Historical City

Baghdad, a city with more than 1250 years of history. Its historical core and heritage facing a great danger today.
This book provides a guideline for an ambitious project to Revive Baghdad Historical Center based on planning study that sets principles and strategies to achieve its goals.

The article is dedicated to the history of reconstruction of Rome during 1920s-1930s in the time of the government of Fascist party and Benito Mussolini in role of Prime Minister of Italian United Kingdome. The article aims to analyze the reconstruction of the historical part of Rome and discover, under the fascist propaganda interpretation of the realizations, the common international trends in urban-planning. The research treats the Masterplan of Rome, approved in 1931, its previous projects and its development. Projects of masterplans, elaborated since 1909 to 1931 and realized urban interventions are studied in the context of urban planning practice and theory in Europe, actual for that time, as well as their international influence.

La presentazione, da parte della giunta della Regione Emilia-Romagna, del disegno di legge "Disciplina regionale sulla tutela e l'uso del territorio" ha suscitato, per i suoi contenuti, un immediato allarme tra intellettuali, professionisti e tecnici, e nelle forze politiche di opposizione a sinistra.
È emerso in particolare il pericolo, celato dietro gli slogan del risparmio di suolo e della rigenerazione urbana, dell'abbandono del concetto stesso di pianificazione urbanistica.
Autori dei saggi contenuti nel libro:
Ilaria Agostini, Piergiovanni Alleva, Paolo Berdini, Piero Bevilacqua, Paola Bonora, Pier Luigi Cervellati, Sergio Caserta, Paolo Dignatici, Anna Marina Foschi, Giovanni Losavio, Anna Marson, Tomaso Montanari, Cristina Quintavalla, Ezio Righi, Piergiorgio Rocchi, Edoardo Salzano

الكتاب الذي بين يديك هو خلاصة لبحث مكثف أجري على مدى ثلاث سنوات من قبل مؤلف كتاب بغداد القرن الحادي والعشرين وفريقه في المكتب المعماري للتخطيط والعمارة في بغداد، وتناول البحث تاريخ المدينة وتطورها والأداء العام لمركز المدينة التاريخي اليوم، وفي الوقت نفسه تم جمع البيانات من مختلف السلطات في المدينة ودراسة المشاريع المشابهة في تطور مراكز المدن في العالم وفي المنطقة من اجل المقارنة ومعرفة إمكانات التنفيذ بالاستفادة من تلك التجارب.
يضع هذا الكتاب رؤية مستقبلية لإحياء مركز المدينة التاريخية بناء على مخطط حضري شامل يعتمد على إعادة تشكيل ذاكرتها من اجل الوصول الى مستقبل زاهر مستدام.
استند الكتاب في معلوماته واستنتاجاته على البيانات التي تم جمعها والنتائج التي تم الوصول اليها في كتاب (بغداد 21 القرن "المدينة التاريخية") باللغة العربية للمؤلف والواقع في 588 صفحة معززة بالبيانات والمخططات.
الكتاب في خمسة اجزاء يمثل هذا الملف جزءه الخامس الذي يبحث في تحقيق احياء المدينة التاريخية

الكتاب الذي بين يديك هو خلاصة لبحث مكثف أجري على مدى ثلاث سنوات من قبل مؤلف كتاب بغداد القرن الحادي والعشرين وفريقه في المكتب المعماري للتخطيط والعمارة في بغداد، وتناول البحث تاريخ المدينة وتطورها والأداء العام لمركز المدينة التاريخي اليوم، وفي الوقت نفسه تم جمع البيانات من مختلف السلطات في المدينة ودراسة المشاريع المشابهة في تطور مراكز المدن في العالم وفي المنطقة من اجل المقارنة ومعرفة إمكانات التنفيذ بالاستفادة من تلك التجارب.
يضع هذا الكتاب رؤية مستقبلية لإحياء مركز المدينة التاريخية بناء على مخطط حضري شامل يعتمد على إعادة تشكيل ذاكرتها من اجل الوصول الى مستقبل زاهر مستدام.
استند الكتاب في معلوماته واستنتاجاته على البيانات التي تم جمعها والنتائج التي تم الوصول اليها في كتاب (بغداد 21 القرن "المدينة التاريخية") باللغة العربية للمؤلف والواقع في 588 صفحة معززة بالبيانات والمخططات.
الكتاب في خمسة اجزاء يمثل هذا الملف جزءها الاول الذي يبحث في ماضي المدينة التاريخية.

The city of Berat is a World Heritage site in the south of Albania for its important value, as a well preserved medieval site with strong ottoman influence. Moreover the city has an ancient origin since the fourth century BC and its urban layout is structured on two hills facing each other’s and separated by the river Osum. Berat has always been an important regional center for its dominant position in the territory and for the economic and consequently architecture importance.
The historical and architectural value of the city was evident and still well preserved even during the Italian protectorate in Albania (‘20-’40). During that period the Italians architects produced several study and master plans for the most important Albanian cities, among this in 1942 was draw the master for Berat. The plan tried to enhance the historical tissue of the city made by traditional dwellings and introduced modern infrastructures and a new administrative area. Moreover it proposed the regulation of debris that were deposited in the river in order to create an island in a focal position of the city, in order to bridge the neighborhoods on the opposite shores. Unfortunately the plan was never realized due to the upcoming of the war, but it represents an significant effort of the Italian rationalist architects to create a dialogue between modernity and local tradition.
This paper presents an overview of the presence and influence of the Italian architects in Albania. It focuses on the studying and analyzing of the master plans for Berat, where the modern approach shows a deep sensitivity for the traditional forms and local vocations in order to create continuity in the new interventions in a historical and layered city. Nowadays the topic is very present in public discussion due to an international competition that the National Agency for Territorial Planning launched about the landscape development design for Osum Island in Berat.

В статье автор рассматривает традиционный русский город как визуально-семиотическое пространство. Показано, что в основании планировки городского обитаемого пространства лежат ключевые мировоззренческие (сакральные) архетипы, находящие своё выражение в визуальных формах структурирования жизненной среды. Топика понимается здесь как метод и результат искусственной пространственной организации «места». При этом городская топика имеет коммуникативный характер: топическая организация обитаемого пространства отражает и продуцирует коммуникативные практики человека. Город анализируется как многослойное и многозначное семиотическое образование, в котором дискретные объекты и их комплексы «прочитываются» как идеологические, мнемонические и суггестивные знаки или сообщения (тексты). Традиционный христианский город – это, кроме того, сакральный образ, пространственная икона; поэтому к его пониманию применимы семиотические процедуры, которые используются для интерпретации иконографии. В этой связи автор производит онтологический и семиотический анализ восточнохристианской иконы, фиксируя при этом активную иконическую позицию личности. Исследование города как иконы опирается на понятия иеротопии (А. М. Лидов) и эонотопии (В. В. Лепахин). Сакральная топика русского города исторически формируется путём реализации четырёх базовых организационных моделей (или матриц): культурно-исторической, литургической, эсхатологической и символической; в основе каждой из этих моделей лежит специфический парадигмальный образ. Культурно-историческая матрица предполагает перенос (распространение) сакрального пространства. В статье обоснован концепт культурно-семиотического трансфера как механизма конструирования смысловых пространственных комплексов в процессе формирования культуры (коммуникативной среды). Предложена версия системного интегрального описания фундаментальных моделей трансфера систем и комплексов культурно значимых смыслов при формировании обитаемого пространства традиционного города. Предложены и аргументированы три типа культурно-семиотического трансфера: перенос идеи, перенос образа и копирование. В качестве примера эйдетического трансфера подробно рассмотрен процесс трансляции христианского сакрального топоса из Иерусалима через Константинополь в Киев.

In this article, I analyze a traditional Russian city as a visual semiotic space. I demonstrate that the key ideological (sacred) archetypes are in the basis of the planning of urban inhabited space; these archetypes have their expression in a visual forms for structuring of life environment. I understand here a topics as a method and result of an artificial spatial organization of “place”. It is important that an urban environment has a communicative character: the topical organization of inhabited space reflects and produces human communication practices. I explore a city as a multi-layered and multi-valued semiotic space in which discrete objects and their complexes “are read” as ideological, mnemonic and suggestive signs or messages (texts). Traditional Christian city is also a sacred image or spatial icon; consequently his understanding involves the use of the semiotic procedures that are used for the interpretation of iconography. For this reason I make an ontological and semiotic analysis of Eastern Christian icons, and at the same time I assert an active iconic stance of person. My study of the city as an icon based on the concept of hierotopy (Alexey Lidov) and aionotopy (Valery Lepahin). The sacred topics of Russian city historically formed by implementing the four basic organizational models (or matrices): the cultural-historical, liturgical, eschatological and symbolic; a particular paradigmatic image is the deep content of each of these models. Cultural-historical matrix assumes the transfer (distribution) of sacred space. The concept of cultural and semiotic transfer as the mechanism of constructing semantic space complexes in the formation of culture as communication environment is explained in this article. I offer the version of the systematic describing of fundamental models of translocation systems and complexes of culturally significant meanings in the formation of living space in traditional city. I suppose three types of cultural and semiotic transfer: transfer of idea, transfer of image and copying. As an example of eidetic transfer (transfer of idea), I view the process of translation of Christian sacral topos from Jerusalem through Constantinople to Kiev.

Özet
Pers istilalarından sonra, Halikarnassos, antik Karya'da Hekatomnid iktidarının ikinci başkenti olması açısından önemlidir. Hekatomnid dönemin, kent planlama anlayışı bakımından en önemli özelliği, iktidarın gücünü ve kontrol yetkisini kent planına yansıtmasıdır. Aynı zamanda yerel bölgeyi Helenleştirerek küçük yerleşim birimlerini bir araya getirip Halikarnasos kent devleti altında birleştirmeyi başarmıştır. Bu nedenle; Karya'da, Pers ve Yunan etkileri altında kent planlama anlayışının geliştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Halikarnassos kenti, Helenistik dönemin planlama anlayışına hakim olan ortogonal planlama biçimine uygun olarak şekillenmiştir. Ancak, binaların olağandışı yerleşimi ve teraslar halinde yer almasının temel nedeni Hekatomnid iradesini ve hakimiyet alanını ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Pers ve Yunan etkisinde, Hekatomnid dönemin yarattığı kent planlama anlayışını Halikarnasos kent planı ve yapıları ile incelemektir.
Abstract
After Persian invasions, Halikarnassos is significant in terms of being the second capital city of the Hekatomnid dynasty. The main feature of the Hekatomnid dynasty with regard to town planning approach was the reflection of the rulership and visitorial power to their town plan. In the meantime, by Hellenization of the region, they had succeeded in the foundation of Halikarnassos city-state by merging a number of small settlement units. Therefore; one can state that town planning approach had developed with the effects of Persians and Greeks in Caria. Halikarnassos had taken its form according to orthogonal planning dominating the Hellenistic planning approach. However, the main reason behind the extraordinary location of the buildings and the organization of terraces was to present the willpower and territory of the Hekatomnids' authority. The aim of this study is to investigate the town planning approach of Hekatomnid dynasty with Halikarnassos town plan and buildings.

الكتاب الذي بين يديك هو خلاصة لبحث مكثف أجري على مدى ثلاث سنوات من قبل مؤلف كتاب بغداد القرن الحادي والعشرين وفريقه في المكتب المعماري للتخطيط والعمارة في بغداد، وتناول البحث تاريخ المدينة وتطورها والأداء العام لمركز المدينة التاريخي اليوم، وفي الوقت نفسه تم جمع البيانات من مختلف السلطات في المدينة ودراسة المشاريع المشابهة في تطور مراكز المدن في العالم وفي المنطقة من اجل المقارنة ومعرفة إمكانات التنفيذ بالاستفادة من تلك التجارب.
يضع هذا الكتاب رؤية مستقبلية لإحياء مركز المدينة التاريخية بناء على مخطط حضري شامل يعتمد على إعادة تشكيل ذاكرتها من اجل الوصول الى مستقبل زاهر مستدام.
استند الكتاب في معلوماته واستنتاجاته على البيانات التي تم جمعها والنتائج التي تم الوصول اليها في كتاب (بغداد 21 القرن "المدينة التاريخية") باللغة العربية للمؤلف
والواقع في 588 صفحة معززة بالبيانات والمخططات
الكتاب في خمسة اجزاء يمثل هذا الملف جزءها الثاني الذي يبحث في حاضرالمدينة التاريخية

الكتاب الذي بين يديك هو خلاصة لبحث مكثف أجري على مدى ثلاث سنوات من قبل مؤلف كتاب بغداد القرن الحادي والعشرين وفريقه في المكتب المعماري للتخطيط والعمارة في بغداد، وتناول البحث تاريخ المدينة وتطورها والأداء العام لمركز المدينة التاريخي اليوم، وفي الوقت نفسه تم جمع البيانات من مختلف السلطات في المدينة ودراسة المشاريع المشابهة في تطور مراكز المدن في العالم وفي المنطقة من اجل المقارنة ومعرفة إمكانات التنفيذ بالاستفادة من تلك التجارب.
يضع هذا الكتاب رؤية مستقبلية لإحياء مركز المدينة التاريخية بناء على مخطط حضري شامل يعتمد على إعادة تشكيل ذاكرتها من اجل الوصول الى مستقبل زاهر مستدام.
استند الكتاب في معلوماته واستنتاجاته على البيانات التي تم جمعها والنتائج التي تم الوصول اليها في كتاب (بغداد 21 القرن "المدينة التاريخية") باللغة العربية للمؤلف والواقع في 588 صفحة معززة بالبيانات والمخططات.
الكتاب في خمسة اجزاء يمثل هذا الملف جزءه الثالث الذي يبحث في مستقبل المدينة التاريخية

Artykuł ten jest refleksją nad obecnym stanem badań nad początkami Solca Kujawskiego, w ujęciu interdyscyplinarnym. Poza tym autor stara się na podstawie dostępnych źródeł pisanych, archeologicznych i środowiskowych zaproponować swoją koncepcję lokalizacji średniowiecznego Solca.

This paper revealed urban axis and city shape identity that influenced by its concepts and present activities issues in 'Lan Na' historic cities in northern Thailand. This study using space syntax technic called axial line analysis combined with GIS analysis, to examines how history geo-politic issues have influenced to its urban axis and network. Results show urban axis has highly coexisted with its city shape determined through high integrated axial lines. This city shape was, however, defined by its establishment concepts as 'Sankh' , 'Traiphum' and freeform. Different shapes of urban axis have been determined by these concepts. As well as the largest public space in some 'Lan Na' historic cities, it directly attaches to high integrate lines that represent as urban axis core. However, depending on gradually develop influences, the function of public space in urban axis core has various types. Mostly, these spaces, have related to Bud-dhism religious usage or colonialism spaces. Settlement pattern using kernel analysis revealed that residents in every city settled in a tranquil area determined by space syntax. Additionally, settlement clusters adjacent to urban axis or high activities traffic. In summary, from reviewed historic cities in 'Lan Na' , it found that this urban axis could be identified using multi-method. To enhance urban axis in historic cities, both object and subject aspect had to be revealed to apply as delicate historic conservation measures.

The collection of proceedings contains reports of the International conference "Urban Form and Social Context: from Traditions to Newest Demands", July 5-9, 2018, which took place at Siberian Federal University. The conference covered a wide range of issues. The authors of the published materials are responsible for the authenticity and accuracy of citations, names and other information, as well as for the compliance with intellectual property laws. UDC 721.01(07) BBK 85.110я73

The historical cities in the third world suffer from many environmental problems; one of them is the spread of visual pollution manifestations. These phenomena increase with low levels of public awareness and low per capita income. Despite the historical and cultural importance of the Old City of Ibb, the manifestations of visual pollution are increasing day after day. This study aimed at identifying the difficulty and complexity of dealing with visual pollutions manifestations in the historical city of Ibb and to provide appropriate solutions that are suitable for the complex and contradictory circumstances. The study relies on an inductive approach to achieve its aims through two methods; the first is a visual survey of the visual pollution phenomenon, based on images and observations. The second method is the analyses of the opinions and impressions of three parties related and interested in the phenomenon, namely residents and visitors of the city, competent authorities' officials, and some specialists in the field of the urban environment. The study presents an analysis of the phenomenon of visual distortion of the historical city of Ibb in terms of its appearances and causes. Furthermore, this study provides appropriate solutions, which are suitable for complex and contradictory circumstances. These solutions focused on the methods to stop the spread of visual distortions, and the ways of addressing the current visual pollutions.

Istanbul is a historical city based on the ancient Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods plannings. City's old historical quarters and antique axes continued to use till to late Ottoman period. In the 19 th century, Istanbul became a chaotic city after the city fires, earthquakes destroying Historical Peninsula thousands years. Thus, in the 19 th century some of the old city quarters Ottoman mahalle's influenced by the great city fires and later replanned by the western planners. In the 19 th century, European planning methods based to French Beaux-Art, but, new grid system entered to planning terminology via French planner Augustin Rey. After the great city fires in Istanbul, some regenerations realized by Italian planner Luigi Storari's western style grid plannings in old, historical quarters of Istanbul. These modern grid plannings not matched the Istanbul city's old, middle age quarters and cul de sac urban matrixes. So city's transformations seen through from the medieval urban pattern to the modern grid plannings with modern applications. These plannings changed the method of land use transformed to historical city's small parcels via modern grid plannings to the modern housing models, building-blocks and apartments. In the Beginning of the the 20 th century, Istanbul city wanted to planning again by a French planner Henri Prost likewise the European modern capitals. A new flexible planning method a synthesis of curvy and grid system developped for Istanbul city's antique and unique topography by H. Prost. After the 1950's, view of the neoliberal policies and globalisation changed the world radically. In the 1950s, with the neoliberal policies of the rule of the Democrat Party, H. Prost's modernization projects used political purpose the openning new modern broad road axis. In the 1960's, post-Prost period Istanbul city tarnsfromed with the inner mass migrations and uncontrolled implementation of Prost plan with modern high rise blocks destroyed the Historical Peninsula's old quarters and vernacular areas.

Baghdad, the city that stunned the world for its design, wealth and culture, faced also enormous challenges since its inception in 762AD. The famous round city in Al Karkh (the west side of the Tigris River) only lasted 183 years before it was destroyed by a major flood in 945AD. However, Baghdad at Rusafa (the east side of the Tigris River) survived more than 24 major floods and suffered the consequences of 12 foreign invasions till early in the 20th century.

The historical city of Baghdad, which is concurrently the urban city centre of Baghdad today, has been under attack due to modernization plans and movements that have disturbed its urban system. Scattered regeneration projects executed during periods of the 20th century damaged the old city, and their socio-economic and cultural results were catastrophic. However, this wave has since receded, and left the historic city centre shattered and decayed. Wars, sanctions and terrorism have also contributed to the destruction of the city as a whole and to its city centre in particular.

Today, the wholesale markets are leading the urban decay process, imposing more changes to the land use and character of the old city. Surveys conducted through the area showed that more than 62% of the buildings classified as “Heritage Buildings” have vanished since the 1980’s.

What are the reasons behind today’s failure and decay of the Historical City Centre?
What does the future hold for Baghdad’s Historical City, and how to stop loss and revive this iconic, yet unfortunate, area?
How can its past be a major part in revitalizing its future?
How can we build a future that brings its generations together to cherish the past and enjoy its glory as a modern city centre, yet with culture and history?
This paper provides some answers to those questions through reviewing; Baghdad Historical City glorious past, its decayed present, and presents a vision for a prosperous future of the area.

"La presente comunicación responde a la pregunta de quién está detrás de la cultura desde la segunda mirada propuesta: “analizar de forma crítica las políticas institucionales en materia de cultura”, y dentro de ella se centra en la cuestión de cómo se construye la ciudad-marca.
Málaga posee una identidad de ciudad a partir de la selección de elementos de su propio patrimonio, sin embargo, para atraer el turismo cultural necesita crear una nueva identidad, resultado de la simplificación de la asumida previamente, en función de la demanda externa.
Este proceso de simplificación se plasma en la ciudad histórica mediante la rehabilitación de edificios emblemáticos, la adecuación del espacio urbano y la transformación de usos para a dar servicio al usuario turístico, que tiene unas necesidades y una imagen prefijada de la ciudad a la que hay que dar respuesta.
Imagen, por otro lado, dirigida desde las propias políticas turísticas.
El turismo impacta en el casco antiguo de diferentes formas: como fuente de riqueza, incidiendo en el patrimonio histórico con riesgo de producirse un proceso de musealización, en la pérdida de funcionalidad y en la percepción de la sociedad que lo habita y lo vive.
Se estudian las características de los elementos que conforman el sistema turístico: visitantes, agentes, sistemas de transporte y destino turístico; así como las peculiaridades de la denominada “ciudad histórico-turística” malacitana: los alojamientos, el comercio, los eventos y la escena urbana."

The Historic Center of Leiria (CHL), like other historical centers, due to its cultural
heritage, is an important part of the city and region of Leiria. In addition urban historical
centers are usually anchors that relate to the identity of the people and local traditions.
Consequently the rehabilitation of these areas is essential. In this process the urban
mobility issues are one of the aspects to consider given that the transport system is vital for
an urban revitalization which translates into an increased quality of life. Therefore the main
objective of this work is to study the current situation of the CHL in relation to mobility
and propose alternative solutions and strategies that can contribute to the overall
improvement of urban space in the analysis.
Initially a state of the art search was done in order to characterize other similar national and
international realities and to identify solutions and strategies implemented and what kind of
results were achieved.
Afterwards the work focused on the description of the actual mobility and transport system
of the CHL and its connections to the global transport system of the city. To accomplish
this task the data gathered was organized in a uniform database which was structured using
a Geographic Information System (GIS). Thus the graphical display of data allowed by the
GIS enabled the research and guidance for the development of solutions and strategies.
Sub sequentially to the treatment and analysis of data several solutions and policy
proposals were developed that can improve the mobility and revitalize, at all levels, the
CHL. The proposed solutions are based on several key principles such as: the promotion of
soft modes, public transport and coordination of intermodal transport thus reducing
automobile dependency. However, recognizing the importance that the car still has in
modern societies its use was safeguarded for the residents of the CHL. The path to
sustainable mobility should be a process of continual change with a step by step approach,
without extreme measures, involving the communities so that changes arise naturally as
ix
environmental awareness increases. The transport system and solutions proposed also took
into account the local characteristics of the CHL such as tourism, cultural heritage and the
multifunctional nature of the area. This is important to enhance the quality of the CHL
while reducing private traffic and creating conditions for social cohesion.

Fifty years ago, Sevilla was listed as a ‘historical urban core’, what is an official recognition to the old city heritage richness. However, urban policies undertaken during the last decades have misunderstood that richness, which is today both material and immaterial. It is argued that the transformation of that sensitive part of the city has been and still is dominated by the postpolitical rhetoric based on the neoliberal ideology –hegemonic under the global capitalist stage- what is causing large tensions. Against this situation, some citizens organise themselves in social movements and struggle for their right to the city: historical places either public or private formally protected by law. Through their actions, they exhibit how contradictory is preserving the ‘historical urban core’, while exposing it to market forces in the sought of profit. People are taking care of their heritage better than public institutions, what is illustrated by different examples in the city.

Key words: neoliberalism, postpolitics, historical city, social movements, Sevilla.

The Historical Peninsula of Istanbul is one of the earliest settlements of the city which dates back to the ancient ages and it carries the cultural and historical assets from different periods and civilizations at present. Istanbul is the only city in the world that sits astride two continents, Europe and Asia and was the capital of the three great empires throughout its history; Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman. Its hilly topography has always been the dominant character of the historical city creating the spots for the location of the landmarks. Each civilization selected the highest points of the site to build the most significant structures that reflected their power and wealth. The steep feature of the landform provided visual fields through cultural and historical heritages in and around the area. The aim of our study is, to propose a "visual impact management plan and a design proposal" to create urban corridors, viewing platforms, terraces and plazas linking the landmarks visually for the pedestrians walking through the area and to make them recognize and be aware of the characteristic spaces and buildings around the area. In this context, within the scope of the study, design strategies developed in line with the concept of view management have been tested through space syntax which inherent visual continuity and integrity. Based on the essence and realization of the visual analysis, space syntax is adapted in relation to the view management approach which made it possible to create planning and design decisions at different scales on the selected case area that has characteristic topographical features and strategic location in the Golden Horn of the historical Istanbul.

This paper, which is a synthesis of the author's Ph.D. thesis, builds upon Besim Hakim's study of Mediterranean and Near Eastern historical cities. Hakim unveiled that these historical cities had grown and been shaped through a morphogenetic process of unfolding. Such a process is based on generative aspects that are common to living organisms. Generative aspects had led to building based on a simple step-by-step procedure guided and coded as an algorithm. It is similar to what drives the growth and development of a human embryo. This paper presents a method that supports the adoption of generative programs in urban regeneration processes for historical centres and heritage districts. Therefore, it offers a new approach to urban regeneration based on generative programs. This research was conducted for the first time in the Calabria region of Italy. It concludes with a contemporary proposal on how to support a generative program for urban regeneration.

"متاسفانه اغلب بافتهاي تاریخی کشور ایران از شرایط نامناسب کالبدي، اجتماعی و کالبدي-اجتماعی رنج
میبرند. این عوامل منجر به کاهش حس تعلق ساکنین متمول و با انگیزه بافت شده و بدنبال آن مهاجرت و
حتی طرد کردن بافت توسط آن ها و جایگزین شدن مستاجرین و ساکنین کم درآمد با سطح پایین اقتصادي-
اجتماعی را در پی داشته است. کاهش سطح کالبدي و به دنبال آن کاهش سطوح اجتماعی و اقتصادي بافت
عامل مهمی در جذب رفتارهاي ناهنجار اجتماعی و کاهش امنیت بوده است. با توجه به اینکه تنها زندگی و
سکونت مستمر در بافت هاي تاریخی ست که میتواند به حیات و بقاي آنها تداوم بخشد، لازم است امنیت
ساکنین آن بعنوان یکی از ضرورترین نیازهاي سکونتی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در اینگونه بافت ها با توجه به
شرایط خاص زندگی از لحاظ کالبدي ، اقتصادي و اجتماعی استفاده از واحد قرارگاه رفتاري براي تحلیل امنیت
کالبدي، واحدي مناسب میباشد. چرا که الگوهاي فعالیت جاري در قرارگاه هاي رفتاري موجودست که این
گونه بافت ها را از سایر بافت هاي شهري متمایز میکند . با توجه به اهمیت امنیت کالبدي در ارتقاء کیفیت
فضاي طراحی شده در بافت هاي تاریخی ، این پژوهش به بررسی مفهوم امنیت کالبدي و عوامل مؤثر بر آن
پرداخته است. از اینرو با استفاده از واحد قرارگاه رفتاري تأثیر عوامل کالبدي و روانشناختی استفاده کنندگان
فضا مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و در نهایت مدلی براي نشان دادن چگونگی تأثیرات این عوامل ارائه شده است .
مدل پیشنهادي قابل فهم و کاربردي این مقاله می تواند چارچوبی براي آگاهی طراحان نسبت به چگونگی تأثیر
فضاها در واحد همسایگی به منظور افزایش امنیت کالبدي در بافت هاي تاریخی را فراهم آورد."

Urban policies aimed at promoting tourism in Palma from the year 2000 onwards have had an impact on heritage conservation and uses. The proliferation of boutique hotels in unique buildings in the old town is a direct consequence of these policies as well as the gentrification being seen in the city. The main aims of this paper are to analyse new dynamics linked to urban tourism and, in particular, the rising number of hotels in the historic centre. This includes a dual-scale impact evaluation showing the effects on how heritage is used and how the historic centre functions as a city. The current urban-tourist dynamic is placing some heritage locations at risk, including decontextualisation and loss of identity. This leads us to believe that we are currently at a key moment for re-thinking the city and opening up new debates on the interaction between heritage sites and tourism in Palma. These discussions should move towards implementing measures that ensure the continuity and sustainability of heritage sites, whilst valuing their diversity.

Venice is a singular city in which its “fragile” heritage is closely linked to the complex urban morphology. In the city, there are a significant number of urban obstacles – such as bridges, differences in level, narrow “calli” and unprotected canal-banks – which might hamper people with mobility problems in moving around.
In this particular context, standards and rules for the “elimination of the architectural barriers” are not sufficient to respond to the demand for inclusive accessibility and, therefore, innovative solutions are needed. In 2004, Venice city council adopted the “Plan for the Elimination of the Architectural Barriers” (PEBA) and experimented many interventions
in order to guarantee urban accessibility, and not only for the bridges which represent the most important limitation to pedestrian mobility.
The interventions all have to combine both conservation and accessibility in order to preserve the built heritage, but not always this is possible. In fact, in the city, we can distinguish reversible interventions (such as ramps overlapping on the bridge) and transformative
ones (such as the adaptation of the original steps of the bridge), but there are also certain mechanical systems that are now out of use.
The aim of this paper is to underline the importance of the design and social actions needed in Venice to guarantee both the preservation of the built heritage and urban accessibility, and which might also represent an example for other historical contexts.

Özet Tarihi nitelik taşıyan kent mekânlarının etkin korunabilmesi için, günümüz ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda korunarak kullanılmaları gereklidir. Ancak genellikle bu alanların kültürel değerleri, yapısal elemanlar kapsamında ele alınmakta, çevreleri ve yeşil potansiyeli dikkate alınmamaktadır. Oysa kent yeşil alanları tarihi çevrenin önemli bir elemanı olmakla birlikte, hem işlevsel hem de estetik açıdan farklı görevler üstlenmektedirler. O nedenle tarihi dokunun kimliğini iyi yansıtabilecek türler, tasarım özellikleri dikkate alınarak kullanılmalıdır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle kentsel koruma alanlarındaki yeşil alanların önemi ve işlevleri belirtilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Çanakkale (Türkiye) kentsel koruma alanının yoğun kullanılan ve kente kimlik kazandıran bölgeleri odak olarak alınmıştır. Bu alanların yeşil alan niteliği ve dış mekân süs bitkileri belirlenerek, bitkilerin tasarımlarda işlevsel-estetik nitelikleri değerlendirilmiş, ölçü, form, renk özellikleri açısından analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda kentsel sit alanlarında ve Çanakkale tarihi kent dokusunda yapılacak bitkisel tasarımlar için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bitkisel tasarım, Çanakkale, Koruma, Tarihi kent merkezi. Abstract Planting Design in the Urban Protection Area: The Example of Çanakkale (Turkey) In order to efficiently protect urban locations with an historic feature, they should be used by protecting them in accordance with current needs. However, the cultural values of these locations are generally approached within the context of structural units and their environment and green potential is not considered. Yet; along with urban green locations being an important component of the historic environment, they also take on various tasks with respect to structure and esthetics. Due to this reason, varieties that can reflect the identity of the historical texture well should be used by taking design features into consideration. In this study, the importance and functions of green areas within urban protection locations are primarily stated. Within this context, the focus is on areas that are heavily used and that bring in identity for the city within the urban protection locations in Canakkale (Turkey). Green area and the outdoor ornamental plants in these areas are specified, these are evaluated about functional-aesthetic qualities in design, analyzed with respect to their measurements, form and colorfull. Within this context, proposals are submitted for botanic design that can be implemented within the historical urban texture of urban protected areas and the historic city of Canakkale. Giriş Çanakkale kenti, Türkiye'de tarihi kent özelliği ile ön sıralarda yer almaktadır. Bu doğrultuda kent merkezinde yer alan tarihi yapı ve mekânlar korunması gerekli taşınmazlar kapsamına alınarak bölge "kentsel sit" olarak ilan edilmiştir. Resmi kurumlar tarafından bu bölgede restorasyan çalışmaları devam etmektedir. Ancak bu alanda kullanılan bitkisel materyalin çoğu dendrolojik özellikler açısından tarihi alan karakterine uygun estetik özelliklere sahip olmamakla beraber gerekli işlevleri de yerine getirememektedirler. Bu bağlamda çalışma önemli bulunmuş ve kentsel sit alanındaki mevcut bitki örtüsü ölçü, biçim, renk ve doku yönünden değerlendirilerek öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Binan (1999), korunması gereken taşınmazları şu şekilde tanımlamaktadır: "Dünya üzerindeki tekrar üretilemeyen doğal kaynaklar ve insanoğlunun yarattığı kültür ürünlerinin tümüdür". Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı'na göre de (2006/26329 no'lu resmi gazete) kentsel sit tanımı (Anonim, 2013a): Mimari, mahalli, tarihsel, estetik ve sanat özelliği bulunan ve bir arada bulunmaları sebebiyle teker teker taşıdıkları kıymetten daha fazla kıymeti olan, kültürel ve tabii çevre elemanlarının (yapılar, bahçeler, bitki örtüleri, yerleşim dokuları, duvarlar) birlikte bulundukları alanlardır. Bu tanımlamaya göre kentsel sit alanları, bahçe ve bitki örtüleri ile birlikte dönemlerindeki özellikleri dikkate alınarak korunmalıdır. Ancak bazı saray bahçeleri dışında, kentsel sit kapsamındaki birçok alanın bitkisel dokusuna ve bahçesine gereken önem verilmemektedir.

Bu çalışma; Ankara’nın tarihi merkezi Ulus’un son dönemde yaşadığı dönüşüme ve karşı karşıya olduğu tehditlere dikkat çekmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiş olan “Bilinmeyen Ulus” atölye ve sergileri arasında yer alan “Ulus’un Ritimleri” adlı ritim-analiz projesinin deneyimlerini aktarmaktadır. Bu deneyimlerin içine teorik çerçevenin pratiğe aktarılışı, atölye kurgusu, saha araştırması, sergi süreci ve geri bildirimler girmektedir. Atölye çalışmasının yöntemi, Lefebvre’in ritim-analiz yaklaşımının bir video projesi olarak sunumudur. Geri bildirimlerin alınabilmesi için bir anket uygulaması yapılmış, bu çalışmada anket sonuçlarına da yer verilmiştir. Ritim-analitik proje ile Ulus’un kalabalık ve tenha yerlerine, farklılaşan sosyal profile, eski ve yeni yapılara, hareketlilik ve kesintilere odaklanılmıştır. Temel amacın kentlilerdeki farkındalık, bilinç, aidiyet, koruma ve savunma düzeyinin artırılması olan tüm bu çalışmanın sonucunda; bu türden girişimlerin fark yaratabildiği görülmüş ve planlama disiplininin bilgi üretiminde yeni yöntem arayışları da göz önünde tutularak, benzer çalışmaların artırılması gerekliliğine vurgu yapılmıştır.

In most of historical cities, some streets have been pedestrianised in order to facilitate pedestrian circulation. This situation affects functions of historical buildings and increases also pedestrian density of streets. Many historical cities in the world are threatened by earthquake. It is important to consider earthquake related disasters for the pedestrianization practices in historical cities. The historical urban centers, most of have masonry buildings, may not perform well enough to overcome the risks. Building structural system, construction date, number of storey, maintenance and repair conditions and physical changes due to functional changes are similar factors affecting the performance of the building earthquakes. Although buildings have performed sufficiently structurally against earthquakes, nonstructural components damages may occur. In case of earthquake, poor performance of nonstructural components may cause loss of function, economic losses and especially loss of life and injury. The nonstructural components of building such as parapet, roof, chimney, eave, canopy and windows are considered as risk factors that may cause injuries during earthquake. In this study, nonstructural building components that may occur possibility of injury are discussed and brought forward proposals for pedestrianised streets safety located in Cezayir Street, Istanbul. The main factors affecting the choice of Cezayir Street are; its close location to the most important cultural center of Istanbul; Istiklal Avenue, being a renovated area and the intensive street usage. The nonstructural building components of historical building in the Cezayir Street were evaluated using data obtained on-site observation of building façade as parapets, ornaments, eaves, chimneys, windows and canopies. According to the research result, it can be said that the façade glazing which is located at mostly additional flats on the buildings may lead to risk during earthquake.

Istanbul city mostly known its historical heritage dated to old Antique Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman eras. Istanbul, had many migrations and transformations which also changed city"s historical view, however, Istanbul"s city"s axis of the hills based to the antique city of Rome and its rituels had been continue to the 15 th Century. The early years of Ottoman migrations were mostly invitations and giving some special priviliges to people especially Europeans and Italians to revive the city like old heydays in Byzantine period and revive the city"s trade life again after the destroyed and emptied with Latin invades. Futhermore, some of the Italians : Pisans and Geneoses had been living other side of the Historical Peninsula, Galata or Pera Area having many privilegies. Italians, Frenchs, also known as levantens were living the hundred years since the Byzantine period. While the city"s historical areas had been protected very well, Ottomans realized less interventions in the existing urban tissue of antique city. Ottoman"s built new settlements mostly known as mahalle. In the 19 th century, Istanbul becomed a chaotic city because of the city fires. The earthquakes which had been destroyed Historical Peninsula by the thousands years and lately, wide city fires effected many mahalles in old city. Thus, in the 19 th century some Ottoman mahalles : Aksaray, Fatih affected by the wide city fires which has been replanned and renovated by the western planners : French, German and Italian architect Luigi Storari. In the beginning of the 20 th century, a French architect and city planner Henri Prost invited by the Atatürk to the Istanbul intended the planning city like a modern European Capitals, according to new Turkish Republic modernization project. But, Henri Prost"s Master Plans had been found not city scale and not available for a metropoles which was also causing more destruction of city"s old historical areas. After the Henri Prost, a mass migration process seen in the and city had been developped unpredictable way and some areas planned by Henri Prost, occupied by the unplanned houses known as gecekondu (slum houses) or apartkondu (Haussmanien like slum apartmans) by the migrants. These migrations generally from rural and small towns to the Istanbul to find a job in the newly openned factories. In the 1950"s, the view of the neoliberal planning policies changed all the world radically. After 1950's, with the new liberal policies of Government planning for middle class gained importancy instead of 1930"s social housing. Furthermore, changing policies in housing system, caused lack of for low-income people houses due to rapid mass internal migration mostly workers. Nowadays, eventhought city"s old Historical Peninsula"s view and antique axis of the hills had not been changed yet but it"s old Ottoman mahalle"s changed due to new transnational migrations. This radical change is affected the city"s well established and densely-populated old historical peninsula and house owners, again. Some parts of old, historical city houses had been occupied by unplanned new external immigrants like : Fatih, Aksaray areas mahalle"s and also old Pera area Taksim changed due to mass migrations. Today, Istanbul streets view changed with crowded with immigrants and tenants also some houses and shops now occupied by mostly newly immigrants.

"""Isfahan is one of the most ancient cities of Iran with many monuments dating back to the Safavid era. Hence, making the city’s urban texture conform to its historical ambiance is vital.
Naqsh-e Jahan Square, built during this era, is one of the historical places that attracts many visitors from around the world annually, Mehr News Agency reported.
Le Foa, a famous French tourist, who visited the square in 1877, has written in his travelogue about the square.
“Naqsh-e Jahan Square is the most splendid, beautiful and attractive historical site in the world. It is absolutely clear to me that there is no monument in the world compatible with Naqsh-e Jahan Square. It is not something I only believe in but all architects and engineers also agree with me,” he has written in parts of his travelogue about Iran.
Italian traveler and adventurer, Peter de la Valle, also wrote in his travelogue that Navona Square in Rome is taller and older than Naqsh-e Jahan, but I dare say that I prefer Naqeh-e Jahan Square.
“Beautiful buildings with large doors have surrounded the square. Shops are situated around the square, all of them arranged in rows and enjoy unique decorations, which attract every visitor’s eyes,” he said.
Concerns
While the historical textures are among the assets of every country and must be preserved, new constructions in the vicinity of Iran’s historical sites are causing concern.
Isfahan is not an exception, as modern buildings have mushroomed near its ancient sites."""

In most of historical cities, some streets have been pedestrianised in order to facilitate pedestrian circulation. This situation affects functions of historical buildings and increases also pedestrian density of streets. Many historical cities in the world are threatened by earthquake. It is important to consider earthquake related disasters for the pedestrianization practices in historical cities. The historical urban centers, most of have masonry buildings, may not perform well enough to overcome the risks. Building structural system, construction date, number of storey, maintenance and repair conditions and physical changes due to functional changes are similar factors affecting the performance of the building earthquakes. Although buildings have performed sufficiently structurally against earthquakes, nonstructural components damages may occur. In case of earthquake, poor performance of nonstructural components may cause loss of function, economic losses and especially loss of life and injury. The nonstructural components of building such as parapet, roof, chimney, eave, canopy and windows are considered as risk factors that may cause injuries during earthquake. In this study, nonstructural building components that may occur possibility of injury are discussed and brought forward proposals for pedestrianised streets safety located in Cezayir Street, Istanbul. The main factors affecting the choice of Cezayir Street are; its close location to the most important cultural center of Istanbul; Istiklal Avenue, being a renovated area and the intensive street usage. The nonstructural building components of historical building in the Cezayir Street were evaluated using data obtained on-site observation of building façade as parapets, ornaments, eaves, chimneys, windows and canopies. According to the research result, it can be said that the façade glazing which is located at mostly additional flats on the buildings may lead to risk during earthquake.