Frame Semantics

This paper argues for an approach to terms – based on Frame Semantics (Fillmore 1976; Fillmore and Baker 2010) – that takes into account their linguistic properties and shows how terms and their properties are connected formally to the expression of knowledge in specialized fields. I briefly present the theoretical assumptions underlying this proposal. The main part of the article describes the methodology devised to implement the proposal in two terminological resources that are under development at the Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte (OLST). The methodology that comprises seven main steps is based on that of FrameNet (FrameNet 2017; Ruppenhofer et al. 2016), the lexical implementation of Frame Semantics. I illustrate the methodology by applying it to terms that belong to the field of endangered species, a subfield of the environment.

À l’intersection entre grammaire de constructions située et sémantique des frames, une analyse sémantique d’inspiration cognitive est à théoriser. Le présent travail se propose de développer pour ce faire le modèle de l’Analyse Cognitive de Discours. Le discours est alors compris dans la continuité de Michel Foucault comme un système conceptuel reposant sur des connaissances linguistiques, sociales et épistémiques. Son opérationnalisation linguistque s’effectue par l’apport de la linguistique textuelle et du corpus à la suite de Dietrich Busse. L’objectif d’un tel socle méthodologique est d’analyser finement un corpus de textes récurrents dans une perspective cognitive, au plus proche de la réalité langagière, et donc, et de pouvoir représenter l’entièreté du processus conceptuel déployé en production comme en réception dans le cadre d’un discours spécifique. Le présent travail se fixe donc l’objectif de développer un socle théorique cohérent et stable, de l’intégrer dans une méthodologie sur corpus écologique et dynamique et de le mettre en oeuvre sur des textes issus du discours de la vente du vin en allemand. Cette dernière partie permet de valider l’ensemble des réflexions théoriques et méthodologiques des deux premières parties et de mettre en évidence l’intérêt d’un tel modèle.

Grâce à l’émergence du gros plan, le visage a trouvé au cinéma un pouvoir expressif inédit, un lieu d’expérimentation et de représentation privilégié. Le cinéma classique, dont l’échelle de plans et les codes narratifs sont entièrement structurés par cette "unité expressive", a forgé un véritable langage du visage. Mais si la fonction identificatoire et immersive du gros plan s’est banalisée au point de devenir la pierre de touche émotionnelle du film, le cadrage du visage a une histoire très riche, révélant un face-à-face entre la caméra et la physionomie bien plus surprenant et varié que l’on ne pourrait l’imaginer. Nous envisageons ici les théories et pratiques du gros plan développées en amont et en marge de sa codification narrative classique: des "portraits vivants" aux "films à expressions faciales"; des "vignettes" de protogénérique aux "plans emblématiques" ; en passant par la réception critique des premiers gros plans (taxés de "monstrueux", "minimalistes" ou "révolutionnaires"), et jusqu’à leur interdiction –mêlée d’adoration.

The notion that the form of a word bears an arbitrary relation to its meaning accounts only partly for the attested relations between form and meaning in the world’s languages. Recent research suggests a more textured view of vocabulary structure, in which arbitrariness is complemented by iconicity (aspects of form resemble aspects of meaning) and systematicity (statistical regularities in forms predict function). Experimental evidence suggests these form to meaning correspondences serve different functions in language processing, development and communication: systematicity facilities category learning by means of phonological cues, iconicity facilitates word learning and communication by means of perceptuomotor analogies, and arbitrariness facilitates meaning individuation through distinctive forms. For one, there can be external reasons why a particular form would go with a given meaning, such as sound symbolism. Also, there are systematicities in languages, where words with similar forms are more likely than chance to have similar meanings. My work also relates to a priming methodology used to test what it is that leads phonæsthemes to be mentally represented, measuring effects of frequency, cue validity, and sound symbolism.

Considerable research in the field of ontology matching has been performed where information sharing and reuse becomes necessary in ontology development. Measurement of lexical similarity in ontology matching is performed using synset, defined in WordNet. In this paper, we defined a Super Word Set, which is an aggregate set that includes hypernym, hyponym, holonym, and meronym sets in WordNet. The Super Word Set Similarity is calculated by the rate of words of concept name and synset's words inclusion in the Super Word Set. In order to measure of Super Word Set Similarity, we first extracted Matched Concepts(MC), Matched Properties(MP) and Property Unmatched Concepts(PUC) from the result of ontology matching. We compared these against two ontology matching tools-COMA++ and LOM. The Super Word Set Similarity shows an average improvement of 12% over COMA++ and 19% over LOM.

Le développement de la pragmatique, une branche assez récente de la linguistique, nous a fourni plusieurs outils d’analyse du discours. En comparant avec la grammaire et la sémantique, elle est plus ouverte à différentes interprétations dépendant du contexte et de la situation. Elle tient compte de la psychologie, des émotions et de la capacité de l’homme à trouver le sens aux phrases qui ne l’ont pas hors de contexte. En outre, elle permet d’expliquer pourquoi le message d’un énoncé peut être contraire à la signification des mots qui le composent ou comment les mots ont la force d’évoquer diverses réactions chez les hommes. Dans cette thèse, nous allons observer comment le rire est suscité chez le public en analysant les sketches de Gad Elmaleh dans son one man show, « Papa est en haut ». Pour le faire, nous allons utiliser différentes approches pragmatiques, afin de montrer plusieurs mécanismes de la provocation de rire.
Dans le premier chapitre nous introduirons les théories pragmatiques de base et leurs aspects choisis pour l’analyse. Premièrement, nous décrirons les actes de langage comme ils sont définis par Austin (1970) et Searle. Nous nous concentrerons surtout sur les actes indirects, le malentendu et l’implicite, car ce sont les éléments utilisés dans l’analyse. Puis, nous passerons aux maximes conversationnelles de Grice qui constituent les règles de conversation assurant la compréhension mutuelle des interlocuteurs. Nous verrons aussi quelles fonctions de langage sont proposées par Jakobson (1963) parce qu’il y a une fonction spécifique dont le fonctionnement Elmaleh ridiculise pour obtenir l’effet comique. Ensuite, nous dessinerons d’une façon générale les principes de la sémantique des cadres d’après Fillmore. Cette approche nous permettra d’expliquer la cause d’amusement par la présentation explicite dans le sketch. Enfin, nous citerons les idées de Bergson concernants l’essence de rire du point de vue philosophique et nous observerons les épreuves linguistiques du comique faits par Attardo (1994).
Dans le second chapitre nous ferons l’analyse du sketch où les théories mentionnées ci-dessus nous servirons de points de repère. Le but de l’analyse est de montrer du point de vue des théories pragmatiques comment on peut atteindre le but de faire rire. La situation d’un sketch est spécifique parce que les scènes présentées ne sont pas des conversations spontanées. Le sketch les reflète, mais l’humour ici n’est pas quelque chose d'accessoire, il est le but. Nous avons choisi les cas exemplaires où on peut indiquer le fonctionnement de ces théories. Nous verrons ainsi comment la violation des maximes conversationnelles et la non-coopération mène à une situation comique. Ensuite, nous allons réfléchir pourquoi la constatation explicite des choses bien connues par tout le monde s’avère amusante. Puis, nous observerons l’effet des messages implicites résultant du malentendu. Enfin, nous analyserons l'humour issu de l'emploi des expressions à la fonction phatique et de la politesse fait par le comédien.

Cultural semiotics (also called semiotics of culture) investigates the role of signs and sign systems in human culture. Influential theories in this area have been developed by Roland Barthes, Juri Lotman and Roland Posner, among others. While traditionally meaning had primarily been located in signs and sign systems such as language, images, or religious symbols, cultural semiotics has developed various approaches that connect the material aspects of cultures with the layers of meaning and interpretation that permeate our cultures. They complement the more specific approaches to artefact semantics developed in archaeology, anthropology, and art history, by outlining the general principles explaining how meanings are attributed to human-made (or even natural) objects, making them into signs.

The contribution first presents Roland Posner’s semiotic theory of culture. While this theory offers a precise terminological approach to cultural processes, it offers only limited insight into artefact semantics. This gap is filled by an approach developed by the author which postulates a range of different but interacting principles for meaning attribution. The semiotic theory of artefact semantics considers both processes on the social level (e.g. artefact meanings based on function or defined by convention) and individual meaning attribution (e.g. objects acquiring meaning through our lived experience).

In recent years, football language has been the subject of several studies conducted from cognitive linguistics perspectives (cf., e.g., Nordin 2008; Vierkant 2008; Levin 2008; Bergh 2011; Lewandowski 2013). Most of these studies centered on conceptual metaphors in football discourses on the Internet, radio or TV.
The present chapter aims to demonstrate how cognitive linguistics methods (frame semantics and Conceptual Metaphor Theory) can be applied in the investigation of football match reports published in American and British dailies. More specifically, its findings come from a contrastive corpus-driven analysis of American and British football match reports extracted from four dailies: USA Today, The New York Times, The Independent and The Daily Express. The chapter focuses on the similarities and differences at the lexico-grammatical, pragmatic and discourse levels.
The study has found that major differences occur at the level of pragmatics and discourse. Given the enormous popularity of football in the United Kingdom, British football writers rely on less standard means of expression to reach out to their target audience. Their reports exhibit a greater degree of implicitness, which is reflected by a relatively high proportion of puns (especially in headlines), metonymies and discourse-framing conceptual metaphors. By contrast, as football is not a widely acclaimed sport in the United States, American match reports contain more markers of explicitness, such as conventional and generic vocabulary in headlines and appositive noun phrases to provide necessary elaboration.

This research encompasses the construction of a multilingual lexical database for cross-lingual
information  retrieval  in  the  Indonesian  legal  domain.  Multilingual  lexical  database  featuring  lexically
and  legally  grounded  conceptual  representation  can  fit  the  cross-lingual  information  retrieval.  Lexical
database  use  Ontology  Web  Language  (OWL)  representation  language.  This  representation  is  useful  to provide application developers a high-quality resource and to promote interoperability.

This chapter discusses the main tenets of Construction Grammar (CxG) and shows that HPSG adheres to them. The discussion includes surface orientation, language acquisition without UG, and inheritance networks and shows how HPSG (and other frameworks) are positioned along these dimensions. Formal variants of CxG will be briefly discussed and their relation to HPSG will be pointed out. It is argued that lexical representations of valence are more appropriate than phrasal approaches, which are assumed in most variants of CxG. Other areas of grammar seem to require headless phrasal constructions (e.g. the NPN construction and certain extraction constructions) and it is shown how HPSG handles these. Derivational morphology is discussed as a further example of an early constructionist analysis in HPSG.

The 21st century has been characterized by an increased attention to  social networks. Nowadays, going 24
hours  without  getting  in  touch  with  them  in  some  way  has  become  difficult.  Facebook  and  Twitter,  these
social platforms are now part of everyday life. Thus, these social networks have become important sources
to  be  aware  of  frequently  discussed  topics  or  public  opinions  on  a  current  issue.  A  lot  of  people  write
messages about current events, give their opinion on any topic and discuss social issues more and more.

This article presents the lexicographical-phraseological research project
GEPHRI (Usage-based Phraseology of Italian), whose theoretical foundation lies at the interface between corpus-based construction grammar and frame semantics. First, the theoretical framework will be defined (chapter 2) and then the concepts ‘internalʼ and ‘external syntaxʼ will be discussed (chapter 3). In chapter 4, the methods and problems of practical implementation are illustrated by means of specific case
studies.

This study represents a contrastive analysis of Michael Ende's poem "Der Lindwurm und der Schmetterling oder Der seltsame Tausch" and its Serbian translation by Spomenka Krajčević titled "Zmaj i Leptir ili Neobična zamena" based on the cognitive-linguistic theory of conceptual metonymy. The purpose of the analysis is to determine in what way the mechanisms of conceptual metonymy may be utilized for the purposes of poetry translation. For this reason, those passages of the translated poem will be analyzed which deviate from the original in such a way that the semantic material of the deviating passages exhibits the characteristics of metonymy, namely a specific conceptual configuration between an Idealized Cognitive Model (Frame) and its parts. The analysis revealed 61 metonymic relationships between the target- and the source text, of which 46 in total (75.4 %) reveal a contiguous relationship between two parts of an ICM, indicating that this metonymic principle of configuration may present a considerably more flexible translation strategy for poetry translation than the substitution of an entire ICM with one of its parts or vice versa.

A new approach to numerically measure the semantic distances between lexical units (words and collocations) based on the geometric analogies and analytical calculations, is put forward. Having considered the cases of equal and different weights of semes, we obtained exact algebraic formulas describing different levels of the meanings proximity, ranging from absolute synonymy to full antonymy. It was emphasized that absolute synonymy arises when the compared units contain equal numbers of semes that fully coincide and have equal weights in the corresponding pairs. Calculation of the semes weights helps to locate the unit more precisely on the semantic sphere. It was shown that the level of synonymy and antonymy decreases if different semes are accentuated, while the semantic distance between the units without identical semes cannot be influenced by seme boosting. It was observed that depending on the context, a word may wander over this sphere, thus modifying its lexical semantic relations with other units. As the proposed approach contributes to formalization of the units comparison procedure, it is advisable for relevant automatic tools, particularly for WordNets and FrameNet. The obtained results may be useful for various linguistic and associated studies including automatic text analysis and processing, computer lexicography, information search and retrieval, machine translation and other NLP applications that are related to the artificial intelligence problem.

La communication présente les grandes articulations du modèle développé dans :
Laurent Gautier. Le terme et son environnement. Etudes de terminologie et de phraséologie contrastives. (= Studien sur romanistischen Sprachwissenschaft und zur interkulturellen Kommunikation), Frankfurt/Main : à paraître au printemps 2013"

“Ambiguity” of ancient images and of image-bearing objects has long been a challenge for archaeological scholarship. This paper aims at defining a methodological and theoretical framework, to study polyvalences and ambiguous readings of ancient images by applying two substantial theories on human cognition and reception: affordances and frame theory. Affordances describe how the materiality of images (and image-bearing objects, respectively) and the contexts of their use “offer” different readings to the respective recipients. Frames are mental structures of appropriation and interpretation, depending on the experiences and expectations of the viewers/users. Hence, it is important to ask how different readings are entangled with each other, and how one potential reading can gain more salience than others. As a result, polyvalences and ambiguities should not be understood as fixed characteristics of certain images, but as result of affordances and frames within dynamic perception and reception processes. Hence, they are expressions of the entanglement of human beings and image-bearing objects via perception and recognition.

نابز مهم ياهدرواتسد زا يكي سانش ي يتخانش ، » يرظن ة انعم ِيبلاق يسانش « ) رومليف 1982 تسا ( نيا . هيرظن تسا يتخانش يسانشانعم رد مهم يلصا رگنايب يم نايب هك يناعم دنك هژاو اه زا يماظن نورد كرد شناد م ي دنوش ف و يعامتجا ةبرجت رد هك .دراد هشير ناسنا يگنهر عقاورد هيرظن نيا رد رومليف ، كرد هژاو يانعم بلاق قيرط زا ار اه ره هك يياه هژاو ارف يم يم رسيم ،دناوخ دناد و » بلاق ييانعم ياه « ار شخب رگنايامن كي ياه م داديور ي دناد هعومجم هب تاملك زا يهورگ لاصتا يارب هك اعم زا يا هب ين راك يم دنور . زا اعفا ،يفرط هب ل مهم ناونع رد نابز ناكرا نيرت رتشيب تلاح اه داديور كي لامعا و روضح دنراد شقن انعم ريسفت رد و ييازسب يم افيا .دننك فده شهوژپ هركيپ ليلحت ةئارا ،رضاح و داينب يفيصوت يارب هزوح يياسانش بلاق و اه اه ي لعف ييانعم » نتفگ « ا بلاق ميسرت و يسراف نابز رد رد نآ يلص ةيرظن بوچراچ يسانشانعم يبلاق و گنهرف يتاقيقحت حرط يراگن » ميرف تن « ،فده نيا هب لين يارب .تسا اب هرهب گ ي ر زا ي گنهرف اه ، هركيپ اه رصاعم ي يسراف ناماس و ة ميرف تن 44 زوح بلاق و ه يانعم ي لعف زا » نتفگ « يسراف نابز رد دش يياسانش ،سپس ....

Der Begriff des Rahmens hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten in unterschiedlichsten Kontexten Konjunkturen erlebt: in der Anthropologie und der Soziologie als kontextsensibler Handlungsrahmen, in den Theaterwissenschaften als Inszenierungsrahmen, in der Literaturwissenschaft als paratextuelle Rahmung, in der Linguistik als kognitiver Repräsentationsrahmen respektive als Skript – und, nicht zu vergessen, in der Kunstwissenschaft als Bildrahmen. Dabei steht, mit Luhmann zu sprechen, jede "Aufmerksamkeit für Rahmungen" in einem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen einem Interesse für explizite, sprich: materielle und insofern sichtbare Formen der Rahmung einerseits und einem Interesse für implizite, konzeptionelle, sprich stillschweigend vorausgesetzte Interpretations-Rahmen andererseits. Zugespitzt formuliert könnte man sagen: Das Problemfeld 'Rahmen' wird durch das Verhältnis von phänomenaler Rahmenwahrnehmung und funktionalem Rahmenwissen bestimmt, wobei sich in der Verhältnisbestimmung zugleich die Rahmenbedingungen von textuellen, theatralen, pikturalen und technischen Konfigurationen zeigen.
Häufig geschieht dieses 'Sich-Zeigen' freilich erst in dem Moment, in dem es zu Interferenz kommt, also dann, wenn ein Rahmungsprozess gestört wird, oder wenn etwas aus dem Rahmen fällt und deshalb eine Neu-Rahmung nötig wird. Dergestalt machen Rahmenbrüche und Rahmenwechsel die stillschweigend vorausgesetzten Rahmenbedingungen explizit.

An ausgewählten - auffälligen – Beispielen aus dem Bereich der Transferverben (Besitzwechselverben) geht der Beitrag der Frage nach den potentiellen Übergängen von valenz-basierten zu frame-semantischen Beschreibungsansätzen von Argumentstrukturen nach. Es werden dabei die folgenden drei Thesen zur Diskussion gestellt:
(i) Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen (pragma-semantischer) Valenz und Frame-Semantik können noch ausgebaut werden (Ziem/Lasch 2013: 110-142).
(ii) Die semantische Dimension kann nur holistisch erfasst werden (Busse 1995, 2008, 2012).
(iii) Eine Zurückführung auf abstraktere Konstruktionen ist immer möglich (oder gar wünschenswert!).
In einem ersten Teil werden einige Probleme der valenz-basierten Beschreibungen von Argumentstrukturen am so genannten Syntax-Semantik-Interface erörtert, wobei die übliche Opposition zwischen potentieller und realisierter Valenz mit der allgemeineren Problematik der Wissenskomponenten in Verbindung gebracht wird. In einem zweiten Schritt, und als (Teil-)Antwort auf die aufgeworfenen Fragen, wird dafür plädiert, dass Frames – als Darstellungsformate semantischen Wissens aufgefasst – bemüht werden können bzw. sollten, um die semantische Struktur von Prädikaten unabhängig von Oberflächenstrukturen zu beschreiben. Den Übergang zu konstruktions-grammatischen Ansätzen liefert schließlich im Anschluss an Ziem/Lasch (2013) von Polenz’ Satzsemantik (1985) mit seinem ausführlichen Instrumentarium zur Analyse von Prädikationsrahmen.

La communication interroge dans quelle mesure le paradigme cognitiviste peut être intégré à la recherche linguistique sur les discours spécialisés. D'orientation épistémologique et méthodologique, l'argumentation commence par proposer une définition de l'objet d'étude "discours spécialisés" compatible avec ce type d'approche avant de présenter ce que pourrait en être la mise en oeuvre autour de trois axes : les métaphores cognitives, la sémantique des scénarios et les grammaires de construction.

Charles Fillmore developed both the theory of construction grammar and the theory of frame semantics. Fillmore's original frame semantic model included broad frames such as Commercial Transaction and Risk. FrameNet II (the current incarnation) has a complex lattice of frame-to-frame relations, in which the original frames are often abstract frames, and/or have been decomposed into distinct concrete frames. The frame-to-frame relations are of different types beyond simple taxonomic relations. The concrete frames are often more restricted in their argument structure construction possibilities than the original, more general frames. We argue that some frame-to-frame relations effectively represent the internal structure of the core events in the frame; the event structures are associated with different argument structure constructions. Introducing event structure into the frame semantic representation offers the potential to simplify the FrameNet lattice. Brief analyses of the Commercial Transaction and Risk frames are presented.

Constructicography can be defined as a blend between Construction Grammar and Practical Lexicography, which aims at developing constructicons: repositories of form and function pairings in a language. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of this emerging field by (i) tracking the origins of both Frame Semantics and Construction Grammar and the repercussions of their intertwined developments to Computational Lexicography and Constructicography; (ii) comparing the impacts of the different degrees of interconnection between constructicons and framenets and (iii) discussing the possible applications of these resources. Also, we argue that Constructicography, while obviously building on the accumulated knowledge compiled by numerous Construction Grammar approaches to language, also contributes to its mother theory, since the effort to build coherent formalized computational resources forces constructionist analysis to go beyond describing families of constructions into the enterprise of describing a coherent construction grammar of a language.

This paper argues for a constructional approach to some typical German structures such as Sie sang das Kind in den Schlaf by comparing them to the English caused-motion causative constructions studied by Goldberg (1995). The main thesis is that of a continuum of causativity leading from small, more or less grammaticalized and/or lexicalized systems (light verb constructions for instance) to structures that cannot easily be described as regular constructions. The discussion aims at showing that such structures rely on an abstract schema that is common to all types of utterances. For the less fixed and lexicalized ones, this abstract schema has to be enriched with the notions of restriction, and to some extent, of figuration, that are the heart of more classical phraseological approaches.

The article focuses on single noun non-coordinate ellipsis. Two subcases are introduced: the coffee-construction and the coincidence-construction. Starting from a syntactical analysis, it is shown that there is positive as well as negative evidence for an ellipsis account vs. a direct interpretation account. A direct interpretation approach is favoured given the highly different distributional behaviour of the elliptic constructions in comparison to their syntactically complete counterparts. However, it is argued that in both types of ellipsis context is the crucial element that cannot be accounted for with a direct interpretation approach. The article thus proposes an approach with focuses on semantic frames and cultural routines. The coffee-construction is analysed as part of a cultural scripts, which predefines setting, roles and behaviour. The coincidence-construction is proposed to function as element that both evokes semantic frames and locates a previously described situation within this radial structure. The most salient use of the coincidence-construction indirectly insinuates the connectedness of two situations or actions within a proposed frame.