Endowment

Aristocratic and civic burial rituals and memoria of the dead in the Late Middle Ages as reflected in diplomatic sources – the charters of the Lower Austrian provincial archives as a case study

This paper deals with the evidence of burial rituals and
memoria of the dead in the late Middle Ages found in
charters from the Lower Austrian provincial archives. The
majority of the charters selected as examples are testaments
from aristocrats or burghers. These records demonstrate
that sepulchral ceremonial was very standardised among
the nobility and that testaments only rarely include provisions
providing details about the exequies. However, when
this is the case the requirements are very intriguing, involving
for instance the request for the symbolic sacrifice of
a horse – with or without an armour-clad rider serving
as an emblematic substitute for the decedent. Moreover,
these charters include various endowments for churches
and monasteries for the sake of memoria, representation
and the salvation of the soul. These donations offer valuable
clues relevant to archaeology, art history, building research
and cultural history in the broadest sense about the
type, design and location of tombs, be it in sacral buildings
or in an exactly designated area of the graveyard, and about
the establishment or the continued use of family tombs as
well as the foundation of altars and chapels associated with
them. Furthermore, late medieval testaments are a precious
information reservoir and in many cases an exclusive record
of artistic treasures long-lost or fallen into oblivion,
for instance memorial media such as gravestones, stained
glass, sculptures, liturgical equipment and paraments decorated
with inscriptions, coats of arms or with actual depictions
of benefactors concerned about their afterlife. In addition,
the testaments are often able to highlight both piety
and liturgy and not least the financial expenditure involved
in such memorial endowments.
Keywords: burial rituals, memoria of the dead, representation,
endowments, charters

Günümüz sosyal tarih araştırmaları için arşiv ve kütüphane kaynakları yeni veriler elde etmemizi kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu kaynak koleksiyonları sayesinde Osmanlı şehirlerindeki kurumların idarî ve sosyal yapıları ile ilgili mevcut bilgilerimiz de hızla artmaktadır. Burada yapılmak istenen arşiv ve defter koleksiyonlarından hareketle Ankara kazasında kurulan ümerâ vakıflarının iktisadî faaliyetlerinin işlenmesi ve yorumlanmasını içermektedir. Elimizdeki belgeler sayesinde Ankara'daki ümerâ vakıflarının hem gelir ve giderleri açısından, hem de tesis edilen eserlerin tarihî geçmişi hakkında yeni bilgilere ulaşmak mümkün gözükmektedir. Çünkü, Ankara'da kurulan vakıflar göz önüne alındığında, XV. yüzyılda şehirde başlayan ve devam eden bir yeni tesisleşme döneminin yaşandığı dikkat çekmektedir. Dolayısıyla Osmanlı klasik dönem şehirciliğinin mahiyeti, işleyişi ve gerçekleştirdiği hedefleri açısından bakıldığında bu tesisleşmenin, çeşitli arzuları yerine getirmek üzere programa alındığı kesindir. Osmanlı klasik döneminde şehirlerde yeni binaların yapılmasını destekleyenler genellikle askerî sınıf üyeleri, padişahlar ve diğer hanedan mensuplarıdır. Ankara kaza merkezinde kurulan büyük vakıf binalarının arkasında da temel olarak Osmanlı ümerâsı(ehl-i örf) olarak ifade edilen devlet yöneticilerinin olduğu bir gerçektir. Osmanlı devlet yöneticileri Ankara ve civar bölgelerde yetiştirilen tiftik keçilerinin yünlerinden üretilen sof ürünlerinin satıldığı, şehir merkezindeki vakıf binalarını tesis ettirmişlerdir. Dolayısıyla şehir merkezinde " Yukarı Yüz " olarak ifade edilen bölgenin yeni binalarla şekillenmesi yani çarşı, sokak ve binaları ile belirgin hale gelmesinde ümerâ vakıfları ön plandadır. Ümerânın kurduğu bu vakıfların hangi ihtiyaçlarla oluşturulduğu, vâkıfın kendi hayrâtını ayakta tutabilmek için ne tür akarlara ihtiyaç duyduğu soruları da burada cevaplanacaktır. Böylece Osmanlı klasik dönem Ankara'sının hem yenilenmesi ve hem de geliştirilmesinin bilinçli olarak ümerâ vakıfları tarafından sağlandığı tezi vurgulanmış olacaktır.

Ribāṭ is one of the prevalent sets of fortified constructions in the Islamic world. The North African coastal frontiers contain various fortifications, erected over earlier Christian sites and close to the ruins of earlier Christian monasteries. A "traditionalist" opinion maintains that these ribāṭs were monasteries or convents for ascetic warriors, among which Monastir (al-Munastīr) is believed to be the oldest in Ifrīqiya. A "revi-sionist" opinion describes these sites as fortifications with no ascetic purpose, functioning as places of refuge or as trading posts. Both positions cannot be fully accepted, because the case of the ribāṭ Monastir shows how the endowments linked to the ribāṭs in this geographic area merged both the ascetic and defensive purposes. It will be argued that one purpose does not rule out the other, because both seem to have been two distinct coexisting aspects of the same multifaceted institution.

Resumo O tema a ser abordado será o Museu de Arte Moderna situado no Rio de Janeiro-Brasil tratando de assuntos da influência no aspecto político, a sustentabilidade do museu e as influências para mantê-lo aberto ao público. Relatos desde sua criação envolvendo presidentes, a escola, o teatro, a promessa de novas estruturas, o aluguel parcial do espaço para empresas privadas, sua integração ao Iphan 1 , seus patrocinadores, sua ajuda governamental e por fim a polêmica envolvendo a possível venda de um quadro do acervo do museu para garantir sua sustentabilidade e cancelar seu possível fechamento.

The macroeconomic agenda known as Keynesianism was highly contentious when it was introduced to Australia during the Second World War. Using a ‘history from below’ approach – correctly understood as a society-wide analysis – this thesis reveals the debates and the participants in the social nexus that considered the work of the British economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946). It shows that the populous willed a break from the status quo, ranging in favour of socialism to a non-capitalist third way. Support for Keynesianism was isolated to capital and the political right wing, with labour, centrists, the left and far-left strongly opposed. As the war progressed, apathy set in and Keynesianism came to be seen by opponents as either a non-capitalist third way or as the triumph of the possible over the desirable socialist “new order”.

From 1936, Keynes had popularised a new economics based on full employment planning that quickly displaced ‘laissez faire capitalism’ in the minds of economists and policymakers. As war broke out, Keynes submitted a war finance plan for public consideration in the United Kingdom. Essentially, the plan addressed the practical aspects of managing an economy experiencing full employment. It contained measures to reduce wage growth to counter rising inflation, welfare for mothers and children to protect their well-being – but also the population growth essential to future economic growth – and the partial repayment of seized wages at the end of the war that would form the basis of post-war “reconstruction”. The Keynes plan generated interest in Australia which rapidly turned to speculation about its applicability. A fierce debate raged, divided on broad political lines, for two years that would shift public opinion and contribute significantly to the rise of the Curtin government (1941-45). However, once enthusiasm for reconstruction waned, it was this government that brought about post-war Keynesianism.

Dear colleagues and friends,

we would like to inform you of our Brill publication: Olga Katsiardi-Hering and Maria A. Stassinopoulou (eds.), Across the Danube: Southeastern Europeans and Their Travelling Identities (17th-19th C.).
The volume appears in the sub-series Studies in Global Migration History, Dirk Hoerder (ed.) of the series Studies in Global Social History, Marcel van der Linden (ed.).

The copyright year is 2017, but we have received the merry publication news as a gift for the holiday season and are gladly sharing it with you!


http://www.brill.com/products/book/across-danube-southeastern-europeans-and-their-travelling-identities-17th-19th-c

http://www.brill.com/publications/studies-global-migration-history

http://www.brill.com/publications/studies-global-social-history


Season’s Greetings from Athens and Vienna

Olga (Katsiardi-Hering) and Maria (A. Stassinopoulou)

The curiosity in matters regarding students' integrity at higher institutions in particular can be virtually traced back to the numerous reports and cases about academic misconducts worldwide. Thus, academic integrity has been exhaustively dealt with by numerous scientists and researchers. The previous studies have explored different perspectives of the concept. The present study contributes to the literature as the first study to examine the impact of endowment and scholarship on academic integrity. Participants were 107 Nigerian students at Al-Azhar university in Egypt. They completed the academic integrity survey invented by Don McCabe who was the founder of the concept to measure their conducts towards research and examine their attitude towards exams.

As higher learning institutions increasingly find themselves having to grapple with the grave challenge of generating their own financial resources to support their everyday operation, endowment frequently surfaces as a pragmatic way to cope with the soaring costs of managing human resources, hiring experts, providing maintenance, and financing research and extension. This paper examines the endowment practice of Harvard University which success other universities in the United States have tried to imitate albeit with varying results. Using secondary sources of information the hybrid model of Harvard Management Company was analysed. The Harvard model revealed two important instructions: endowments must be tailored to fit local capacity and capability, and endowments must be managed by experts specialized in financial investment and assisted closely by academicians and administrative teams. Such hybrid cooperation in endowment management has enabled Harvard to accomplish its missions...

Berdepan dengan cabaran menjana kewangan untuk operasi dan aktiviti harian institusi pengajian tinggi kini sering membicarakan endowmen sebagai mekanisma pragmatis untuk membiayai peningkatan pelbagai kos termasuk sumber manusia, tenaga pakar, penyelenggaraan, penyelidikan dan kembangan. Kertas ini membincangkan amalan endowmen Universiti Harvard yang kejayaannya cuba dicontohi oleh beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi di Amerika Syarikat. Aplikasi model hibrid dalam penubuhan Harvard Management Company di analisis berdasarkan sumber maklumat sekundar. Hasil kajian Model Hibrid Harvard ini menampilkan dua pengajaran penting: amalan endowmen perlu disesuaikan dengan aspek lokal dan kapasiti sedia ada, dan pengurusan endowmen perlu diurus oleh pakar pelaburan dengan bantuan erat tenaga akademik dan pihak pengurusan universiti. Dengan kerjasama hibrid begini universiti Harvard mampu mencapai misi mengadakan biasiswa, mengurangkan yuran tusyen , dan mendidik orang biasa menjadi juara.

Tsao, Hung-ping (2019). Evolutionary mathematics and science for life contingency investigation. In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors). Volume 1, Number 3, March 2019; 72 pages. Lenox Institute Press, PO Box 405, Newtonville, NY, 12128-0405, USA. No. STEAM-VOL1-NUM3-MAR2019; ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2. ---------------ABSTRACT: This chapter will start with the accumulation function and use the geometric point of view to generalize and simplify the theory of interest. Then survey the laws of mortality from both points of view of stochastic theory and traditional actuaries. There is a thorough discussion and simple visualization of Balducci and uniform distribution of deaths assumptions of mortality rates of fractional ages. Two least square-fit cubic survivorship functions for fitting the Male Table of 1958 CSO are presented. Various complicated exposure formulas for a morta...

This article serves as an introduction to the new journal Endowment Studies ( ENDS ). Besides laying out the scope and goals of the periodical, it also charts the broader arc of historical scholarship on endowments. More specifically, the development of the research on foundations is summarized in four fields, namely Medieval Studies, Byzantine Studies, Islamic Studies and Indology. Furthermore, a general vocabulary for the core features of foundations is also proposed.

The attention of modern scholarship of Mamluk architecture has been primarily given to the physical characteristics of extant monuments. Very little attention has been paid to Mamluk builders who participated in constructing these monuments. This shortage of knowledge about Mamluk building craftsmen could be explained by the reticence practiced by the contemporary chroniclers who devoted volumes and volumes on the prominent figures of different sectors, i.e. scholars, merchants, high-ranked military mamluks and elites. There exists scattered information about events or incidents relevant to the ordinary builders in the works of al-Maqrīzī, Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Ibn Shāhīn al-Ẓāhirī, Ibn Tighrībirdī, Ibn Iyyās and others. The integration of these scatters with other kinds of sources, particularly endowment deeds, could help in drawing a clearer image of the human activities behind the physical constructions. This process of going beyond the physical structure is meant to reveal the human practices of the craftsmanship profession. One of the main questions that arise within this lacuna of scholarship: what administrative regulations controlled practices within the profession? This paper focuses on specific endowment deeds that have involvement of experienced builders in different practices and analyses these activities in the light of the physical structure and other contemporary sources. The outcome of this analysis proposes a network of key figures governed the Mamluk building craft.

Berdepan dengan cabaran menjana kewangan untuk operasi dan aktiviti harian institusi pengajian tinggi kini sering membicarakan endowmen sebagai mekanisma pragmatis untuk membiayai peningkatan pelbagai kos termasuk sumber manusia, tenaga pakar, penyelenggaraan, penyelidikan dan kembangan. Kertas ini membincangkan amalan endowmen Universiti Harvard yang kejayaannya cuba dicontohi oleh beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi di Amerika Syarikat. Aplikasi model hibrid dalam penubuhan Harvard Management Company di analisis berdasarkan sumber maklumat sekundar. Hasil kajian Model Hibrid Harvard ini menampilkan dua pengajaran penting: amalan endowmen perlu disesuaikan dengan aspek lokal dan kapasiti sedia ada, dan pengurusan endowmen perlu diurus oleh pakar pelaburan dengan bantuan erat tenaga akademik dan pihak pengurusan universiti. Dengan kerjasama hibrid begini universiti Harvard mampu mencapai misi mengadakan biasiswa, mengurangkan yuran tusyen , dan mendidik orang biasa menjadi juara.

Legatum est donatio testamento relicto (D. 31.36). Die Charakterisierung des Legats als unentgeltliche Zuwendung mag allgemein zutreffend sein. Doch stellt das Modallegat eine bedeutende Ausnahme dar: Der Empfänger kann das Legat nicht frei verwenden, sondern muss damit einen vom Erblasser vorgegebenen Zweck verfolgen.
Eine besonders prominente Rolle spielen Modallegate im Stiftungsrecht. Stiftungen mit eigener Rechtspersönlichkeit sind dem klassischen römischen Recht unbekannt. Es kennt nur unselbständige Stiftungen, bei denen das Stiftungsvermögen einem Rechtsträger – meist einer Gemeinde oder einem collegium – überlassen wird. Wird die Stiftung durch Testament errichtet, erfolgt die Zuwendung häufig durch ein Modallegat; die Schwäche dieser Lösung besteht allerdings darin, dass die Vollziehung der Auflage nur dann gerichtlich durchsetzbar ist, wenn der Legatar dies durch Stipulation verspricht. Als Alternative bietet es sich daher an, dem Empfänger ein Fideikommiss aufzuerlegen, das in der cognitio durchsetzbar ist, ohne dass es einer Stipulation bedürfte. Beide Zuwendungsarten können daher bei Stiftungen eingesetzt werden, um deren Zweck zu garantieren. Im justinianischen Recht werden sie einander gleichgestellt (Nov. 1.1 pr.).
Der Vortrag untersucht den Einsatz von Modallegaten und Fideikommissen in den inschriftlich überlieferten Stiftungen. Bereits im ganzen 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. lassen sich zahlreiche fideikommissarische Stiftungen beobachten. Dies ermöglicht einen neuen Blick auf die Texte hochklassischer Juristen, die testamentarische Zuwendungen unter Auflage behandeln und die häufig der Interpolation verdächtigt worden sind. Der Vergleich mit der Kautelarpraxis spricht für die Authentizität dieser Texte.

Financing is one of the essential necessitates for science and technology development that many universities have paid attention to it and through establishing financing funds including endowment funds have realized this important issue. So endowment today has played a crucial role in financing and the issue of endowment, benefactors and strategic position of benefactors and donors has been one of the main discourses of Science Ministry in staff and planning area. Endowment considering religious, cultural and historical characteristics of Iran always has been paid attention from benefactors of this territory. Currently, much of endowments are in the form of constant assets, properties and real estate. Given the changing functions of endowment constant assets and people’s needs over time, in many cases using incomes and benefits of dedicated assets along with benefactor’s initial objectives isn’t possible and it has made them static and blocked. As development of education, particula...

Berdepan dengan cabaran menjana kewangan untuk operasi dan aktiviti harian institusi pengajian tinggi kini sering membicarakan endowmen sebagai mekanisma pragmatis untuk membiayai peningkatan pelbagai kos termasuk sumber manusia, tenaga pakar, penyelenggaraan, penyelidikan dan kembangan. Kertas ini membincangkan amalan endowmen Universiti Harvard yang kejayaannya cuba dicontohi oleh beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi di Amerika Syarikat. Aplikasi model hibrid dalam penubuhan Harvard Management Company di analisis berdasarkan sumber maklumat sekundar. Hasil kajian Model Hibrid Harvard ini menampilkan dua pengajaran penting: amalan endowmen perlu disesuaikan dengan aspek lokal dan kapasiti sedia ada, dan pengurusan endowmen perlu diurus oleh pakar pelaburan dengan bantuan erat tenaga akademik dan pihak pengurusan universiti. Dengan kerjasama hibrid begini universiti Harvard mampu mencapai misi mengadakan biasiswa, mengurangkan yuran tusyen , dan mendidik orang biasa menjadi juara.

Berdepan dengan cabaran menjana kewangan untuk operasi dan aktiviti harian institusi pengajian tinggi kini sering membicarakan endowmen sebagai mekanisma pragmatis untuk membiayai peningkatan pelbagai kos termasuk sumber manusia, tenaga pakar, penyelenggaraan, penyelidikan dan kembangan. Kertas ini membincangkan amalan endowmen Universiti Harvard yang kejayaannya cuba dicontohi oleh beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi di Amerika Syarikat. Aplikasi model hibrid dalam penubuhan Harvard Management Company di analisis berdasarkan sumber maklumat sekundar. Hasil kajian Model Hibrid Harvard ini menampilkan dua pengajaran penting: amalan endowmen perlu disesuaikan dengan aspek lokal dan kapasiti sedia ada, dan pengurusan endowmen perlu diurus oleh pakar pelaburan dengan bantuan erat tenaga akademik dan pihak pengurusan universiti. Dengan kerjasama hibrid begini universiti Harvard mampu mencapai misi mengadakan biasiswa, mengurangkan yuran tusyen , dan mendidik orang biasa menjadi juara.

Abstrak Berdepan dengan cabaran menjana kewangan untuk operasi dan aktiviti harian institusi pengajian tinggi kini sering membicarakan endowmen sebagai mekanisma pragmatis untuk membiayai peningkatan pelbagai kos termasuk sumber manusia, tenaga pakar, penyelenggaraan, penyelidikan dan kembangan. Kertas ini membincangkan amalan endowmen Universiti Harvard yang kejayaannya cuba dicontohi oleh beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi di Amerika Syarikat. Aplikasi model hibrid dalam penubuhan Harvard Management Company di analisis berdasarkan sumber maklumat sekundar. Hasil kajian Model Hibrid Harvard ini menampilkan dua pengajaran penting: amalan endowmen perlu disesuaikan dengan aspek lokal dan kapasiti sedia ada, dan pengurusan endowmen perlu diurus oleh pakar pelaburan dengan bantuan erat tenaga akademik dan pihak pengurusan universiti. Dengan kerjasama hibrid begini universiti Harvard mampu mencapai misi mengadakan biasiswa, mengurangkan yuran tusyen , dan mendidik orang biasa menjadi j...

As higher learning institutions increasingly find themselves having to grapple with the grave challenge of generating
their own financial resources to support their everyday operation, endowment frequently surfaces as a pragmatic
way to cope with the soaring costs of managing human resources, hiring experts, providing maintenance, and
financing research and extension. This paper examines the endowment practice of Harvard University which
success other universities in the United States have tried to imitate albeit with varying results. Using secondary
sources of information the hybrid model of Harvard Management Company was analysed. The Harvard model
revealed two important instructions: endowments must be tailored to fit local capacity and capability, and
endowments must be managed by experts specialized in financial investment and assisted closely by academicians
and administrative teams. Such hybrid cooperation in endowment management has enabled Harvard to accomplish
its missions including granting scholarships, reducing tuition fees, and educating and transforming ordinary
people into extraordinary achievers.