessive pronation (navicular drop> 10 mm).Plantar pressures data was recorded, using F Scan. A pre assessment of navicular drop and plantar pressures was done. Each subjects received low dye taping and post assessment of navicular drop and plantar pressures was done, then the subjects walked for 10 minutes and post session 1 readings were ta...
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Aluminum alloys are widely used in aerospace and automobile industries due to their low density and good mechanical properties, better corrosion resistance and wear, low thermal coefficient of expansion as compared to conventional metals... more
Aluminum alloys are widely used in aerospace and automobile industries due to their low density and good mechanical properties, better corrosion resistance and wear, low thermal coefficient of expansion as compared to conventional metals and alloys. The excellent mechanical properties of these materials and relatively low production cost make them a very attractive candidate for a variety of applications both from scientific and technological viewpoints. The aim involved in designing aluminum based metal matrix composite materials is to combine the desirable attributes of metals and Ceramics. Present work is focused on the study of behavior of Aluminum Cast Alloy (6063) with alumina (Al2O3) composite produced by the stir casting technique. Different % age of alumina powder is used as reinforcement phase in this AMMC. Various mechanical tests like tensile test, Hardness Test, Impact test are performed on the samples of AMMC to evaluate the mechanical properties of this aluminum based...
Department of Biotechnology and Environmental sciences, Thapar institute of Engineering and Technology,patiala.
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Cloud computing is the stage for a choice of services like software, infrastructure as a cloud service and each person wants to have the benefit of that cloud services using the cloud computing concept, which ultimately increases the data... more
Cloud computing is the stage for a choice of services like software, infrastructure as a cloud service and each person wants to have the benefit of that cloud services using the cloud computing concept, which ultimately increases the data size and loaded records on cloud servers. Due to increased number of files on the cloud database the retrieval of files becomes much more time consuming and complex. Also this file retrieval doesn’t ensure the exact retrieval of files from the storage. Besides, the privacy apprehensions affect to the appropriate documents regained by the cloud user in the afterward phase in view of the fact that they may also enclose sensitive data and make known information about sensitive exploration words or phrase. Keywords— Cloud, security, multi-keyword, cloud computing.
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Research Interests: Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Environmental Science, Hydrology, Water quality, and 9 moreWater resources, Environmental Sciences, Hydraulic conductivity, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Tillage, Civil and Construction Engineering, Water Quality, Bulk Density, and Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering
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Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and... more
Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered w...
Research Interests: Adolescent, Hospitals, Humans, Child, Europe, and 15 moreFemale, Anaesthesia, Cohort Study, Cohort, Health Status, Clinical Sciences, General Anesthesia, Age Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Competence, Elsevier, HUMAN MEDICINE, Child preschool, Drug hypersensitivity, and General Anaesthesia
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A face annotation has many applications the main part of based face annotation is to management of most same facial images and their weak data labels. These problem, different methods are adopted. The efficiency of annotating systems are... more
A face annotation has many applications the main part of based face annotation is to management of most same facial images and their weak data labels. These problem, different methods are adopted. The efficiency of annotating systems are improved by using these methods. This paper proposes a review on various techniques used for detection and analysis of each technique. Combine techniques are used in retrieving facial images based on query. So it is effective to label the images with their exact names. The detected face recognition techniques can annotate the faces with exact data labels which will help to improve the detection more efficiently.
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A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network VANET is a form of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network or MANET which provides communication between the vehicles and the road-side base stations. A vehicle in VANET is considered to be an intellectual Vehicular node... more
A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network VANET is a form of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network or MANET which provides communication between the vehicles and the road-side base stations. A vehicle in VANET is considered to be an intellectual Vehicular node competent of communicating with its neighbors and other vehicles in the network. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. QoS (Quality of Service) is the proposal that communication rates, fault rates, and other uniqueness can be painstaking, improved, and to some assured level in advance in VANET nevertheless in particular concern for the continuous communication of high bandwidth video and multimedia information this kind of content habitually communicating is complex in unrestricted networks using common "best effort” protocols [1,2,3,4,7,8] MACA (Multiple Accesses with Collision Avoidance) Protocol is a conflict based Sender initiated Protocol which uses Three way handshaking means that RTS—CTS—Data packet exchange [2]. It used in network congestion prevention to help in decisive the accurate sending rate by binary exponential back off (BEB) Algorithm in which if a packet communicated by a node is lost, the node uses the binary exponential back-off (BEB) algorithm to back off a uninformed period of time before retrying which is then also inadequate dependable because of data sending acknowledgement is not received, hence Enhancement of Multiple Accesses with Collision Avoidance (EMACA) Protocol based on MACA with some modifications over it have been proposed. Instead of three way handshaking in MACA, EMACA protocol proposes five way handshaking RTS – CTS – DSSI – DSSI_ACK – DATA Sending -ACK. A comparative study done on QualNet 5.0 Version simulator [9], [10] over MACA & EMACA. AODV routing protocol is used to evaluate the MACA and EMACA performance [4], [5], [11]. Results shows that the EMACA simulation performs well as compared to MACA in sense of Throughput, Total Packet Received and Drop Packet Ratio under varying circumstances of no. of nodes and pause time.
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L protein of the Rinderpest virus, an archetypal paramyxovirus possesses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity which transcribes the genome into mRNAs as well as replicates the RNA genome. The protein also possesses RNA triphosphatase... more
L protein of the Rinderpest virus, an archetypal paramyxovirus possesses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity which transcribes the genome into mRNAs as well as replicates the RNA genome. The protein also possesses RNA triphosphatase (RTPase), guanylyltransferase (GTase) and methyltransferase enzyme activities responsible for capping the mRNAs in a conventional pathway similar to that of the host pathway. Subsequent to the earlier characterization of the GTase activity of L protein and identification of the RTPase domain of the L protein, we report here, additional enzymatic activities associated with the RTPase domain. We have characterized the pyrophosphatase and tripolyphosphatase activities of the L-RTPase domain which are metal-dependent and proceed much faster than the RTPase activity. Interestingly, the mutant proteins E1645A and E1647A abrogated the pyrophosphatase and tripolyphosphatase significantly, indicating a strong overlap of the active sites of these activities with...
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Objective: The study aimed to find out how long the flexibility lasted after a one time modified hold relax stretching & active warm up and its comparison with modified hold relax technique alone. Design: Pre-test, Post-test... more
Objective: The study aimed to find out how long the flexibility lasted after a one time modified hold relax stretching & active warm up and its comparison with modified hold relax technique alone. Design: Pre-test, Post-test comparative study with repeated measures. Setting: Mata Gujri Fitness center, Kailash colony, New Delhi. Method: 30 male subjects were randomly assigned to two groups; Group A- Modified Hold Relax: On the 15 subjects a one time modified hold-relax stretching was performed. Group B: 15 male subjects completed an active warm up on treadmill followed by modified hold relax stretching. The pre stretch measurement was taken by Active Knee Extension (AKE) test. After both the interventions the post stretch measurements were taken at following intervals, 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 min, respectively. Results: A significant improvement in ROM was observed when post stretch measurements were compared to pre test in both groups respectively. However, the flexibility lasted for longer duration that is 12 min in group B when compared to group A that is 6 min. Conclusion: Both the methods are equally effective to improve the range of motion. But the improved ranges can be maintained for larger duration when active warm up was implemented prior to Modified hold relax stretching.
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Purpose In recent years, there has been a significant increase in opioid-related drug use among pregnant mothers, specifically Methadone, Subutex (Buprenorphine) and Suboxone (Buprenorphine and Naloxone) resulting in increased neonatal... more
Purpose In recent years, there has been a significant increase in opioid-related drug use among pregnant mothers, specifically Methadone, Subutex (Buprenorphine) and Suboxone (Buprenorphine and Naloxone) resulting in increased neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions for treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Standard tests such as urine, meconium, and cord stat blood samples have not been shown to accurately demonstrate maternal abuse of these medications or predict the clinical course of NAS. This study aims to correlate and compare clinical symptoms of NAS with cord/ placental blood concentrations of Buprenorphine, Methadone and their metabolites. Another goal is to demonstrate the ability to correctly identify maternal abuse and concentrations of these medications. Methods The design was an observational study where cord/placental blood samples were obtained from eligible subjects. In addition to the standard cord stat test done by state, samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify the metabolites of Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine and Methadone. Investigators performing the LC-MS/MS were blinded. Infants were treated on attending physician’s discretion according to clinical course. All infants were followed until discharge. Demographics and clinical course, including NICU stay, were recorded. Results A total of 19 mothers were enrolled, out of which, 15 (78.9%) mothers were on Subutex, 2 (10.5%) on Suboxone and 2 (10.5%) on Methadone. Data analysis was performed only on subjects with exposure to Subutex due to low sample size for Suboxone and Methadone subjects. Cord stat performed by the state lab was negative in 33.3% of subjects; however, 100% of the cord blood samples tested by LC-/MSMS were positive. The percentage of neonates transferred to NICU for NAS was 60% of which 67% received replacement therapy. Length of stay in NICU for treatment of NAS did not have any correlation to the concentration of the metabolites in cord blood. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between duration of NICU stay and Norbuprenorhine concentration was r = -0.07 (p-value = 0.40); Buprenorphine concentration was r = -0.30 (p-value = 0.14); Norbuprenorphine-glucoronate concentration was r = -0.05 (p-value = 0.43); Buprenorphine-glucoronate concentration was r = -0.31 (p-value = 0.13). No correlation was found after adding the concentrations of all the above metabolites with NICU stay r = -0.24 (p-value = 0.19). Conclusion The cord stat result is inferior to cord/placental blood levels of drug metabolites using LC-MS/MS for diagnosing maternal substance abuse in at risk infants. No correlation was found between the concentrations of metabolites and length of stay in NICU or duration of replacement therapy. This study was limited by a small sample size
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Traditional QWERTY keyboards are large in size and offer little in terms of their ability to modify. A Virtual Keyboard, with slightest physical form may provide an answer to the point of time, where the size of desktops and laptops is... more
Traditional QWERTY keyboards are large in size and offer little in terms of their ability to modify. A Virtual Keyboard, with slightest physical form may provide an answer to the point of time, where the size of desktops and laptops is becoming smaller, the traditional keyboard acts as a hindrance to further miniaturization. In today’s world many different Virtual Keyboard exist which are using 3D cameras. This project involves the creation of Virtual Keyboard using the shadow analysis. The project aimed to create such keyboard which requires no external hardware, easy to use with reconfigurable option in it. This project uses a Logitech standard web camera. The main focus of this project is to know the problems with current VK and how to solve these problems using novel techniques like shadow analysis. Finally this project aimed to discuss and evaluate the working of Virtual Keyboard. The dissertation was nicely done in creating the Virtual Keyboard using shadow analysis and image ...
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Forty-two patients (mean age 50 years) with chronic stable angina pectoris were subjected to exercise treadmill testing, coronary arteriography and left ventricular cineangiography. Twenty-one of these patients also underwent Holter... more
Forty-two patients (mean age 50 years) with chronic stable angina pectoris were subjected to exercise treadmill testing, coronary arteriography and left ventricular cineangiography. Twenty-one of these patients also underwent Holter monitoring for 24 hours. On exercise treadmill testing, angina was the endpoint in 24 (57%), while 18 (43%) developed significant ST segment depression without symptoms. Holter monitoring in 27 patients revealed a total of 248 episodes of myocardial ischaemia of which 210 (84%) were asymptomatic. ST segment depression at 80 mS from J point varied from 1 to 4 mm, and the average duration of ischaemic episodes during Holter monitoring was 9 minutes (range 30 seconds to 1 hour). Heart rate during the ischaemic episodes varied between 65-85 beats/minute. Coronary angiography revealed triple vessel disease in 22 (52%) and double vessel and single vessel involvement in 10 (24%) each. Left ventricular ejection fraction was less than 50% in only 3 (7%) patients....
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Twenty-five patients below the age of 40 years with Uncomplicated hypertension underwent selective renal arteriography to assess the involvement of interlobar and arcuate arteries. Renal vasculature was abnormal in all 25 patients.... more
Twenty-five patients below the age of 40 years with Uncomplicated hypertension underwent selective renal arteriography to assess the involvement of interlobar and arcuate arteries. Renal vasculature was abnormal in all 25 patients. Patients with severe hypertension had markedly abnormal renal vasculature. None of the patients with mild hypertension had severe vascular involvement. Functional significance of these arteriographic abnormalities is discussed.
Research Interests: Adolescent, Medicine, Humans, Kidney, Hypertension, and 6 moreFemale, Pubmed, Male, Angiography, Adult, and Essential Hypertension
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Serum retinol levels were studied in: (a) 95, 56 and 43 normal subjects belonging to lower, middle and upper socio-economic groups respectively, (b) 35 adult males suffering from night blindness, (c) 27 subjects with low retinol levels,... more
Serum retinol levels were studied in: (a) 95, 56 and 43 normal subjects belonging to lower, middle and upper socio-economic groups respectively, (b) 35 adult males suffering from night blindness, (c) 27 subjects with low retinol levels, (d) 8 retinol deficient subjects (e) 17 male infants suffering from overt retinol deficiency, (f) 43 radiologically confirmed stone patients and (g) age and sex matched controls (infants 20; adults 120). The subjects included in groups b to f were clinically and radiologically examined for stone disease. Some inhibitors and promotors of stone disease were estimated in urine in groups b to g. It was found that 68% of subjects in lower socioeconomic group had serum retinol levels between 10 and 19 ug%, and 4% below 10 ug%, but none of them showed any symptoms of retinol deficiency. The subjects included in groups b to e did not show any significant difference in their urine chemistry although oxalate excretion was slightly but not significantly higher ...
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In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET), mobile nodes are organized randomly without any fix access point. Due to the limited bandwidth and dynamic topology of nodes, the network congestion occurs. Congestion control is the main problem in... more
In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET), mobile nodes are organized randomly without any fix access point. Due to the limited bandwidth and dynamic topology of nodes, the network congestion occurs. Congestion control is the main problem in ad-hoc networks. Congestion control is associated to controlling traffic incoming into a telecommunication network. The end-to-end Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) performance degrades rapidly with increase load in number of hops. This is one of the biggest problems of TCP over wireless networks. In this research work, we proposed to develop the Effective TCP Congestion Control AODV routing which consists of congestion monitoring on the basis of queue length and rate control. The overall congestion status is measured in congestion monitoring. In route establishment, we propose congestion control in the particular channel, queue length of packet, traffic rate based overall congestion standard, packet loss rate and packet dropping ratio to monitor the congestion status. Based on the congestion standard, the congestion less based routing is established to reduce the packet loss, high overhead, long delay in the network. By extensive simulation, the proposed scheme achieves better throughput, packet delivery ratio, low end-to-end delay and overhead than the normal TCP based AODV routing.
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Oxcarbazepine has been reported to precipitate myoclonic, generalised tonic-clonic, absence, and complex partial seizures, and carbamazepine to precipitate absences, myoclonic seizures and spasms. Here, we report a one-year, six-month-old... more
Oxcarbazepine has been reported to precipitate myoclonic, generalised tonic-clonic, absence, and complex partial seizures, and carbamazepine to precipitate absences, myoclonic seizures and spasms. Here, we report a one-year, six-month-old girl with complex partial seizures who developed infantile spasms, developmental regression, and hypsarrhythmia during the two weeks directly following initiation of oxcarbazepine (14 mg/kg/day). All of these resolved within a few days after discontinuation of this medication. Although we cannot rule out that the above association may have been coincidental, or that the improvement may have been due to concurrent therapy, this case raises the possibility that oxcarbazepine, like carbamazepine, may precipitate infantile spasms and West syndrome.
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AbstractCurrently, there are no set physiological classifications of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Physiological groups of patients with T1DM developed using cluster analysis can inform diabetes management technologies and... more
AbstractCurrently, there are no set physiological classifications of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Physiological groups of patients with T1DM developed using cluster analysis can inform diabetes management technologies and training methods. Using the FDA-approved ...
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This study used resin impregnation and image analysis to characterize macroporosity of a Nicollet loam soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) under no‐tillage and conventional tillage. Soil samples (7.5 by 5 by 5 cm) were taken... more
This study used resin impregnation and image analysis to characterize macroporosity of a Nicollet loam soil (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) under no‐tillage and conventional tillage. Soil samples (7.5 by 5 by 5 cm) were taken at each 5‐cm depth interval to determine macroporosity after conducting solute‐leaching experiments on undisturbed soil columns. These soil samples were impregnated with either polyester or epoxy resin. Impregnated soil blocks were sectioned in the middle and ground to a smooth finish. Photographic slides were made of the horizontal faces and an automatic image analyzer was used to calculate the percentage of area occupied by macropores, and total perimeter, number, and size‐frequency distribution of macropores. Percentage of area, perimeter, and number of macropores were not statistically different for the two treatments. Macroporosity data obtained from the samples did not support the observations made in the solute‐leaching studies on saturated so...
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Samples of air from rooms in a residential and rural environment, treated with either DDT or HCH at rates recommended for mosquito control under the National Malaria Eradication Programme of India, i.e. 2 and 3 g m-2, respectively, were... more
Samples of air from rooms in a residential and rural environment, treated with either DDT or HCH at rates recommended for mosquito control under the National Malaria Eradication Programme of India, i.e. 2 and 3 g m-2, respectively, were analyzed for the residues of these insecticides. During the 8-month sampling period, DDT and HCH levels in indoor air ranged from 1.0 to 14.6 and 0.9 to 2000.1 micrograms m-3, respectively. After an initial fall, residues of DDT showed an increase again and were 5.9 micrograms m-3 in samples collected 240 days after the initial application. In contrast, HCH residues declined at a fast rate in a few days after application and remained low at the time of subsequent samplings. HCH residues were present chiefly in the vapour phase throughout the study. Thirty-four to seventy-eight percent of DDT residues were found in the particulate phase in the samples collected up to 64 days after its application and exclusively in the vapour phase at the time of later samplings. Apart from the contamination of food and feed commodities stored in premises treated for malaria control by absorption of insecticides present in the indoor atmosphere, the residues of these persistent compounds in air are also likely to result in low level pollution of the surrounding and distant environmental media by their dispersion in the global ecosystem.
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Product development process involves tolerance specification on the individual component dimensions. The impact of tolerance specification on manufacturing cost has drawn the attention of product designers towards the economical tolerance... more
Product development process involves tolerance specification on the individual component dimensions. The impact of tolerance specification on manufacturing cost has drawn the attention of product designers towards the economical tolerance synthesis using various optimization techniques. Simultaneous selection of manufacturing processes (machines) from among the alternatives for producing a toleranced feature has also been considered. The solution surface for such a problem becomes a combinatorial and multimodal function involving several local minima. In this paper a genetic algorithm based solution to this advanced tolerancing problem has been reported. The proposed algorithm is quite simple and straightforward and automatically takes care of the process selection constraints. The application of the new approach has been demonstrated with the help of a few case studies involving both linear and non-linear assemblies. Results obtained using this approach are almost similar to those ...
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Six large undisturbed soil columns (61 cm in length, 15 cm in diameter) were collected from three no‐till and three conventional tillage field plots. The side walls of these columns were sealed with either plaster of paris or paraffin wax... more
Six large undisturbed soil columns (61 cm in length, 15 cm in diameter) were collected from three no‐till and three conventional tillage field plots. The side walls of these columns were sealed with either plaster of paris or paraffin wax to eliminate wall effects. After these columns were saturated with CaSO4 (0.005 M), CaCl2 (0.005 M) was applied at the surface and the effluent was collected at the bottom. Effluent samples were later analyzed for Cl (chloride) concentrations. The Cl breakthrough‐curves (relative Cl concentration vs. relative pore volume) were developed and the degree of preferential flow analyzed. Shape and other breakthrough‐curve parameters, such as immobile pore‐water fraction and initial breakthrough, indicated the occurrence of preferential flow through all columns. The degree of preferential flow, however, was greater in no‐till than in conventional tillage columns (average immobile pore‐water fraction was 56% for no‐till and 49% for conventional tillage col...
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Recent experiments suggest that the interfacial thermal conductance of transfer printed metal-dielectric interfaces is ∼45 MW/m2K at 300 K, approaching that of interfaces formed using physical vapor deposition. We investigate this... more
Recent experiments suggest that the interfacial thermal conductance of transfer printed metal-dielectric interfaces is ∼45 MW/m2K at 300 K, approaching that of interfaces formed using physical vapor deposition. We investigate this anomalous result using a combination of theoretical deformation mechanics and nanoscale thermal transport. Our analysis shows that plastic deformation and capillary forces lead to significantly large fractional areal coverage of ∼0.25. The conductance predicted from theory is on the same order of magnitude (∼18 MW/m2K) as the experimental data and partially explains the temperature trend. There remains a quantitative discrepancy between data and theory that is not explained through deformation of the asperities alone. We suggest that capillary bridges formed in the small asperities contribute significantly to heat conduction. A preliminary analysis shows this to be plausible based on available data. This work shows that metallic interconnects formed using ...