Economics and Public Policy

Nigeria liberalized input distribution and established the Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GESS) in 2011 to deliver subsidized inputs to farmers as part of its Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA). Despite the relevance of the GESS as a subsidy delivery mechanism, its achievements during the first year of implementation (2012) were below expectations. In 2015, as the first phase of the GESS is ending, has there been any significant improvement in its implementation? What improvements have occurred in redemption and participation rates? Even though the GESS is known to be making contributions in terms of ensuring direct access by farmers to subsidized inputs, the main determinants of farmers’ participation remain unknown. This study seeks to (i) examine the application of ICT innovations in the implementation of the GESS; (ii) assess its implementation performance from inception to date; and (iii) determine the factors influencing farmers’ participation in the scheme. The stud...

Strategic formulation is a management tool for measuring negotiated performance targets. It is a freely negotiated performance agreement between the government, acting as the owner of public agency on one hand, and the management of the agency on the other hand. The County government strategies are anchored on the Kenya Vision 2030. In revising their strategies, the County government needs to employ participatory approach, relying on the consensus of stakeholder groups, including civil society, the private sector and donor partners. The study focused on Isiolo county government. This is because the county government has been formulating and implements their strategies for the period of 3 years. The study involved all the management employees who include head of department of the county government. There were 63 managerial staff who were involved in the study. The study adopted descriptive research design. The study adopted a census sample design since the target population was manag...

▶ Proposes a new theory of public economics relevant to the realities of modern, democratic nation states ▶ Illustrates how the public economy differs from the market model and why those differences matter ▶ Integrates work and thought across the disciplines of economics, political science and public administration This Brief proposes a new theory of public economics which deemphasizes reliance on the free market and affirms the importance of public goods and services within the context of the democratic process and constitutional governance. Public non-market production makes up from a quarter to more than half of all economic activity in advanced democratic nation-states. Yet by imposing market precepts on the public domain, as mainstream economics, political science, and public administration do, public governing capacity is weakened and the democratic system suffers. Agencies originally created to meet public needs are being warped into entities whose purpose is to generate revenue and, in some cases, deliver private profits at public expense. Drawing on classic public finance literature, this book illustrates the differences between public economy and the market model and why those differences matter. Building on this, the Brief sketches the elements of a new theory of the public non-market and illuminates its connections to the delegation of power and collective provision of resources from the polity. This book will be useful to scholars of public economics, political science, and public administration as well as policy makers and those working in the public sector.

Every year since 1991, the Central Government of India has been successfully disinvesting its PSEs from various sectors. The recent announcement to strategically disinvest some of the better performing PSEs like Life Insurance Corporation of India Ltd., Air India and so on is indeed shocking. This seriously questions the intension of the government towards the declared objectives of the disinvestment strategy in 1991. There are severe apprehensions on selling-off the PSEs at a lower price and the utilization of disinvestment proceeds for filling the revenue deficits of the Central Government. This paper discusses the idea of disinvestment in India and the debates associated with it. The paper also critically analyses the disinvestment proceeds in India as a tool to tackle mounting fiscal deficits after the initiation of the New Economic Policies in 1991.

This a short course on public economics aimed towards public administration or public policy students studying at the Masters level.  These are drawn from lecture notes I worked up when teaching in the MPA program at the University of Southern California School of Public Administration (now the School of Policy, Planning and Development) during 1996-2000.

The tax system is central to the operation of states and to the ways in which states interact with individual citizens. Taxes are used by states to fund the provision of public goods and public services, to engage in direct or indirect forms of redistribution, and to mould the behaviour of individual citizens through incentivizing certain activities (such as charitable giving, or investment in new technology) through tax breaks, or to dissuade people from engaging in other activities by means of Pigouvian taxes, including ‘sin taxes’ (such as those associated with the consumption of alcohol or tobacco). Given the absolute centrality of the tax system to some of the main functions of the state, the analysis of conceptual and normative issues relating to taxation should be at the heart of political philosophy. The shape of the tax system is
an unavoidably and irreducibly normative matter, and one which implicates a number of core concerns of social justice.² When we think about issues of social justice in practice, we cannot avoid thinking at the same time about tax.

Given that taxation is one of the most significant mechanisms for interaction between states and individual citizens, it is perhaps surprising that there has not been as much work on taxation within political philosophy as one might have expected. This is not, of course, to say that political philosophy has been silent about tax. But as the chapters in this volume show, there are a number of pressing and significant
philosophical issues relating to the tax system, and these issues often connect in fascinating ways with foundational questions regarding property rights, democracy, public justification, state neutrality, stability, political psychology, and a range of other issues. Many of these deep and fascinating philosophical questions about tax have not always received as much sustained attention as they clearly merit. Our hope
is that this book will advance the debate along a number of these philosophical fronts, and be a welcome spur to further work.
 
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This paper utilizes a unique survey data set of toll revenue collection on New York City bridges administered by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s Bridges and Tunnels (MTA Bridges and Tunnels). This data set, which contains detailed information on road user income and location, is analyzed by use of Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients (described in more detail below) of burden on users of various toll facilities (both value-priced and fixed-rate tolls)
in the New York–New Jersey region. The authors develop empirical estimates of the social equity conditions on the existing priced facilities. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy solutions to address equity concerns and market power conditions.

In this paper, I will briefly defend two claims that, I believe, put the “experimental turn” in economics into the broader historical and philosophical perspective. First, I argue that the adoption of experimental method should be seen as part of the general tendency of recent economics to become more empirical. It helped decisively to recognize the context-dependence of economic agency and economic rationality. This tendency invites us to rethink current economics in view of the famous Methodenstreit and to ask anew how it can be not just a social, but a cultural and an historical science. Thus, apart from marking a turn in the intellectual history of economics, experiments demonstrate the ways economics itself may turn (in)to history.
Second, and related issue, concerns the relevance of experimental economics for policy. Here, I suggest that it is instructive to look at the current debates in view of a classical agency-structure dualism familiar from social theory. It is this dualism—implying both tension between and attempts to reconcile agency and structure— that is invoked when discussing policy prospects of experimental (and behavioral) research. In particular, what exactly should be changed as a result of a given policy (be it in view of promoting the welfare or increasing efficiency, or similar concerns economists address)? Answering this question by referring to the interplay between agency and structure may additionally illuminate important methodological aspects of experimental economic research.

The Covid-19 epidemic, which started in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and spread all over the world, continues to negatively affect all areas of daily life, especially health and economy, despite the end of 2020. As a result of the preventive measures taken against the virus, which spread rapidly all over the world in February 2020, the transmission rate of the virus started to decrease in the summer months, but with the occurrence of a second wave in the number of cases in many countries since August, restrictive measures have been taken again within the scope of combating the virus. Covid-19 differs from other epidemics in the 21st century in two respects. The first of these is the spread of the epidemic over a much wider geographical area. The epidemic started to affect all over the world in a very short time and therefore daily life was severely restricted. Secondly, the economic impact of the epidemic, which is caused by the globalization of the economy and the interdependent commercial relations of the countries with supply chains, is also on a global level. The negative scenes observed one after another in the countries show how unprepared economies are for such a process. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the difference of Covid-19 from other pandemics and to evaluate the economic effects and financial measures taken within the scope of combating the pandemic. The method adopted in the study is current situation analysis. In this context the effects of the pandemic process of Turkey and the world economy and within the scope of the fight against the epidemic the financial measures taken in America,

Is the neoliberal economic policy applicable in East and Central Europe after the breakdown of communism in 1989? The first part of the article defines neoliberalism as a system of market allocation of resources, the domination of private property, personal initiative for exchange, and the minimal state. This definition is derived from the two cases of neoliberal reforms in the US and the UK in the 1980s. The second part discusses market imperfections by considering the government solution for the principal-agent problem created by information asymmerty. Since the state intevention itself suffers from political failures resulting
in inefficient allocation, it can be justified only if it offers an institutional design that solves the principal-agent problem and political failures.

Keywords: neoliberalism; market failures; political failures; principal-agent model; supply-side economics

This paper explores the how key Britain's government was to setting the political, social and economic conditions for the depression of 1815. Examining the search for national autarky in the backdrop of a traumatic dependence on Napoleon, trends in international trade, the national financial framework of Britain at the time, as well as the domestic policies of Britain's government of 1815, this paper seeks to understand the reasons, both obvious and subtle, which caused this period of ecumenic turmoil.

Since the last decade of the 20th century, fiscal competition and tax havens have been the focus of attention of many policymakers all over the world. After the world financial crisis in 2008, those issues started to be perceived – together with tax cooperation and bank secrecy laws – as some of the most pertinent topics in the economic and financial discourse and even deemed partially responsible for financial crime and the crisis itself.

This paper provides an overview of modern fiscal competition topics, discussing its drawbacks and benefits for economic agents (consumers and firms) as well as governments. We start by defining the phenomenon of fiscal competition and describing its main characteristics. Next, we address the various aspects of its impact on economy based on the analysis of published papers handling the topic.
The notion of the tax haven is regarded in this essay as an instance of tax competition. After giving its definition, we discuss its qualities listing the aspects  of countries which could potentially become tax havens. After that, we discuss the pro and contra of tax havens which coincide in many ways with those proposed in the analysis of tax competition.

In this paper, we reference to published papers from Journal of Public Economics, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, National Tax Journal and other sources. The assumptions proving our opinion are thus based on the arguments expressed there which are based on the analysis of economic models and treatment of empirical data.

Income inequality has become one of the more widely debated social issues today. The current article explores the role of progressive taxation in income inequality and happiness. Using historical data in the United States from 1962 to 2014, we found that income inequality was substantially smaller in years when the income tax was more progressive (i.e., a higher tax rate for higher income brackets), even when controlling for variables like stock market performance and unemployment rate. Time lag analyses further showed that higher progres- sive taxation predicted increasingly lower income inequality up to 5 years later. Data from the General Social Survey (1972–2014; N  59,599) with U.S. residents (hereafter referred to as “Americans”) showed that during years with higher progressive taxation rates, less wealthy Americans—those in the lowest 40% of the income distribution—tended to be happier, whereas the richest 20% were not significantly less happy. Mediational analyses confirmed that the association of progressive taxation with the happiness of less wealthy Americans can be explained by lower income inequality in years with higher progressive taxation. A separate sample of Americans polled online (N  373) correctly predicted the positive association between progres- sive taxation and the happiness of poorer Americans but incorrectly expected a strong negative association between progressive taxation and the happiness of richer Americans.

Borxhi eshte thjesht nje simptome. Shkaku i vertete i borxhit jane nevoja apo deshira e qeverive per te shpenzuar me shume se te ardhurat qe " krijojne " – jane shpenzimet qe mund te vleresohen si te mira apo te keqija. Borxhi eshte nje shenje besimi tek e ardhmja. Ai, individi apo qeveria, qe kerkon borxh ka besim tek ideja qe kerkon te financoje; ai qe te jep borxh ka besim tek ideja jote dhe beson se do marre parate mbrapsht me interes. Fillimi i perdorimit te borxhit publik (kredimarrjes) ne shekullin e 15 i dha hov ekonomise boterore dhe zhvillimit te njerezimit. Por, shperdorimi i besimit mund te sjelle shkaterrim. Borxhi i marre disa dekada rresht e falimentoi Greqine ne vitin 2015, me efekte mjaft te renda tek qytetaret e cdo shtrese dhe moshe. Prandaj, jam dakord qe ta perkufizoj borxhin si nje force nukleare. Nese perdoret sic duhet, behet nje burim energjie per ekonomine dhe mireqenien e njerezve. Ne te kunderten, shkreton ekonomine dhe njerezit.

Kebijakan pemerintah untuk menaikan harga bahan bakar minyak (BBM) dalam negeri akan menyebabkan perubahan perekonomian secara signifikan. Kenaikan BBM ini akan diikuti oleh meningkatnya harga kebutuhan barang-barang dan jasa-jasa bagi masyarakat. Kenaikan harga barang dan jasa tersebut akan menyebabkan tingkat inflasi di Indonesia mengalami kenaikan dan kemungkinan dapat mempersulit perekonomian rakyat utamanya masyarakat yang berpenghasilan tetap.

Welfare economics is sometimes described as “the tools of normative analysis.” This area of study is often used to describe and inform public policy and to
predict the outcome of policy implementation. In this thesis, I will argue that welfare economics, as it is commonly conceived of within the neoclassical tradition, is vulnerable to a number of critiques from an institutionalist perspective. Further, I will argue that institutionalism can provide a richer backdrop for the study of welfare and public policy than neoclassical economics, due to its inherent focus on the key role played by social, political, and legal institutions in economic activity.

What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh Indeks Gini Indonesia yang relatif terus meningkat yang menandakan timpanganya pertumbuhan dan distribusi pendapatan, khususnya pada Kawasan Timur Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dan menganalisis inklusifitas pertumbuhan ekonomi di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Dengan menggunakan data sekunder tahunan dari publikasi Statistik Sosial dan Ekonomi Rumah Tangga dan Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan (DJPK) Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia tahun 2011-2014, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Model Social Mobility Curve oleh Anand et al. (2013), Model Poverty-Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) oleh Klasen (2010) dan Regresi Data Panel (Fixed Effect Model) untuk mengukur dan menganalisis fenomena inklusifitas pertumbuhan ekonomi; serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa secara total (agregat), pertumbuhan di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan belum inklusif secara sempurna dengan indikasi bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi belum banyak berpihak kepada masyarakat miskin sebagai pertumbuhan yang pro poor. Adapun untuk tingkat kabupaten/kota, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa distribusi pendapatan pada beberapa kabupaten/kota masih timpang. Faktor kesehatan dan belanja daerah terbukti memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap indeks pertumbuhan inklusif. Sementara faktor lainnya, yaitu pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, pendidikan, dan jumlah penduduk miskin justru terbukti memiliki pengaruh yang negatif. The purpose of this research was to measure and analyze the inclusiveness of economic growth in South Sulawesi and its determinants on 2011-2014 period. Using the annually data from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) and Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan (DJPK), this research applies Social Mobility Curve Model by Anand et al (2013) , Poverty-Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) Model by Klasen (2010) and Panel Regression with Fixed Effect Model (CEM) to measure and analyze the inclusiveness of economic growth and its determinants. The empirical results show that the economic growth in Eastern Indonesia is not fully inclusive in agregat It can be seen from Equity Income Index (í µí¼”) indicated that the economic growth not pro poor yet. From determinant analysis, healthy index and local government expenditure partially have positive effect on index of inclusive growth. The others such as economic growth, unemployment, education and number of poor people have negative effect however.

The paper reports on both methodological and substantive findings. It presents a method for generating simplified representations for regional urban populations, their geographical sub-populations and communities. the method generates greatly simplified high-resolution socio-economic profiles of populated geographical areas from complex large census data sets.

The study attempts to investigate the current condition of economic growth in Chin State. Discussion paper tries to emphasize on the Factors of Production in the state. Secondary data are employed in the study and data coming from multiple sources, are in descriptive method. Purpose of the research is to seek the priority sector that can contribute to engine of economic growth of the State. The study mainly considers and assumes an accomplished period of implementation of infrastructure development by the regional government. The author formulates the research question as to what can happen in the regional economy after the state passed over the barriers for development (infrastructure development). The author concludes that “Tourism sector” can be one of the priority sectors that can contribute to economic growth possibility and sustainability, as well as the most appropriate and least of “negative externalities”. The author tries to propose a possible growth framework where the tourism sector contributes to the regional growth in long term and short term. The paper points out that even though regional when government implemented the development
strategically and inclusively, local community has no opportunities to gain economic benefits from the regional development. The community can be exclude unexpectedly from the development by the
government’s implementation on agro-based sectors and manufacturing sector as a policy prioritization. Additionally, the author founds that with 71.2 percent (INSTITUTE, June, 2007), the Chin population engaged in Agriculture (including hunting and forestry) sector. Unsustainability can be seen in the Chin state, if the percent will be remained.

Keywords: Sustainable development, economic policy, poverty, Chin State, Myanmar

The European Union and the United States have significant commonalities in terms of economic, energy, and climate change goals and renewable energy priorities. This includes responses to economic hardship and linkages to the use of energy and resources. Both regions face similar and significantly challenging barriers to renewable energy market penetration in the areas of cost, investment, and technology. In the past decade both have adopted different but related response actions with track records of success as well as lessons learned. In the future, much greater expansion of renewable energy is needed to meet global climate stabilization goals and domestic energy, and environmental security needs. Solutions within regions to overcome barriers are most likely to be developed and succeed with the support of strong bilateral and multilateral support mechanisms. In particular, renewable energy implementation requires enhanced collaboration at national and subnational levels of government within and between the European Union and the United States. This includes greater thought leadership, peer learning, information exchange, and technical assistance that are proactively deployed at all levels of government and strategically focused through modern mechanisms that enable high-priority, high velocity policy development and implementation.

Libertarianism is a "many splendored" philosophy, with various dimensions contending with one another. Included is anarcho-capitalism, monarchism or limited government libertarianism, constitutionalism, and classical liberalism. Each category has a different perspective on taxation. This chapter explores all of them. But they all have something in common, otherwise they could not all be included in a chapter devoted to libertarianism and taxation. And what is that: all such viewpoints want to minimize taxes to a far greater degree than any other political economic philosophy.

What are the similarities and differences between crowdsourcing and sharing economy? What factors influence their use in developing countries? In light of recent developments in the use of IT-mediated technologies, such as crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, this manuscript examines their similarities and differences, and the challenges regarding their effective use in developing countries. We first examine each individually and highlight different forms of each IT-mediated technology. Given that crowdsourcing and sharing economy share aspects such as the use of IT, a reliance on crowds, monetary exchange, and the use of reputation systems, we systematically compare the similarities and differences of different types of crowdsourcing with the sharing economy, thus addressing a gap in the current literature. Using this knowledge, we examine the different challenges faced by developing countries when using crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, and highlight the differences in the applicability of these IT-mediated technologies when faced with specific development issues.

The privatization era is emerging in the background of globalization, neoliberalism, transnationalism and “business in community” concept. Since the world stepped into a new capitalist economic system, consequently, welfare-state services, health, education, pensions, housing, and social services transferred from public ownership to the private sector. It was believed that the privatization of public services and goods would increase the performance and quality of social service delivery in societies.

This paper addresses the issues on the Australian government’s emissions reduction policies, in particular, the implementation of a direct action approach in replacement of a previous market-based approach. Theories and considerable evidence from previous research argue that the market-based approach is better than direct action in achieving Australia’s committed target of emissions reduction. However, the incumbent Coalition government is insistent with its decision in implementing direct action policies. The economic literature suggests that these direct action policies are likely to be biased toward benefitting smaller interest groups. Qualitative analysis using findings from existing literature verifies the general formulation of the economic theory of regulation. This paper offers some important insights into the empirical evidence of the theory of regulation in the context of emissions reduction policies in Australia. (Please be advised that this paper was written in June 2015)

In utmost expectation for a viable welfare cum benefit program and policy to be instituted in Nigeria to help the citizenry and particularly germane, as it translates to economic growth and development as evident in practicing nations around the globe who have witnessed its contributory effects.

Longue discussion de l’ouvrage de Florence Bergeaud-Blackler (Le Marché halal ou l’invention d’une tradition, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2017), pour la rubrique "Grand Résumé" de la revue SociologieS.
Mon texte est accessible à l'adresse : https://journals.openedition.org/sociologies/8233
Tandis que le "Grand résumé" de Florence Bergeaud-Blackler est accessible à l’adresse : https://journals.openedition.org/sociologies/8230 et son autre discussion, par Nedjib Sidi Moussa, à l’adresse : https://journals.openedition.org/sociologies/8232

Nonostante gli importanti dati di ripresa riguardanti l’economia italiana è difficile intravedere un deciso cambiamento di rotta negli andamenti delle grandezze macroeconomiche e nell’evoluzione della finanza pubblica. Il nostro Paese resta un osservato speciale, presentando ancora diverse fragilità e “debolezze strutturali”, che lo rendono particolarmente vulnerabile agli shock esterni. Suscitano inoltre delusione e, nel contempo, preoccupazione, vista la “perdita di chance” in cui si concretizzano, le riforme avviate e poi dimenticate dell’ultima legislatura. Esse, infatti, rischiano di tramutarsi – con la cessazione del Governo e la probabile indizione di nuove elezioni – in dannose controriforme, utili soltanto ad aggravare le molteplici disfunzioni ed iniquità del sistema
italiano di finanza pubblica.
In questo articolo è proposto un approfondimento su alcune delle disfunzioni e degli handicap che viziano il sistema italiano di finanza pubblica e che influiscono indirettamente, in modo negativo, sullo sviluppo dell’economia del Mezzogiorno. L’analisi effettuata ha evidenziato che la pressione fiscale complessiva (imposte dirette + indirette) è eccessivamente elevata e mal distribuita sul territorio. Ne risulta un sistema tributario sostanzialmente regressivo e, comunque, imperniato su una progressività sempre più “zoppicante”. Il sistema perequativo non sembra, tuttavia, adeguato a ridurre i divari esistenti nelle capacità di produzione del reddito e nella fornitura dei servizi pubblici. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, l’articolo propone un’analisi delle principali criticità del sistema italiano di finanza pubblica ed alcuni spunti per un ulteriore dibattito.

In questo lavoro si è cercato di raccogliere le tappe e gli sviluppi principali della letteratura economica riguardante il coordinamento delle politiche economiche e le diverse assegnazioni a quest’ultime degli strumenti necessari poter raggiungere gli obiettivi di equilibrio macroeconomico, interno ed esterno. Il problema dell’assegnazione degli strumenti agli obiettivi di politica economica è un tema assai rilevante nell’ambito della teoria della politica economica; rappresenta, infatti, un tentativo di semplificazione dell’attività dei policy maker poiché, se fosse sempre possibile portare a termine l’assegnazione di ogni strumento a un obiettivo specifico, allora se ne trarrebbe una regola di comportamento unica che guiderebbe all’adozione univoca di un certo strumento per raggiungere lo specifico obiettivo che ci si prefigge.

La struttura del lavoro sarà così articolata. Nel Capitolo I, dopo aver discusso i concetti fondamentali di un sistema macroeconomico di economia aperta, si analizzerà il modello di Mundell-Fleming, con le sue ipotesi ed i suoi limiti, discutendo della diversa efficacia delle politiche economiche a seconda del regime di tassi di cambio in cui si opera. Nel Capitolo II si analizzerà l’alternativa al modello IS-LM-BP suggerita dalla “Nuova Scuola di Cambridge”. Infine, nel Capitolo III la ricerca si concentrerà inizialmente intorno ai primi tentativi di superare Mundell, in cui rilevante è il modello dell’overshooting (Dornbusch, 1974), per poi concentrarsi intorno ai contributi più recenti sulla macroeconomia aperta, sviluppati dalla New Open Economy Macroeconomics (NOEM), a partire dal lavoro svolto da Obstfeld e Rogoff a partire dalla metà degli anni ’90.

El 13 de julio de 2019 el Senado de la República, a través del Instituto Belisario Domínguez (IBD), llevó a cabo el foro ¿Qué reforma fiscal necesita México? Dicho evento se conformó de dos mesas. La primera tuvo por título “Fortalecimiento de los ingresos públicos en un contexto de desaceleración económica” y su objetivo fue discutir cuáles son los principales desafíos recaudatorios en México dado el contexto económico adverso por el que atraviesa, así como definir los mecanismos que pueden fortalecer el marco tributario, favoreciendo la progresividad de la política fiscal. En esta mesa se contó con la participación del Mtro. Aníbal Gutiérrez Lara, profesor de tiempo completo de la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); del Dr. Carlos Tello Macías, profesor emérito de la Facultad de Economía de la UNAM; del Dr. Carlos Hurtado López, Director General de Centro de Estudios Económicos del Sector Privado (CEESP); del Dr. Fausto Hernández Trillo, profesor-Investigador de la División de Economía del Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE) y del Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), así como con la participación del Senador Dante Delgado Rannauro, Coordinador del grupo parlamentario de Movimiento Ciudadano y del Senador Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, Coordinador del grupo parlamentario del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) y presidente del IBD.
La segunda mesa “La necesaria transformación del Federalismo Fiscal en México” se enfocó en reflexionar de forma crítica sobre la problemática que enfrenta el sistema de coordinación fiscal en México para establecer las bases de su transformación, así como fortalecer las relaciones entre los tres órdenes de gobierno para lograr un desarrollo ordenado, equitativo y eficiente con perspectiva regional. En esta mesa se contó con la participación del Dr. Horacio Sobarzo Fimbres, profesor del Centro de Estudios Económicos (CEE) de El Colegio de México (Colmex); del Dr. Leonardo Lomelí Vanegas, Secretario General de la UNAM; y del Lic. David Rogelio Colmenares Páramo, Auditor Superior de la Federación.
El objetivo del presente trabajo es retomar las principales aportaciones de los participantes en el foro para contribuir al debate parlamentario en materia fiscal. En la primera sección se presentan a manera de antecedentes los principales objetivos y cambios legales de la reforma
fiscal de 2014, así como los resultados que se han obtenido en materia de recaudación. Se señalan también algunos de los pendientes y retos identificados tanto por el IBD como por diversos organismos nacionales e internacionales. La segunda sección presenta las distintas opciones que tiene la política fiscal en México para fortalecer los ingresos públicos. La tercera sección expone algunos de los cambios que se requieren en el federalismo fiscal mexicano para fortalecer las finanzas de las entidades federativas y municipios. Y, por último, en la cuarta sección se presentan algunas consideraciones finales.

Various presidential candidates over the years have promised to reduce the U.S. trade deficit. Such arguments are based on the mistaken belief that trade deficits are bad. This paper explains why the United States is doomed to have trade deficits, and why it doesn't matter. The paper also includes a bibliography of more than 100 articles about trade, with links that will take the reader to the article.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have lately been among the most debated issues and they are now attracting even more attention in view of a post-pandemic recovery phase. The alignment of sustainable and technological development is currently a main challenge and policy objective. The aim of this master’s thesis is to explore the role that AI might play for the progress toward the SDGs. After reviewing the available literature, which is mainly qualitative, this thesis provides an early attempt to quantitatively estimate the correlation between AI development and deployment and the progress toward the SDGs, as measured by the Stanford HAI AI Index and Bertelsmann Index. The estimation is done through a linear mixed-effects model, based on panel data for 25 countries from 2017 to 2019. The correlation is not significant at the aggregate level for all 17 goals combined, but it becomes significant for some individual goals. With the complete database AI displays a significant positive correlation with Goal 3 on “Good Health and Well-being” and a significant negative correlation with Goal 14 on “Life Below Water”. As some outliers are removed, thus reducing the number of countries, the correlation between AI and the sustainable development becomes positive significant for Goals 3, 4, 15 and 16 corresponding respectively to: “Good Health and Well-being”, “Quality Education”, “Life on Land”, “Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions” and negative significant only for Goal 17, namely “Partnership for the Goals”.
Despite the few disposable data and the still early stage of development and country adoption of AI, the results highlight that there might be some interesting relationships between AI and the sustainable development and are coherent with the literature predicting both positive and negative effects of AI.
Artificial intelligence seems to be a double-edged sword, which needs to be steered in the right direction in order to enhance its potential and mitigate its risks. Therefore, it is of uttermost importance for public policy to keep pace with AI developments and be able to leverage its benefits as well as effectively regulate it.