Medical Plants

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is the major pharmacologically-active component of some propolis types, rich in polyphenols, such as poplar propolis types. CAPE has the potential to be applied as a pharmaceutical as it possesses most of the pharmacological activities of propolis, such as anti-proliferative, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial. Its advantage is that it lacks some of the downsides of total propolis extracts, such as inability for unified standardization, which is cornerstone for implementing its therapeutic potential as a drug. The current paper provides an overview on the pharmacodynamic principles of CAPE. We present literature search outcomes form ClinicalTrials.gov database and from scientific publications, available on Scopus and Crossref databases. We take a round view of CAPE’s potential therapeutic implications in light of approved drugs with related modes of action.

Most synthetic stains are expensive as they are synthesized from mixtures of various chemicals, there is need to explore other cheaper and natural sources of obtaining dyes used as biological stains. For this purpose, Punica granatum peels and Beta vulgaris root extracts were used as a source of natural dyes. Plant parts were extracted using three solvents (acetic acid, ethyl acetate and ethanol) indicate that most dyes with different solvent can capable for plant chromosome staining and also define mitotic cell division. Dyes used with staining agent tannic acid or ferrous sulfate were more sufficient to stain the chromosomes. Punica granatum ethanol solvent show not clearly plant chromosome staining and unable to define the cell division. Punica granatum and Beta vulgaris extracts may be used as chromosome dyes.

Objective: Nowadays, Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have become very common. Scientists have come up with new treatment for UTIs that avoids the use of antibiotics. Therefore, studies for new alternative remedies are necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial potential of the leaves of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) (known as Common Mullein) against the pathogens causing complicated urine tract infections. Methods: Air-dried leaves of the plant were extracted using 95% ethanol. The extract was screened against urinary tract pathogens (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans) by disc diffusion method and microdilution method. Some antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics were used as a positive reference standard to determine the sensitivity of the strains. Results: The extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans with inhibition zones of 19.2, 16.8 and 16.2 mm, with MIC's and MBC's or MFC's of 32(64), 64(128) and 64(128) µg/mL, respectively. Also, the extracts exhibited moderate activity against the other test microorganisms. Conclusion: Our findings support the use of Verbascum thapsus L. in traditional medicine for the treatment against the urine tract pathogens. Hence, it is suggested to isolate and identify the active compounds of the plant for novel antimicrobial agents in future.

Ethnopharmacological relevance:Eupatoriumtriplinerve Vahl belongstotheAsteraceaefamily,popularly
known asJapana.ItisaperennialshrubnativetoAmazonrainforestsofSouthAmerica.Itsleavesare
used throughinfusions,decoctions,baths,andtea.ItislargelyusedinBrazilianfolkmedicineassedative,
febrifuge, stimulant,tonicandanti-inflammatory.
Aim ofthestudy: The presentstudyevaluatedtheputativeeffectsof Eupatorium triplinerve on thecentral
nervous system(CNS),includinglocomotorandanxietyactivity,depression-likebehavior,andanti-
nociception andoxidativestress.
Materials andmethods: Two-month-oldmaleWistarrats(n¼7–10rats/group)andSwissmaleandfemale
miceofthespecies Musmusculus (n¼7–10pergroup)wereadministeredwith100mg/kg,200mg/kg,
400mg/kg,600mg/kg,and800mg/kgofhydroalcoholicextractsof Eupatoriumtriplinerve (HEET).The
behavioralassaysincludedopen-field(OF),elevatedPlus-maze(EPM),andforcedswimmingtests(FS).The
antinociceptiveactivitywasverifiedusingchemical(aceticacidandformalin)andthermal(hotplate)modelsof
nociception.TheoxidativestresslevelsweremeasuredinratbloodsamplesafterbehavioralassaysandTrolox
equivalentantioxidantcapacity(TEAC),nitricoxideandmalondialdehyde(MDA)levelsweremeasured in vivo.
Results: Oral pretreatmentwithHEETreducedthelocomotioninOFtest(200–800mg/kg),increased
central locomotionandopenarmsentriesintheOFandEPMtests,respectively(600–800mg/kg),and
decreased theimmobilitytimeintheFS(200–800mg/kg).Italsoreducedthewrithingnumberevoked
by aceticacidinjection(200–800mg/kg)andlickingtimeinthe first phaseoftheformalintest(400–
800mg/kg).Intheoxidativestressassays,theextractdecreasedTEAC,NitricOxideandMDAlevelsin
response toswimmingstressinducedinrats.
Conclusions: These resultswereindicativeforthe first timethat Eupatorium triplinerve exertedmild
sedative,anxiolyticandantidepressiveeffectsontheCNS.Antinociceptiveeffectsnotrelatedtoopioid
systemandantioxidantactivitywerealsoobserved.Theseresultssupporttheethnopharmacologicaluse
of Eupatoriumtriplinerve in popularmedicine.

Este trabalho se constitui de uma pesquisa a respeito das folhas sagradas, bem como suas aplicações e usabilidade dentro do espaço místico que as utilize. A correta compreensão da empregabilidade e suas propriedades inerentes permite-nos ter um melhor resultado dos objetivos a serem alcançados. Aqui é demonstrada a associação do respectivo nome científico de cada espécie ao seu nome vulgar conforme o dialeto  ou nacionalidade de cada região de uso.
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Cannabis (Marihuana)has been used by ancient Egyptians in the production of ropes used to pull blocks of limestone to building sites, sails of ships and boats, fabrics and as one of their medical ingredients.

La flore médicinale marocaine reste jusqu’à présent connue de manière simplement empirique. Devant cette parcelle de notre savoir, plusieurs volontés concourent, actuellement, à la préserver et à la mettre en valeur. Par ailleurs, des enquêtes ethnobotaniques contribuent, de leurs parts, à rassembler et constituer une source d’information très précieuse, prête à être exploitée sur le plan scientifique.
Dans le cadre de notre projet de fin d’étude et vu la variété de ces plantes présentes dans notre région, une enquête sur l’état et le lieu des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (PAM) est proposée chez les herboristes de la région Tanger-Tétouan, ceci nous a amené aussi à nous pencher sur l‘étude des caractères physico-chimiques, activité anti-oxydante et l’activité antibactérienne d’une huile essentielle obtenue par hydrodistillation à partir d’une plante aromatique et médicinale de la région de Moulay Abdeslam (Nord du Maroc) : c’est le Laurus nobilis, qu’elle est une épice utilisé surtout dans la cuisson des aliments ou pour l’assaisonnement et elle possède différentes caractéristiques aromatique culinaire et médicales.

La dieta de la sopa


En qué consiste:

Esta dieta se diseñó en un hospital de USA, para las personas con enfermedades cardíacas y con exceso de peso, que necesitaban perder kilos antes de someterse a una operación.

Hay que comer durante 7 días únicamente lo que marca la dieta, para perder de 4,5 a 7 kilos., suprimiendo el alcohol, la harina y sus derivados, los dulces y las bebidas con gas.

La sopa es como un comodín, que tomaremos cuando sintamos hambre, para calmar la ansiedad.

Esta dieta posee contraindicaciones, no pueden hacerla algunas personas con diabetes u otras patologías crónicas, ni aquellas que tengan insuficiencia renal crónica, por tanto, es importante consultar al médico personal o especialista, antes de someterse a ella.

Modo de preparación
Hay que cocer en 10 litros de agua: 7 cebollas grandes, 2 pimientos verdes,  ½ kgr de tomate natural o 6 tomates pelados, 2 ramas de apio, 1 repollo o col violeta, poca sal marina o del Himalaya, 2 gramos de cúrcuma y algo de pimienta negra.

Se trocea todo y se pone a hervir a fuego lento, cuando ya estén las verduras cocidas, se pasa por la batidora o  se licúa con minipimer y se guarda para tomar fría o caliente, como se prefiera. También puede guardarse en el freezer en tappers para su utilización periódica. La opción es agregar otros condimentos como cardamomo, curry, pimentón, etc…

Antiviral drugs effect on specific and limited virus family. Also viral replication inhibitor drugs have toxic effects on host cells. In addition, viruses are resisting to antiviral drugs. As a result, it is necessary to new drugs with fewer side effects or no side effects. Medical plants such as Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) have been used for viral infections treatment including cold and rabies, traditionally. In the article, we try to introduce Echinacea antiviral activity and its potential of viral disease treatment like cold, AIDS, herpes, inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva (keratoconjunctivitis) and encephalitis.

The purpose of this work is to evaluate antiprolifertive and DPPH radical scavenging activities of aqueous extracts from Morinda lucida Smith, Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre ex Engl, Tephrosia vogelii Hook f and Nauclea latifolia Sm. The antiproliferative activity of the aqueous extract of each of the four species was evaluated in vitro on a cancer cell line (U87-MG) and a normal cell line (Hek-293) using the MTT assay. The antiradicalar  activity was evaluated by measuring the scavenger capacity of the DPPH radical. Phytochemical analyzes of the extract were performed by thin layer chromatography and HPLC-PDA. The aqueous extracts of Klainedoxa gabonenis and Tephrosia vogelii showed antiproliferative activity against U87-MG cancer cells with IC50 values below 90 μg / ml. The aqueous extract of Klainedoxa gabonenis also showed remarkable antiradical activity (IC50 =4± 0,73 μg/ml). In addition, the treatment of U87-MG cancer cells by both the aqueous extract of Klainedoxa gabonensis (100 μg / ml) and by an MEK protein inhibitor (1 μM) causes a total suppression of U87-cell proliferation. MG (glioblastoma). HPLC-PDA analysis of the aqueous extract Klainedoxa gabonenis showed the presence of gallic acid compounds (41.9%) and Quercetin (2.17%).: Our study identified two medicinal plants with antiproliferative properties among the four Congolese herbal medicines evaluated, one with both anti-proliferative and antiradical properties.

Black nightshade, or Solnum nigrum (Sn), nicknamed Makoi, has a wide range of ayurvedic characteristics and is well-known for its therapeutic virtues. However, this does not guarantee that it will attract the attention of therapeutic users. Aqueous, ethanol, and diethyl ether extracts of Solanum nigrum were produced, and antibacterial activity against the isolated bacteria was determined at four different concentrations of each extract. In compared to aqueous and diethyl ether extracts, ethanol extracts had the highest antibacterial activity. Alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, the ethanolic extract of Solanumnigrum phenols were found in the plant's phytochemical examination

Six cell lines were obtained by different effects of Plant growth regulators from explant leaves Nepeta cataria, and these variations in cell lines are called Somaclonal variation. The concentrations (2.5ml L-1 NAA with 0.2 ml L-1 Kin ; 2.5ml L-1 NAA with 0.3 ml L-1 BAP ; 3ml L-1 IAA with 0.3 ml L-1 BAP) showed 90% response of inducing callus; whereas, the concentration 2.4 D at (2 mg L-1 2,4-D with 1 mg L-1 kin) showed the best result in growth biomasses and cell suspension. The chemical analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) showed that the cell suspension is the most cultured for producing a lutelion and apigenin compared to callus and biomasses.

This study is to investigate the aspects of the autecology of Calligonum comosum plant. This plant species is one of the famous pastoral plant characterizing the habitat of Saudi Arabia. The C. comosum plant is belonging to the botanical family polygonaceae, plant is frequently used as sources of medicine by rural people. The study site was located in the northeast of Riyadh city, in " Dahna " area. The results showed that C. comosum is dominant plant in the area, 23 plant species were recorded in the study site, belonging to 16 families, they contain 11 perennial types and 12 annuals types, and the C. comosum is important companion plant. C. comosum is perennial shrubs, branched from the base to height of 100 to 200 cm. The fruits are spherical shape with a thick and long hair its color from yellow to red, this plant is characterized by pure pungent smell and excessive rigidity because it is config.d solid wood. The life cycle of C. comosum is regular for perennial plants, started grow from the seeds after the seasonal rains during November, the flowers and composition of fruits started at March, the production cycle of this plant is about 4 months. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil was ranged from 6.4 to 6.7 dS m-1 and , the concentration of SO4 and Fe relatively high. The plant accumulates high content of Mg, Si, Cl and K in their tissues. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-3-march-2015-jbes/

Concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenols and saponins in selected medicinal plants from Ecuador and their relationship with acute toxicity against Artemia salina. Alkaloids, polyphenols, cyanogenic glycosides and saponins are among the main chemical compounds synthesized by plants but not considered essential for their basic metabolism. These compounds have different functions in plants, and have been recognized with medicinal and pharmacological properties. In this research, concentrations of the mentioned secondary metabolites were determined in the medicinal plants Artemisia absinthium, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Parthenium hysterophorus, Piper carpunya and Taraxacum officinale, from Ecuador, and related with cytotoxic effects against Artemia salina. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts from leaves of these selected plants were prepared at different concentrations. To assess cytotoxicity of these extracts, different bioassays with A. salina were undertaken, and the mortality rates and LC 50 were obtained. Besides, concentrations of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, phenols, tannins and saponins were determined by spectrophotometric methods; this constituted the first report of quantification of secondary metabolites in the selected plants from Ecuador. T. officinale had the highest concentration of total phenols (22.30 ± 0.23 mg/g) and tannins (11.70 ± 0.10 mg/g), C. aconitifolius of cyanogenic glycosides (5.02 ± 0.37 μg/g) and P. hysterophorus of saponins (6.12 ± 0.02 mg/g). Tannins values obtained were not adverse to their consumption. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of selected plants had hemolytic activity depending on the concentration of saponins. Although the values of cyanogenic glycosides were permissible, it was necessary to monitor the presence of this metabolite in plants to minimize health problems. LC 50 values ranged from extremely toxic (3.37 μg/mL) to highly toxic (274.34 μg/mL), in P. carpunya and T. officinale, respectively. From correlation analysis, it was observed that increase values of alkaloids concentrations had highly significant (p<0.001) acute toxicity against A. salina, while at a higher polyphenol concentration the level of plants cytotoxicity decreased significantly (p<0.001). The results of principal component analysis showed that saponins apparently were in synergy with polyphenols to decrease cytotoxicity, but antagonize with alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides, indicating that these secondary metabolites present variability in the mechanisms of action against A. salina, as cytotoxic compounds. These results also demonstrate that polyphenols and saponins can be lethal at low concentrations, demonstrating the poten- tial of brine shrimp bioassay as a model to evaluate plant extracts containing low concentrations of chemical compounds with high polarities. The significant positive correlation between cytotoxicity and concentration of alkaloids confirmed by the bioassay of brine shrimp can be useful to identify promising sources of antitumor compounds, and to evaluate tolerable limits not affecting other benign cells. Contents of secondary metabolites found in the selected plants confer them great pharmacologic values. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1171-1184. Epub 2016 September 01.

Thyme genus is an important Medicinal plant. The risk of extinction of the plant has been increased; because the plant resources are collected mainly from nature which use as herbal remedies. In vitro culture technique has been recommended for maintaining and propagation the medicinal uses as a practical solution. It produces more accessible plant material essential oils and second metabolisms as a biological method. In The article, we try to introduce the important factors which affect on thyme tissue culture.

Plants are natural resources that are abundant and all around us. As a conservation action, its use is needed, one of which is as medicine. Since long time ago, Indonesian people have used plants as a source of disease treatment or health care. Today, people still have various species of medicinal plants, including in urban housing. Plant species from various families, habitus, cultivation, and wild can be found. The existence of medicinal plants can be used by the community as an alternative to health. In the observation in the housing complex, various families of medicinal plants have been found that have various health benefits.

The cytotgenetic and genotoxic potentials of aqueous extract of Peganum harmala L. seeds were evaluated in the M2 generation of Vicia faba plants, following parent plants seeds exposure to different concentrations 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% of the aqueous extract for 3, 6, 12 and 24 hr., using three endpoints i.e. cytogenetic abnormalities, seed proteins and DNA simple sequence repeats (SSRs) fingerprinting. Chromosomal abnormalities were observed in the M2 plant roots due to actions on the spindle apparatus leading to c-mitosis, vagrant chromosomes and laggards, sticky chromosomes and anaphase-telophase bridges, disordered anaphase, as well as micronuclei in interphase cells. Some of these abnormalities may result in stable structural modifications that are transmissible across generations. The SDS-PAGE analysis showed distinctive qualitative and quantitative alterations in number of polypeptide bands, molecular weights, and intensities of polypeptide bands. The production of different proteins entails a vast array of DNA binding proteins that act in various combinations to either activate or repress gene expression. Twenty-five SSR alleles were detected in the control and M2 plants using 11 SSR primer pairs. The number of alleles in the control plants was much lower than the number of alleles in the M2 plants. The changes in SSR fingerprinting might be connected to structural rearrangements in the chromosomes and DNA caused by different types of DNA damages. Such changes validate the mutagenic potential that was indicated by abundance of chromosomal abnormalities and alterations in the SDS-PAGE analysis of seed proteins.

INTRODUCTION: the medicinal plants and their formulas were a therapeutic resource of Cuban medicine in the colonial and neocolonial period, there is not available a retrieved information of papers published in scientific journals of that period.
OBJECTIVES: to identify and to collect the scientific papers on the medical uses of medicinal plants during the colonial and neocolonial period.
METHODS: a review in 16 leading Cuban medical scientific journals of that period, collecting the data from a form designed to that end.
RESULTS: we found 5 journals, 53 papers on medicinal plants: 8 in Repertorio Médico Habanero (1840-1843), 37 in Anales de la Real Academia de Ciencias Médicas, Físicas y Naturales de La Habana (1865-1958), 1 in Revista Médica de La Isla de Cuba (1858), 2 in Gaceta Médica de La Habana (1878-1880) and 5 in Crónica Médico-Quirúgica de La Habana (1875-1940) where the search wasn't concluded, the species, parts used, preparations, indications, as well as the studies conducted were varied, in the 11 remainder it wasn't possible to get information on medicinal plants.
CONCLUSIONS: in the reviewed literature of this period not much information was published on the use of medicinal plants and related studies.

Introduction: the health of digestive system considers importance for whole body, so laxative medicines also have this value for physicians. 
Aim of the paper: Definition of Abu Nasr al- Baghdadi died after (598H/1203AD), and his book "Intikhab al-iqtidab", and historical scientific study for the laxative medicine which mentioned by Abu Nasr Al-Baghdadi in his book ''Intikhab al- iqtidab"
Material and Methods: This thesis studied number of medicines used as laxative medicine which mentioned by Al-Baghdadi. And compare the medical use of them with Avicenna (375-428H/995-1041AD) at his book Al-Qanoun, and Ibn Al-Bittar (…-646H/ …-1245AD) at his book Al-Jam`e , then we will tell the medical use of them, the Active ingredients, the parts used
Results: By the study we can mention: 1- Al-Baghdadi mentioned six herbal medicine for laxative used, 2- there was full agreement with Ibn Al-Bittar, 3- there was disagreement with Avicenna at mustard and styrax, 3- although there was historical agree about garlic but it's not use for laxative diseases nowadays.
Conclusion: -  Intikhab al- iqtidab book is a historical and medical reference for the pocket, the historical agree of garlic make us study it as laxative medicine.

Reishi (Ganoderma Lucidum), toksik etkisi olmayan bir mantardır. Çin tıbbında yaklaşık 4000 yıldır ilaç olarak kullanılmaktadır. Reishi akciğer, prostat, beyin ve göğüs kanseri tedavisinde denenmiş ve kanseri iyileştirici etkisi gözlemlenmiştir. HIV, düşük tansiyon, yüksek tansiyon, diyabet, romatizma, kalp problemleri, felç, ülser, astım, artrit, yorgunluk, hepatit, uykusuzluk, kısırlık, sedef hastalığı, kabakulak, epilepsi, alkolizm gibi birçok derde deva olduğu bildirilmiştir. Reishi’nin vücudu toksinlerden arındığı, bağışıklık sistemini güçlendirdiği ve endokrin sisteminin düzenlenmesine yardım ettiği bilinmektedir.

It is estimated that about 70-90% of medicinal plants in various regions in Indonesia throughout the forest area in Asia. Drug utilization constrains by several factors, mainly economic factors and policies to improve public health, and foreign exchange contributor to the welfare of society. This paper aims to asses the economic aspects and policy of medicinal plants in Indonesia. Almost all kinds of medicinal plants are needed as raw material for the manufacture of tradiotional medicines, particularly herbal medicines or “jamu”. Several kinds of medicinal plants developed relatively easily under the stand with a value of IRR>25% and BCR>1. Marketing channels which occur in some areas generally involves seven actors. Medicinal plant market in the future there is a very good chance to be developed with the clustered approach of medicinal plants. Policies aimed at improving productivity and competitiveness of products. Implementation of appropriate policies and strategies that can accelerate the development of medicinal plants, especially under the Plantation Forest.

Berberis rigidifolia is a plant commonly known as espino, espuelo, espino de oro and tachuelo in Colombia. Berberis rigidifolia is known for various medicinal properties in traditional medicinal and use to cure a variety of diseases. The plant is reported to treat amebiasis, diarrhea, uterine bleeding, mouth irritations, sore throats, laxative, cutaneous leishmaniasis, malaria, pyorrhea, blood pressure, laxative and external ulcers. The medicinal properties of this plant represent it as a valuable source of medicinal compounds. This work is collective information concerning the taxonomy, ecology, geographical distribution, altitude distribution, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicity of the Berberis rigidifolia.

The use of natural lacquer for preservation and decoration of various commodities is a remarkable invention. In Japan lacquer production dates back to the Neolithic Jomon period and has been mainly based on the sap extracted from the lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley). However, it is still unclear, if lacquer production evolved in Japan independently or was introduced from Neolithic China, another centre of early lacquer production. A debate also revolves around the origin of the lacquer tree itself and whether it occurs in Japan naturally or was introduced from the continent along with the skills required for lacquer production. Records of Rhus/Toxicodendron fruit remains, recovered from cultural layers of archaeological sites and natural palaeoenvironmental archives across Japan, provide an opportunity to answer the existing questions. This paper presents a method for differentiating charred endocarps of the six Rhus/Toxicodendron species growing in Japan, which is not feasible based on size or morphological properties of whole fruits or endocarps. To develop this method, we used a set of modern reference fruits. Identification is based on the species-specific tissue structure of the charred endocarp in longitudinal sectional view observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We suggest a simple identification key that is based on two prominent traits of the endocarp’s tissue structure, i.e., tissue alignment and density. The method was successfully applied to an abundant record of charred Rhus/Toxicodendron endocarps recovered by flotation from Okhotsk culture layers dating to ca. 490–880 CE at the multi-component Hamanaka 2 archaeological site, Rebun Island, Hokkaido region, northern Japan. The recovered endocarps belong to Asian poison ivy (Toxicodendron orientale Greene, 1905) and the chronology of the archaeobotanical assemblages suggests that fruits and/or other parts of this plant were used by different local populations over a period of up to 3000 years (Final Jomon to Classic Ainu period). This indicates that not only lacquer tree was an important economic plant in Japanese prehistory, but also other Rhus/Toxicodendron species were used for unknown purpose. While use of T. orientale for medical effects or as an alternative source for lacquer production seems possible, we hypothesise that at Hamanaka 2 it was utilised for its high tannin content to tan hides and furs of sea mammals. This interpretation emphasises the discussed function of Hamanaka 2, famous for its rich zooarchaeological record of sea mammal remains, as an important site of marine hunting and raw material processing.

1. はじめに
モンゴルを代表する「遊牧民」は、固有環境への適応を可能とする大胆な生存戦略と減災術の「生態学的伝統知」(traditional ecological knowledge: TEK)を編み出すことにより、アネクメーネ（居住不可域）に進出し、人類のエクメーネ（居住可能域）を拡張した先鋒となった。しかし近年、同国で発生する大規模な“ゾド”（冬季の冷温・雪害複合型の激甚災害）に対する、レジリエンスの低下が指摘されている［相馬2014, 2016, 2017］。2000/01年と2009/10年に発生した大規模なゾドでは、全国の1/3の家畜が死亡した。この原因として、若者の遊牧離れ、遊牧世帯の高齢化などに加え、地域の遊牧社会に培われた減災の伝統知／在来知の喪失にも一因がある。
そのため本研究では、伝統的な遊牧生活の営まれる西部モンゴル地域（バヤン・ウルギー県、ホブド県、オブス県）を対象に、(1) 減災と資源利用に関する伝統知／在来知の横断的な記録・収集、(2) 遊牧生活の減災・災害対処術、についての調査を実施した。本報告では、牧畜民世帯(HHs)の居住・放牧環境と気候区分のおおきく異なる次の2つの主要調査地(Study Site: SS)について報告を行う。
SS1: オブス県ツァガン・ハイルハン郡
SS2: オブス県テス郡
データは2016年5月～9月に実施したフィールド調査の暫定的な結果にもとづき、見通しを提示する。

2. 結果：減災と天然資源利用の生存戦略
2.1. 減災とゾド災害予知の民間伝承
遊牧コミュニティでは、古来の民間伝承が牧畜生活の行動指針となることが多い。SS1／SS2では、在住の遊牧民43世帯から気象・ゾド災害の予知や環境共生観を宿したオーラルヒストリー44件が収集された。これら民間伝承は、①家畜(n=3)、②野生動物(n=11)、③植物（草・木・花など）(n=11)、④天候・気象(n=12)、⑤月・星(n=4)、⑥諺・昔話(n=3)、の6つのカテゴリーに分類・整理した。これらは生態伝承「エコ・ナラティヴ」として、科学的検証と照応する可能性が指摘される。
2.2. 在来薬用植物の利用
調査地で利用される薬用植物は合計40種類（SS1: 27種類／SS2: 13種類）が確認された。内訳では人間用20種、家畜用4種、人獣共用16種、のカテゴリーに分類された。各世帯での薬草利用数は、SS1で4.04種、SS2では2.88種となった。両調査地は山岳草原／砂漠性ステップで気候・植生区分に大きな隔たりがあることから、双方の有用植物で重複は見られなかった。人間と家畜の双方に対して、ローカルな薬草資源の効能をおおいに活用している現状がみられた。
2.3. 季節移動と牧草地巡回
モンゴル西部地域では、アルタイの山岳地域の遊牧コミュニティ（おもにカザフ系、ウリャンカイ系遊牧民）は周年の季節移動を行うが、その定住性はモンゴル人よりも高い。移動は夏・冬、もしくは春・秋を加えた年間2～4回の季節移動を基本として、1回の移動距離は100km以上に到達する。一方、ドゥルブド系モンゴル遊牧民が多数を占めるオブス県では、SS1: 年間5.8回／総移動距離138.2km、SS2: 年間6.3回／総移動距離61.2kmと算出された。年間で牧草地を15回以上替える世帯も見られた。1回の移動距離はSS1: 11.9km／SS2: 24.3kmで、生活域内でのこまめな牧草地巡回の実践が実見された。
2.4. 労働強度の測定
遊牧民の生活は、総じて物理的な労働強度が高く、生産効率化が望まれている。同調査では同一生活世帯の1. 男性、2. 女性、3. 労働補助者、の3名に活動量計Charge2（Fitbit社製品）を装着し、起床～就寝までの①歩数、②消費カロリー、③心拍数、④移動（相当）距離、の4項目を24時間測定した（全11日間測定）。一例に、2016年7月7日測定の女性(49歳)の労働量24時間計測では、歩数37,654歩、移動相当距離27.2km、消費カロリー4,695calに達した。これは単純比較で、先進諸国の家事専業者の2倍近い活動量に達すると考えられる。とくに「食事の準備」に1日の22.2%(320min)が割り当てられており、女性の無償ケア労働の比重の高さがうかがわれた。

3. 考察とまとめ
本研究では、学際型ヒューマン・ジオグラフィと生態人類学の研究手法を融合し、1. 環境適応と減災術の伝統知の記録収集、2. 遊牧民のヒューマン・エコロジー分析、を通じて遊牧生活の総体的解明を導き出す意図がある。遊牧民の伝統的な減災術と生存戦略は、地域の固有環境との共存と保全によりもたらされた「変位性適応能」（アロスタシス allostasis）と定義できる。そのため遊牧民の生存能は、固有の民族誌（エスノグラフィ）のみならず、遊動生活を現存させる知的源泉としての再評価が求められているといえる。

Lead acetate (PbAc) is one of the toxic metals in the environment which causes many effects on different organs of the body. And due to the importance of the olive tree, with its healthy and protective elements against many diseases, the leaf extract of this tree was chosen in our study. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of olive leaf (Olea europea L.) extract (OLE) against PbAc-induced sperm toxicity, sex hormone changes, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (group 1, as control; group 2, OLE; group 3, PbAc; group 4, PbAc+OLE). In the PbAc group, the body weight, testis and epididymis weights, sexual hormones, sperm characteristics, GR, GPx, GST, GSH, SOD, and CAT were significantly decreased, and the sperm abnormality and TBARS level were significant increase when compared with control and OLE groups. Also, numerous damages to testicular tissue were observed in the PbAc group when compared to the control group, while the treatment with OLE in the fourth group led to improvement of sex hormones, semen characteristics, oxidative stress, and testicular tissue damage caused by PbAc. It can be concluded that OLE has a protective and ameliorative effects against PbAc-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and alterations in testicular tissue, and sperm quality in rats.

Nepata cataria. (Catnip) is a perennial herb that belongs to the botanical family called lamiaceae (labiatae) and has many medicinal properties. This study focused on using cell and tissue culture system to increase produced secondary metabolites such as caffeic acid from cell suspension by effect of different concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs).
The concentration (2 mg L-1 2,4-D with 0.2 mg L-1 kinetin) showed the best result in growth of cell suspension, while the concentration (3 ml L-1 IAA with 0.3 ml L-1 BAP) showed normal result compared to other PGRs. No growth was noticed in cell suspension culture of the control treatment (free of PGRs). Findings of Centrifuge and Reduction of Tetrazolium salts confirmed these results.
Result also showed significant difference in growth cell lines and production between cell lines and plants growth in vivo.
The chemical analysis of High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) showed that cell lines DKN1 produced the highest quantity of Caffeic acid while cell lines IKN 6 produced the lowest amount of Caffeic acid.

Chicory is considered one of the alternatives crops that can be used in crop rotation and contains many phytochemicals that can be used in medicine. In addition, lengthening the growing season by early sowing may increase root chicory yield potential, and thus increase its competitiveness with traditional crops. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether early sowing date risks can be decreased by higher sowing density and also to study the effect of sowing date and sowing density on dry matter accumulation and partitioning of chicory. Growing season did not affect any of the characteristics that were studied. Also plant density affected the flowers biomass, root biomass per plant and the respective yield together with the plant height and essence yield and total yield. The sowing date affected the leaf, flower and stem biomass on a plant basis. However, the interaction between plant density and sowing date affected the total biomass per plant, the flower biomass per plant, the root biomass per plant, the flower yield, the root yield and the essence yield. These results indicate that for higher production it is important to determine the right plant density and sowing date which can affect growth, dry matter accumulation and essence yield.

Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants contextualizes the history of humanity. Thus, this research aims to analyze the use of medicinal plants in Brazil, addressing the historical aspects, the regulatory framework, and the prospects of proof and indication by SHS. Human kind has always used medicinal plants, described 60,000 years ago B.C. and 5,000 years ago B.C. by Chinese medicine. In Brazil, due to the wide biological diversity of fauna, flora, and traditional communities, it is a historical representation of human interaction with ecosystems. Some naturalists who have traveled throughout Brazil during the Colonial and Imperial periods, resulting in works such as Natural History of Brazil and Nature, Diseases, Medicine and Remedies of Brazilian Indians, have described the reports on the use of plants. The field diaries and drawings produced by the travelers were essential for the development of research. Only in the twentieth century it was possible to perform more complex pharmacological tests, and the regulatory framework governing the production, use, and regularization of medicinal plants was subsequently approved, as well as in the National Program of Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapies, phytotherapeutic drugs were inserted into the treatment of diseases of the Single Health System. The interculturation of traditional knowledge by the different cultures that make up Brazil is a unique factor in the dissemination of phytotherapy present in the national floristic diversity.

Aim: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an increased risk of bone fractures. A variable increase in fracture risk has been reported depending on skeletal site, diabetes duration, study design, insulin use, and so on. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between T2DM with fracture risk and possible risk factors.
Methods: Different databases including PubMed, Institute for Scientific Information, and Scopus were searched up to May 2016. All epidemiologic studies on the association between T2DM and fracture risk were included. The relevant data obtained from these papers were analyzed by a random effects model and publication bias was assessed by funnel plot. All analyses were done by R software (version 3.2.1) and STATA (version 11.1).
Results: Thirty eligible studies were selected for the meta-analysis. We found a statistically significant positive association between T2DM and hip, vertebral, or foot fractures and no association between T2DM and wrist, proximal humerus, or ankle fractures. Overall, T2DM was associated with an increased risk of any fracture (summary relative risk =1.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.06) and increased with age, duration of diabetes, and insulin therapy.
Conclusion: Our findings strongly support an association between T2DM and increased risk of overall fracture. These findings emphasize the need for fracture prevention strategies in patients with diabetes.

This study included nine samples collected from the infected (liver and lung) divided into three equal samples (sheep, cattle and humans) collected from some Central Euphrates Provinces for the period from the beginning August 2019 till February 2020. PCR technique was performed for in detection and genotyping of Echiococcus granulosus hydatid cyst based on mitochondrial Cox1 gene and Nad1 genes in isolates. This technique was carried out according to method described by Nikmanesh et al. (2014). The present study aimed to showed haplotype genetic and the frequency percentage of it in the Central Euphrates region. the result showed the H15 haplotype was a higher frequency followed it (H10, H11) and then (H5). The frequency percentage of the haplotype genetic in the current study of the taken samples (8) that the prevalence and frequency of haplotype genetic H15 was 37.5%, followed by the genotype (H10,H11) at 25% for both them , and the lowest was the genotype (H5) at 12.5% The human samples registered 100% for (H15) , the sheep registered 50 % for H5, H10.While cattle samples registered 33.3 % for H10 and 66.6 for H11. Isolation H15 is the essential in the infection to humans as a result of dogs were fed hydatid cysts of cattle origin, and there is no relationship between sheep and humans, while there is a relationship between sheep and cattle in the Haplotype (H10).

Among the medicinal plants used in the treatment of sickle cell disease in south-east of Côte d'Ivoire is Disthemonanthus benthamianus. This paper focuses on assessing its antioxidant properties and its antisickling activity. The test of inhibition of sodium metabisulfite-induced sickling of the erythrocytes was carried out based on this evaluation. The total phenolic compounds contents were 45 ± 0.64 and 39.84 ± 0.69 mg/g of dry weight for ethanolic extract and the decocted respectively. The DPPH reduction test showed that the decocted (9 μg/mL) had a lower IC50 than the ethanolic extract (16 μg/mL). There was no significant difference between the sickling inhibitory activities of the ethanolic extract (87.00%) and the decocted (81.66%). This study showed that both extracts had sickling inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Aim of the study is to evaluate anti-diabetic effect and liver enzymes activity of ethanol extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. Study design diabetes mellitus was induced in five groups of rats, one group was not treated while one group was treated orally with a standard drug (Metformin) and the other three groups were treated orally with P. santalinoides leaves extract at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of rats twice for 1 week respectively. One group was not induced and received distilled water and feed only. The anti-diabetic and liver enzymes activities were determined from blood glucose and plasma transaminases activities of the rats. Place and duration of study department of Biochemistry Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria, October, 2014. Methodology eighteen (18) wistar albino rats weighing between 60-100g (4-6 weeks old) were used for this work. The animals were randomly assigned into six (6) different groups of three (3) rats each. Group A (Healthy control (HC)) was neither induced with diabetes nor given any treatment throughout the experiment and served as positive control, Group B (Diabetic control (DC)) was induced with diabetes but not given any form of treatment throughout the experiment and served as negative control, Group C (DM + Metformin) was induced with diabetes and treated with a standard drug (Metformin) at a dose of 100mg/kg, Group D was induced with diabetes and further subdivided into D1, D2 and D3 corresponding to 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the P. santalinoides leaves extract. The treatment was done twice daily for seven days. The glucose and liver enzymes levels were determined using glucometeric and spectrophotometric methods respectively. Results the results revealed that there was significant reductions (P<0.05) in glucose level in rats treated with ethanol extract of P. santalinoides leaves compared to the diabetic control rats. There was no significant (P>0.05) reduction in Alkaline phosphatase and Aspartate aminotransaminase level between the controls and the treated groups. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in Alanine aminotransaminase level in rats treated with P. santalinoides leaves and standard drug. Conclusion the result showed that ethanol leaf extract of P. santalinoides has anti-diabetic effect and is relatively safe because it has the same effect with Metformin on liver enzymes. Hence, P. Santalinoides leaf consumption as vegetable should be encouraged for management of diabetes mellitus.

Peels of Punica granatum L. include wide variety of phytochemical compounds which might be responsible for promising antimicrobial activities. This study investigates the in vitro and i n vivo antimicrobial activity of punica peel hydroalcholic extract (PPE), powder and oxytetracyclin in Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). Fish were divided into five groups; G1 “negative control” was injected with 1 ml of Trybtic soya broth (TSB). G2, G3, G4 and G5 were injected intraperitoneally (I/P) with 1 ml (1.5 × 108 CFU) A. hydrophila till appearance of clinical signs. After 4 days to the medicated diets were introduced. The results showed the highest inhibition zone obtained for PPE at 500 μg (9.1 mm). The haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesion decreased and completely disappeared in PPE supplemented group with no mortality through 14 days of treatment compared to positive control. G3"PPE supplemented diet” and G5 "oxytetracyclin supplemented diet" had significantly higher RBCs, Hb, serum lysozyme and phagocytic activity beside slightly histopathological alterations after period of treatment when compared with (G2). Therefore, we suggest that PPE supplemented diet following challenge with A. hydrophila restores the altered hematological parameters, and improve the immune system in C. gariepinus and can be nearly considered to be as equally potent as the oxytetracyclin antibiotic.

Berberis rigidifolia is a plant commonly known as espino, espuelo, espino de oro and tachuelo in Colombia. Berberis rigidifolia is known for various medicinal properties in traditional medicinal and use to cure a variety of diseases. The plant is reported to treat amebiasis, diarrhea, uterine bleeding, mouth irritations, sore throats, laxative, cutaneous leishmaniasis, malaria, pyorrhea, blood pressure, laxative and external ulcers. The medicinal properties of this plant represent it as a valuable source of medicinal compounds. This work is collective information concerning the taxonomy, ecology, geographical distribution, altitude distribution, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicity of the Berberis rigidifolia.

A new lignan (T4) and three known lignans (T1, T2, and T3) were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots of Phryma leptostachya using bioassay-guided method, and their structures were identified as phrymarolin I (T1), II (T2), haedoxan A (T3), and methyl 4-((6a-acetoxy-4-(6-methoxybenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4–c]furan-1-yl)oxy)-1-hydroxy-2,2-dimethoxy-5-oxocyclopent-3-ene-1-carboxylate (T4) byNMR and ESI-MS spectral data. Bioassay results revealed that haedoxan A exhibited remarkably high insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata with a stomach toxicity LC50 value of 17.06 mg/L and a topical toxicity LC50 value of 1123.14 mg/L at 24 h, respectively. Phrymarolin I and compound T4 also showed some stomach toxicity against M. separata with KD50 values of 3450.21 mg/L at 4 h and 2807.10 mg/L at 8 h, respectively. In addition, phrymarolin I and haedoxan A exhibited some stomach toxicity against Plutella xylostella with an LC50 value of 1432.05 and 857.28...