Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

After the industrial revolution in 18 th century, Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has been increases rapidly and predicted the impact of global warming. Atmosphere is made up of various gasses and overall compositions of gasses are constant for the development of the ecosystem. Minor variation in the atmospheric composition, impacted the Earth weather and climate pattern. As increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases absorbed the sun radiation and increase the temperature of earth. During the Paleo-climatic studies it was observed that climate change happened several times in geological past. Atmospheric concentration varies due to various natural reasons. The CO2 concentration was much higher and oxygen was very low during early atmospheric condition. The concentration of CO2 were varies from 7000 part per million (PPM) to 350 PPM, Oxygen (O2) varies 1% to 35%, sea level 450 m high to (-)50 m low from present sea level and Earth average temperature varies between 29°C to 11°C. Sun brightness was varying 95% to 100% compared to present. Earth had faced various warm and cold phases during the geological past. Presently we are (human) living in small time cycle of Earth and its need of study regarding the future climate of earth. Regarding this, trying to discuss Paleo-climatic variation throughout the Geological time, affecting factors and observed that average atmospheric concentration of CO2, O2, Earth's average temperature and sea level was much higher than present level. Based on observed data, prepared the impact of CO2 & O2 on flora, fauna & natural disaster. Also prepared the line diagram and suggested that atmospheric concentration of CO2, O2, Earth's average temperature and sea level would be increased naturally in future and affect the ecosystem by various natural way.

The climate conditions in the Bieszczady Mountains are shaped by circulation factors. The most frequent advection of air mass was recorded from west (19.5%), south-west (10,5%) and north-west (5.2%). The least frequent advection was observed from south – Table 1.
The mean annual air temperature ranges from about 2-3ºC at the Płaj (Плай) station (Ukraine) in the mountain range of Borżawa (Боржава) and 6°C in Brzegi Dolne and Komańcza to 7-8ºC in Lesko. The highest values of mean monthly air temperature were recorded in July - from 10.9ºC at the Płaj station to 16.5ºC in Lesko, the lowest values were observed in January - from -6.4ºC at the Płaj station to -2.9ºC in Lesko.
The annual precipitation totals were about 1000 mm in Lutowiska, 1100 mm in Cisna and 1140 mm in Wetlina. The maximum mean monthly precipitation total was measured in July (130-140 mm) and the minimum - in January (45-55 mm) - Fig. 2.
The mean annual values of concentration of the sulphur dioxide and the nitrogen dioxide in the Bieszczady Mountains were mostly lower than the acceptable air pollution level. On the local scale the main air pollution sources were domestic furnaces and communication routes.

Atmosfera este un strat de gaze care înconjoară o planetă sau alt corp material și care este reținut de gravitația acelui corp. Atmosfera este de obicei reținută dacă gravitația este mare și temperatura atmosferei este scăzută.
Din perspectiva unui geolog planetar, atmosfera acționează pentru a forma o suprafață planetară. Vântul strânge praful și alte particule care, atunci când se ciocnesc cu terenul, erodează relieful și lasă depozitele (procesele eoliene). Înghețurile și precipitațiile, care depind de compoziția atmosferică, influențează de asemenea relieful. Schimbările climatice pot influența istoria geologică a planetei. Dimpotrivă, studierea suprafeței Pământului conduce la o înțelegere a atmosferei și a climatului altor planete.

The size of oxygen and nitrogen atoms and the size of different colors of sunlight are the basic cause.  Much larger red waves tend to pass on through, to provide red sunsets to people east of you, while some of the smaller blue light is Rayleigh-scattered down to provide your blue sky.

Abstract
The report devotes mostly to the Russian instrumental optical observations, which were carried out in Arctic and Antarctic regions in last decades. In this report, we describe typical equipment for observations of aurora and airglow during dark and twilight time, including the hyper-spectral camera designed together with Norwegian scientists in frame of the joint NORUSKA project. Glowing of the exhaust products of rockets and man-made aurora are also under consideration. We discuss their common features, appearance, visual outline, general properties and physical mechanisms. Routine ground-based all-sky cameras, spectrographs and, later Low-light TV and CCD all-sky cameras were used during many years to collect data for natural and artificial “auroral” phenomena. A number of interesting pictures have been collected by amateurs and analyzed as unusual atmospheric phenomena. The Polar Geophysical Institute (PGI) was a leading organization for investigation of optical aurora, many abnormal atmospheric phenomena were observed through its many observation points.
The authors:
Sergey Chernouss
Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Murmansr region, Russia
Yulii Platov
Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences

This is a paper presented to the 37th International Scientific Conference of Eurasian Scientific Association (March 2018).
Published in the book Perspective development directions of modern science.  Scientific articles collection of the 37n International Scientific Conference of Eurasian Scientific Association (ESA, Moscow, March 2018).

The Mediterranean basin is characterized by large concentrations of aerosols from both natural and anthro-pogenic sources. These aerosols affect tropospheric photo-chemistry by modulating the photolytic rates. Three simulations of the atmospheric composition at basin scale have been performed with the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model for the period from 6 June to 15 July 2013 covered by the ADRIMED campaign, a campaign of intense measurements in the western Mediterranean basin. One simulation takes into account the radiative effect of the aerosols on photo-chemistry, the second one does not, and the third one is designed to quantify the model sensitivity to a bias in the ozone column. These simulations are compared to satellite and ground-based measurements, with a particular focus on the area of Lampedusa. Values of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) are obtained from the MODIS instrument on the AQUA and TERRA satellites as well as from stations in the AERONET network and from the MFRSR sun photometer deployed at Lampedusa. Additional measurements from instruments deployed at Lampedusa either permanently or exceptionally are used for other variables: MFRSR sun photometer for AOD, diode array spectrometer for actinic fluxes, LIDAR for the aerosol backscatter, sequential sampler for speciation of aerosol and Brewer spectrophotometer for the total ozone column. It is shown that CHIMERE has a significant ability to reproduce observed peaks in the AOD, which in Lampe-dusa are mainly due to dust outbreaks during the ADRIMED period, and that taking into account the radiative effect of the aerosols in CHIMERE considerably improves the ability of the model to reproduce the observed day-today variations of the photolysis rate of ozone to O 2 and O(1 D), J (O 1 D), and that of NO 2 to NO and O(3 P), J (NO 2). While in the case of J (O 1 D) other variation factors such as the strato-Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1220 S. Mailler et al.: Impact of aerosols on photolysis rates at Lampedusa spheric ozone column are very important in representing correctly the day-today variations, the day-today variations of J (NO 2) are captured almost completely by the model when the optical effects of the aerosols are taken into account. Finally, it is shown that the inclusion of the direct radia-tive effect of the aerosols in the CHIMERE model leads to reduced J (O 1 D) and J (NO 2) values over all the simulation domain, which range from a few percents over continental Europe and the northeast Atlantic Ocean to about 20 % close to and downwind from Saharan dust sources. The effect on the modelled ozone concentration is 2-fold: the effect of aerosols leads to reduced ozone concentrations over the Mediterranean Sea and continental Europe, close to the sources of NO x , but it also leads to increased ozone concentrations over remote areas such as the Sahara and the tropical Atlantic Ocean.

'Pencil-and-paper' climate modelling is extracted from the comprehensive previous research on the inherently complex natural processes. A major goal is to mediate between general scientific knowledge and the widespread scepticism by identifying the driving forces, seeking simple descriptions, uncovering reproducibility, and thus contributing to transparency. The results of the shortcut model are in outstanding agreement with earlier measurement data and simulation studies. Two observations are fundamentally novel requiring scrutinization by the natural sciences community: (1) near-proportionality of atmospheric infrared absorption to particle densities and (2), temperature impact from human energy consumption. Independently, the presented framework allows for straightforward climate projections and risk assessment. As result, future economic growth is demanded to zero, even in a renewables (Green Growth) world.

By combining the critical analysis of ancient literature with archaeology and modern atmospheric data, this paper explores the limitations of ancient source material treating the topic of mining in Roman Spain from the beginning of third century B.C. during the outbreak of the second major Punic War (c. 218-201 BC) until the end of the first-century CE. By evidencing historical treatments by ancient authors writing on mining as sparse and devoid of detail, an interdisciplinary approach combining ancient with modern empirical data is posited as a viable method that can be used to overcome ancient source limitations on mining. Ultimately, this study supports an empirically founded idea: that for the Roman mining enterprise, a proto-industrial revolution occurred at around 100 B.C. that would not be rivaled in size and scope until the modern industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th-century.

In this report, we present the contributions, outcomes, ideas, discussions and conclusions obtained at the PaleoMaps Workshop 2019, that took place at the Institute of Geography of the University of Cologne on 23 and 24 September 2019. The twofold aim of the workshop was: (1) to provide an overview of approaches and methods that are presently used to incorporate paleoenvironmental information in human–environment interaction modeling applications, and building thereon; (2) to devise new approaches and solutions that might be used to enhance the reconstruction of past human–environmental interconnections. This report first outlines the presented papers, and then provides a joint protocol of the often extensive discussions that came up following the presentations or else during the refreshment intervals. It concludes by adressing the open points to be resolved in future research avenues, e.g., implementation of open science practices, new procedures for reviewing of publications, and ...

p El conocimiento actual del hielo lo muestra como un conductor protónico. Esto significa que los portadores son protones pero en primera instancia asociados a defectos. Es decir, no son protones libres en el sentido de un conductor electrónico. En este trabajo se exponen mediciones realizadas en la superficie del hielo tanto mono como policristalino. La técnica usada es de corriente alterna para evitar cargas de polarización electródica. Los resultados muestran una movilidad Hall del orden de 10-5 (m²/Vs). Al aumentar la temperatura, se observa claramente que, a cierta temperatura (~-8°C), existe un cambio de pendiente (energía de activación) que podría indicar el comienzo de la capa desordenada (mal llamada capa cuasiliquida) en la superficie con el consiguiente aumento de movilidad. Se hicieron tratamientos a la superficie tanto térmicos como mecánicos y se hacen hipótesis sobre su influencia en la movilidad Hall. Palabras Claves: hielo, Efecto Hall, conductividad eléctrica, superficies. What we know about ice, shows it as a protonic conductor. This means that those that carry are protons, but, in first instance, associated to defects. This is, they are not free protons in an electronic conductor sense. On this work are expound meditions made on the surface of the ice mono as well as polycrystalline. The technique used is of alternating current to avoid charges of electrodic polarization. The results shows a Hall mobility of the order of the 10-5 (m²/Vs). As the temperature increase, we already observe that on determinated temperature (~-8°C), there is a change of slope (energy of activation) that could indicate the beginning of a mess sheet (wrong called: cuasiliquid sheet) on the surface, with the following increase of mobility. Were made treatments to the surface on thermical as well on mechanical, and are formulated hypotesis about its influence on the Hall mobility.

The Mason iFlood system currently uses regional wave and hydrodynamic models forced by NOAA’s atmospheric model, the North American Mesoscale (NAM), to produce Chesapeake Bay flooding forecasts. Forecasts that use NOAA’s NAM model are currently only permitted to run 3.5 days into the future; however, it may be possible for the Mason iFlood system to produce useful probabilistic forecasts beyond this limit. The Subseasonal Experiment (SubX) is a multi-model subseasonal (weeks 1-4) prediction and predictability project that provides both retrospective and real-time forecast data. Here we examine the skill of the various SubX models in predicting certain atmospheric variables which are useful for flood forecasting— evaluating the viability of extending the Mason iFlood system’s lead times as a probabilistic forecast, and eventually providing input data for the system.

Pada tulisan ini dibahas mengenai Kondisi Atmosfer (Upper air conditions) saat Kejadian hujan lebat di Klaten Pada Tanggal 4 Februari 2021. Aspek parameter yang diamati yaitu, Kelembaban Relatif & Kelembaban Spesifik untuk mengamati pada lapisan tekanan berapa awan mulai terbentuk, Suhu Vertikal untuk melihat kelabilitas lapisan tekanan, nilai Vertical Velocity sebagai indikator kekuatan updraft dan downdraft yang mendukung pembentukan awan konvektif hingga menjadi awan Cumulonimbus. Terakhir yaitu nilai CAPE dan CIN sebagai indikator kekuatan konvektif yang mendukung terbentuknya awan.

El presente texto reflexiona acerca del concepto de atmósfera, en el contexto de la crisis climática actual, cuya complejidad se exacerba por su carácter global y urgente. Si bien dicha noción se puede entender a través de datos cuantitativos resultantes de la medición sobre un objeto corporal, la ontología que Félix Guattari desarrolló en sus últimos escritos nos provee de un sistema en el que cada entidad real presupone la convivencia de registros tanto corpóreos como incorpóreos, y tanto reales como posibles, y por tanto un entendimiento puramente corporal sería insuficiente. El sistema de Guattari invita a aceptar la multiplicación de las manifestaciones y de las potencias del objeto atmosférico, y señala la dificultad de articular y conciliar distintos tipos de valores inherentes que presenta.

Layers of Atmosphere Atmosphere consists of several layers which are separated from one other by change in slope of the graph of the temperature vs. altitude. 1. Troposphere: It is the lowest layer of atmosphere in which living organisms exist. It is the region of strong air movement and cloud formation. In this region temperature decreases with increasing altitude until at tropopause (i0-12 km). The air in troposphere consists volume of about 78% N 2 , 21% O2, 1% argon (Ar), and 0.03% CO2. 2. Stratosphere: The layer above troposphere is known as Stratosphere, which is about 50 km from the surface of the earth. This layer is characterized by increasing temperature. Near the top of this layer is the region where the ultraviolet solar radiation is absorbed by ozone. This region is known as Ozonosphere. Ozone is formed from oxygen through a photochemical reaction where oxygen molecule splits to form atomic oxygen. O 2 + (hv = radiation) → 20 O 2 + О → O 3 3. Mesosphere: This layer is above Stratosphere in which there is cold temperature and low atmospheric pressure. The temperature drops reaching a minimum of-95°C at 80-90 kms above the earth's surface. The zone is called Mesopause. 4. Thermosphere: The layer above mesosphere is thermosphere which extends up to 500kms above the earth's surface. It is characterised by increase in temperature from the mesosphere. The upper zone of thermosphere where the molecules are in ionized form is called Ionosphere. 5. Exosphere: Atmosphere above the ionosphere is called exosphere. It extends up to 32190 kms from the surface of the earth. It has very high temperature due to radiations of Sun.

A mechanistic understanding of the North American Monsoon (NAM) is suggested by incorporating local- and synoptic-scale processes. The local-scale mechanism describes the effect sea surface temperature (SST) in Gulf of California (GC) and how it contributes to the low-level moisture during the 2004 NAM. Before NAM onset, the strong low-level temperature inversion exists over the GC, but this inversion weakens with increasing GC SST and generally disappears once SSTs exceed 29.5°C, allowing the moist air, trapped in the MBL, to mix with free tropospheric air. This leads to a deep, moist layer that can be transported toward the NAM regions to produce thunderstorms. The synoptic scale mechanism is based on climatologies from 1983 to 2010 and explains that the warmest SSTs moving up the coast contributes to NAM convection and atmospheric heating, and consequently advancing the position of the anticyclone and the region of descent northward.

In order to improve microphysical properties of ice clouds, this study develops self-consistent second order polynomial mass- and projected area-dimension (m-D and A-D) expressions that are valid over a much larger size range, compared to traditional power laws. Such expressions can easily be reduced to power laws for the size range of interest, in order to use in cloud and climate models. This was done by combining field measurements of individual ice particle m and D with airborne optical probe measurements of D, A and estimates of m. The resulting m-D and A-D expressions are functions of temperature and cloud type (synoptic vs. anvil), and are in good agreement with m-D power laws developed from recent field studies. These expressions also appear representative for heavily rimed dendrites occurring over the Sierra Nevada Mountains. By using the m-D field measurements of rimed and unrimed particles, and by developing theoretical methods, an approach was suggested for calculating rimed m and A, which has the benefit of accounting for the degree of riming, and therefore it produces a gradual and continuous growth from unrimed ice particles to graupel. The treatment for riming includes a parameterization for collision efficiency as a function of droplet size and ice particle size using the available numerical studies.

A rimed snow growth model (RSGM) was developed based on the growth processes of vapor diffusion, aggregation, and riming. The RSGM uses a measured radar reflectivity at cloud top for initialization, and then predicts the vertical evolution of size spectra. The RSGM is based on the zeroth- and second- moment conservation equations with respect to mass, and thus conserves the number concentration and radar reflectivity, respectively. The size spectra predicted by the RSGM are in good agreement with observed spectra during Lagrangian spiral descents through frontal clouds. The snowfall rate with the inclusion of riming is significantly greater than that produced by the vapor deposition and aggregation alone. Snowfall rates are found to be sensitive to the cloud drop size distribution.

The dispersion of heavier-than-air aerosol clouds is of great relevance to the analysis and assessment of hazards in the chemical and petrochemical industries. There are many simple mathematical models for heavy gas dispersion but, in most cases, two-phase dynamics are either ignored or treated in a very simple way, without any convincing scientific justification. In fact almost all of those models which do treat two-phase phenomena rely on the “homogeneous equilibrium” assumption, whether they be for jet dispersion, for gravity dominated dispersion, or for any other aspect of a two-phase release.Here we test the homogeneous equilibrium model against a more sophisticated aerosol approach, in the context of two-phase ammonia clouds released in dry and moist air. It is shown that the simpler model does indeed provide a good description for some envisaged release situations, and guidance is given on where the homogeneous equilibrium model is not likely to be adequate. The homogeneous equilibrium model seems to be adequate for evaluating the dispersion of heavier-than-air clouds containing droplets smaller than 100 μm.

When illuminated  by ultraviolet  light, many  calcite speleothems  (stalagmites, stalactites,
flowstones)  display luminescence caused  by the presence of organic  (humic) substances  oc-
cluded  in the calcite.  The amplitude of luminescence varies  in a banded  pattern  parallel  to
growth layering. Through  laC and thermal ionization  mass spectrometry  uranium-series  dat-
ing, we show that cyclical oscillations in the luminescence  have periodicities  ranging  from a few
days to t10t yr. A well-defined  annual  cycle  is present in many vadose-zone  speleothems  and
can be used to define  the chronolory of short-term events.  This cycle is pmbably  a response to
hydrological events in the recharge  to the cave. Longer term oscillations  are inferred  to be
controlled by clirnaten  through  its effect on organic  activity  in the overlying soil

One of the classifications of atmospheric circulation types applied in Poland is the typology proposed by Lityński (1969). Circulation types were designated based on three classes in each of three indices (zonal Ws , meridional Wp , and cyclonicity index Cp). Indices Ws and Wp were developed based on differences in atmospheric pressure over the area of 40°-65°N and 0°-35°E. A total of 27 types were designated. Calendars of the types in reference to the period 1951-1999 were published. Lack of information on particular stages of development of the calendars seems to preclude unequivocal interpretation in their use. It is not clear what reference period was considered in the development of the calendars. An example is provided that a change in the reference period causes the shift of 5% of days to another class. The name of the type does not always concern the direction of air advection. For example, in January, the middle class "0" zonal index is characterised by air advection from the west. In such a situation, the type called "S" in practice describes inflow of air from direction "SW". An example is also provided of a situation where the same value of the W p index was qualified in June to class "S", and in November to class "N". Examples of analyses are also presented with the application of daily values of W p and W s concerning air temperature, snow cover, and UTCI index. Attention is drawn to the need of high degree of caution in the interpretation of research concerning multi-annual periods where results of reanalyses were used as source data. It is pointed out that the annual courses of circulation indices W p and W s may be approximated when the determination of air density considered the same temperature in reference to all days in a year.

Cosmic Bitcasting emerges from the idea of connecting the human body with the universe by creating a wearable interface that can provide sensory feedback on the invisible cosmic radiation that passes through our bodies. The project proposes the creation of an open-source, wearable detector, that can detect secondary muons generated by cosmic rays hitting the Earth's atmosphere that penetrate the human body by triggering a series of embedded actuators (light, sound and vibration).

Starting from a set of 6190 meteorological stations we are choosing 6130 of them and only for Northern Hemisphere we are computing average values for absolute annual Mean, Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum temperature plus their standard deviations for years 1800–2013, while we use 4887 stations and 389 467 rows of complete yearly data. The data quality and the seasonal bias indices are defined and used in order to evaluate our dataset. After the year 1969 the data quality is monotonically decreasing while the seasonal bias is positive in most of the cases. An Extreme Value Distribution estimation is performed for minimum and maximum values, giving some upper bounds for both of them and indicating a big magnitude for temperature changes. Finally suggestions for improving the quality of meteorological data are presented.

Analysis of the influence of condensation and related latent heat release upon developing barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of large-scale low Rossby number shielded vortices on the f - plane is performed within the moist-convective rotating shallow water model, in its barotropic (one-layer) and baroclinic (two-layer) versions. Numerical simulations with a high-resolution well-balanced finite-volume code, using a relaxation parameterisation for condensation, are made. Evolution of the instability in four different environments, with humidity (i) behaving as passive scalar, (ii) subject to condensation beyond a saturation threshold, (iii) subject to condensation and evaporation, with two different parameterisations of the latter, are inter-compared. The simulations are initialized with unstable modes determined from the detailed linear stability analysis in the "dry" version of the model. In a configuration corresponding to low-level mid-latitude atmospheric vortices,...

A simple two-layer model, the moist-convective rotating shallow water, which allows for low-cost high-resolution numerical simulations of the dynamics of the moist atmosphere in the presence of topography, is used to identify and understand dynamical processes governing the evolution of easterly waves propagating on the background of a low-latitude easterly jet crossing a land-sea boundary, a setup crudely representing the African Easterly Jet over the West-African plateau and the Atlantic ocean. We perform a thorough linear stability analysis and identify the unstable modes of the jet, which we use then for initialisation of fully nonlinear numerical simulations. In this way, we determine nonlinear evolution of unstable perturbations of the jet, both in the “dry” and moist-convective environments and highlight essential differences between the two cases. We identify a mechanism of formation of intense lower-layer cyclonic vortices at the northern flank of the jet and determine the influence of the land-sea contrast upon this process.

Geomagnetic virtual pole positions (VGP's) calculated from archaeomagnetic directional data are compared with three ancient accounts of low latitude observations of the Aurorae boreales, viz. by Aristotle (384-322 BC), Seneca (55 BC-40 AD) and simultaneously by Chinese astronomers in Hangzhou, China and by European observers in Prague in 1138 AD, October 13th. The geomagnetic latitudes of these VGP's ranged from 65 " to 70 ". Inclination and declination values have also been calculated for the regions of interest, assuming dipole field symmetry. The reduced archaeomagnetic results used, comply with those early observations of aurorae, confirming the inclination of the geomagnetic pole towards the observing sites. A critical evaluation of the aurora1 types is given, associated to the low latitude aurora. The latter, is furthermore, discussed in relation to the ancient descriptions of the aurora phenomenon. A critical discussion is also made on severe magnetic storms-related aurora. It has been shown that the appropriate use of relevant VGP's, in our study, is not influenced by discernible non-dipole disturbances.

In this report, we present the contributions, outcomes, ideas, discussions and conclusions obtained at the PaleoMaps Workshop 2019, that took place at the Institute of Geography of the University of Cologne on 23 and 24 September 2019. The twofold aim of the workshop was: (1) to provide an overview of approaches and methods that are presently used to incorporate paleoenvironmental information in human–environment interaction modeling applications, and building thereon; (2) to devise new approaches and solutions that might be used to enhance the reconstruction of past human–environmental interconnections. This report first outlines the presented papers, and then provides a joint protocol of the often extensive discussions that came up following the presentations or else during the refreshment intervals. It concludes by adressing the open points to be resolved in future research avenues, e.g., implementation of open science practices, new procedures for reviewing of publications, and ...

The process of geostrophic adjustment of localized large-scale pressure anomalies in the standard adiabatic shallow-water model on the equatorial beta-plane is revisited, and it is shown that the standard scenario of generation of westward-moving Rossby and eastward-moving Kelvin waves, which underlies the classical Gill theory of tropical circulation due to a localized heating, is not unique. Depending on the strength and aspect ratio of the initial perturbation, the response to the initial perturbation in the western sector can be dominated by inertia-gravity waves. The adjustment in the diabatic moist-convective shallow water model can be totally different and produces, depending on parameters, either Gill-like response or eastward-moving coherent dipolar structures of the type of equatorial modons, which do not appear in the “dry” adjustment, or vortices traveling, respectively, northwest in the Northern and southwest in the Southern hemispheres. (Physics of Fluids 31, 081702 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110441)

The International Conference Whims of the Wind - I capricci dell'aria will take place in Viterbo, University of Tuscia, the 24th and 25th of November 2021. It aims to promote a plural discourse on narration and representation of wind as a cross-knot between different disciplines, proceeding by glitches and associative jumps, intertextuality, intermediality, and moving on a new exploration of the theme through multiple examples in modern and contemporary literature and in visual and performing arts.

The usual exponential decay (with e, the Base of Natural Logarithm) of particle density with respect to energy levels proposed by Boltzmann does not hold up to scrutiny!. In fact the base of the exponential function depends on the ratio of Number of Particles to Number of energy levels.

Studies on atmospheric density were very important to obtain a correction factor for the atmospheric density model. Thus, improvement of atmospheric models accuracy, i.e. CIRA, JASCHIA, NRLMSISE, became important in its application for re-entry prediction, satellite tracking and mitigation of the collisions probability between active satellites with space debris. GPS equipment installed in LAPAN-A2 indirectly measured the upper atmospheric density variation in-situ from the satellite orbit path. Notwithstanding the measurement had a lower temporal resolution than using accelerometer, but still gives better resolution than using Two-Line Element (TLE) data. This study had successfully determined upper atmospheric density variation with a 10 second resolution using LAPAN-A2 GPS data. The LAPAN-A2 GPS data validated using In-track Radial Cross-track (RIC) had ± 2 km error compared to the TLE data. It was also found that there was influence of solar activity on atmospheric density changes obtained from the LAPAN-A2 GPS data.