Merit system

This paper presents detailed methods for constructing a flexible philosophical–analytical model through which to apply the analytic principles of CDA for the interpretation of metaphors across policy texts. Drawing on a theoretical framing from Foucault and the augmentation of Nietzsche’s views on valuation, we sketch a framework for examining ways in which evaluative semantic categories can be linked to sociological theories in order to bring out their relevance for the purpose of critical discourse analysis. This multi-level research framework draws upon a relationship between language analysis, the philosophical study of valuation, and political economy as a composite formulation of values through which neo-liberalism is discursively entwined and progressed through a system of principles of e/valuation.

Organization, employee performance lies in the human factor (the members or employees) who carry out activities to achieve the goals of the organization itself. Employee performance is a picture of the employees who reflect the expertise, skills and abilities in addition to the employee, employee performance also reflects the willingness to work with passion. Theoretical framework is built by connecting the independent variable (X) development of a career with the dependent variable (Y) databases must address satisfying employees, the relationship between variables is described in the context of career development model of Edwin B.Flipo while the performance of employees described by Simamora, based on the theoretical framework, the operational independent variable (X) is a career development consists of six dimensions, namely: (1) the pattern and sequence of career development, (2) coordination of career development, (3) timeliness, (4) participation in career development, (5) means and infrastructure in career development, (6) the benefits of career development, employee performance while the dependent variable consists of four dimensions, namely: (1) creativity, (2) the ability of analysis and choose an alternative, (3) learning process, (4) problem solving. This study aims to determine the implementation of career development in improving the performance of employees in the District of North Bogor. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method, which is a problem-solving procedure is investigated by using a state file subject or the object of research is happening right now based on factors that viewed the field as it should or used to describe a fact or a specific population in a systematic character, actual and fast and using the formula Weight Mean Score (WMS). Employee population is the object of observation as much as 42 people, and to determine the sample size formula used Yamane, limiting the number of samples to 31 people. Conclusions obtained from this calculation results show that the function of Career Development in Improving Performance in the District of North Bogor good interpretive criteria, even so the interview stated that there are deficiencies to be corrected.

This paper examines the way the metaphor of diversity provides a moral basis for inequality in Singapore’s meritocratic education system. Based upon a collection of policy texts from 2002 to 2012, our analysis illustrates that the metaphor of diversity in policy texts provides ways for systemic discrimination within the education system and that this inequality is given legitimacy as necessary through various moral discourses. The paper employs a critical discourse analysis that draws upon the relationship between language analysis, the philosophical study of valuation, and political economy as a composite formulation of values to highlight the ways in which an argument for inequality permeates policy from within a frame of meritocracy, and to analyse how changes associated with new modes of value determination serve to legitimize inequality.

1. The article questions and challenges the official meritocratic principle of ‘equal opportunities’ (Wong, 2000) in Singapore's education system. Drawing on Foucault's and Nietzsche's philosophical perspectives, there is an explicit illustration through an in-depth analysis of how inequality is inbuilt in policy report/speech.

2. Discourse builds in/tangible structures in society and greatly determines the possibilities of the now. As such, I am also arguing that it would be more difficult to 'help' any 'community' if the structural discrimination which has been deeply embedded, is not made explicit through national policies, and by this I mean an explicit illustration through an in-depth policy analysis of how inequality is inbuilt in Singapore's education policies. It may be through this that discriminatory structures could be substantially challenged.

An initial analysis of the original 1979 policy on primary school streaming which I conducted illustrates how dichotomous (arbitrary) categorization of pupils, i.e. 'slow' and 'fast' learners legitimates and sustains increasing institutional/structural access (over the years terms like 'talents' have been employed in policy discourse), of who gets privileged knowledge access. Through this, I also ask then to what ends do forms of 'categorization' or conventional designation entail? By this, given that categorization legitimizes structural access, my question is, what is 'Malay/Muslim community' and how is this categorization necessary?

3. Even though the analysis in the article was based on Singapore's education system, it provides possible ways of understanding how inequality is continuously being inbuilt through policies on the basis of the ideology that economic growth is the (only) way forward. A way to critique this ideology is to expose its underlying assumptions. I believe the findings have much resonance with the widening inequality across many developed nations, as Singapore's policies have parallels with that of the U.K., U.S., and international organizations such as the World Bank.

4. Economically considered, the transliteration of meritocratic discourse into the metaphor of diversity pinpoints how the appeal of development for all necessarily also demands the advance of inequity for the sake of the whole, i.e. advancing the 'growth with inequity' principle.

5. The analysis highlights that value judgments are continually at work in the policy discourse and that despite the strong discourse of meritocracy that the Singapore education system promotes, it is argued that it is in the interests of the Singapore people that 'talents' should get privileged access to knowledge as it is through this that more 'opportunities' for the rest of the population are created. The findings demonstrate that although the underlying assumptions of this 'logic' that has been constructed in policies are unsubstantiated, the logic is continuously legitimated through forms of e/valuations.



This article has been featured in websites such as: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150428105815.htm
http://www.eurasiareview.com/28042015-what-is-value-of-inequality-within-singapores-education-system/

The introduction to this special issue traces class at the interface between migration policy and migrant strategies. Scholarship on the politics of migration and citizenship has thus far largely neglected class. In contrast, we contend that discourses on migration, integration and citizenship are inevitably classed. Assessed through seemingly heterogeneous criteria of "merit" and "performance", class serves as an analytical connector between economic and identity rationales which intersect in all migration policies, including those regulating family and humanitarian admission. Class-selective policy frames can function as constraints maintaining some aspiring migrants into immobility or channeling different groups of migrants into separate and unequal incorporation routes. Yet, policy frames can also serve as resources to strategize with as migrants navigate and perform gendered and classed expectations embedded into receiving-country migration regimes. We conclude that connecting policy with migrant strategies is key to reintroducing class without naturalizing classed strategies of mobility.

Special issue on Migration & Social class with Jennifer Elrick, Elke Winter, Eleonore Kofman, Paola Bonizzoni, Conny Roggeband, Marleen van der Haar, Sebastian Prothmann, Maria Villares-Varela and Marieke Slootman.

ÖZET Kökeni itibariyle " liyakat " kelimesi Türkçeye, Arapça " layık " kelimesinden gelmiştir. Sözlüklerde liyakatin karşılığı olarak ehliyet, kifayet gibi mânâlar verilmektedir. Esas itibariyle bir işe alımda liyakat ise bir görev veya işin, o işi hak edene, ehline verilmesini ifade etmektedir. Batıdaki liyakat kavramının karşılığı ise, özellikle Amerika'daki yağma sistemine tepki olarak ortaya çıkmış, " merit " kavramı ve meritokrasi sistemi ile kendine yer bulmaktadır. Kamusal alanda devletin vatandaşları ile direk muhatap olmasını sağlayan kılcal damarları, özellikle vatandaşla direk temasa geçen memurlardır. Bunların dışında siyasi otoritenin kararlarının uygulanabilirliği, yapılmak istenenlerin teknik boyutuyla imkân dahilinde olup olmadığının değerlendirilmesi gibi asıl yapılmak istenenlerin denetlenmesi için, tabiri caizse, işin mutfağında olanlar ise Türkiye'de kariyer meslek olarak adlandırılan meslek gruplarıdır. Demokrasinin varlığını tahsis ettiği siyasi otoriteler değişse dahi, devlette işleyişin sistemli ve temel bir politikaya dayanarak devamlılığını sağlayan söz konusu meslek gruplarıdır. Dolayısıyla bu meslek gruplarının siyasi, karizmatik ve popülarite gibi toplumsal olgulara haiz olmalarından ziyade, gerçek anlamda yapmakla yükümlü oldukları işlerde ne derecede ehil oldukları esas sorun alanını teşkil etmektedir. Basit bir misalle belirtilecek olursa, devlet eliyle çok yüksek nitelikli bir cihazın yapılması gerekliliği doğduğunda, siyasi otoritenin kararlılığı, verilecek talimatın muhatabının yetkinliğini geçemez. Aynı şekilde toplumda kavramsal çerçevesi oluşturulması gereken bir mefhumun kitlelere açıklanması için siyasi otoritenin söylemleri; gerek akademik, gerek mevzuat bağlamında yine muhataplarının yetkinliğiyle başarıya ulaşabilecektir. Değişken siyasi otoritelerin, insan odaklı olmasından mütevellit geçiciliği, kamu sektöründe teknik ve kavramsal çerçeve bütünlüğünü oluşturacak organizasyondan daha mühim değildir. Devlet, doğru ve yetkin işleyen bir işgücüne ve mekanizmaya sahip olmalıdır. Bu fonksiyonların yerine getirilmesi yükü ise siyasetçilerin yanında kamudaki kariyer mesleklere sahip olanların sorumluluğundadır. Bu çalışmada söz konusu seçkin kariyer mesleklere ulaşırken adayların hangi aşamalardan geçtikleri ve söz konusu mesleğe ait unvanı alıncaya dek gerçek anlamda bir liyakate, ehliyete sahip olup olmadıkları, yeterli bir ehliyete haiz olmadıkları ön kabulünde nitel araştırma yöntemlerinin içerik ve betimsel analiz yöntemlerinin birlikte kullanılmasıyla incelenecektir. Bu noktada mesleklere girişte mevzuat verileri (mevcut işe giriş yöntemleri) ve halihazırda o meslekte bulunanlar ile yapılan görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler kullanılacaktır. Bunun için kamu sektöründeki seçkin kariyer meslek grupları evreninden genel devlet işleyişinde kilit noktalarda bulunduğu öngörülen 5 adet meslek ve o mesleğe giriş süreçleri incelenmiştir. Bunlar, toplumda aydın kişi vasfa sahip olmada ilk aşamayı teşkil eden üniversitede araştırma görevliliği, Maliye Bakanlığı'nda devletin vergi gelirlerini tahsiste ve denetlemedeki rolü itibariyle vergi müfettişliği, vatandaşların çalışma haklarını tesis bakımından emek arz ve talebinin buluşturulması görevi açısından iş müfettişliği, yargı kanadında devletin adaleti tesisi adına idari hukukta idari yargı hakimliği, özellikle Türkiye gibi ülkelerde usulsüz işlemlerin yoğunlukta olduğu bir alan olarak görülmesi bakımından gümrük ve ticaret müfettişliği mesleğidir. Çalışmanın son kısmında, Türk kamu sektöründe kariyer mesleklere girişlerin karşılaştırılması yapılarak, mevcut sorunlara, liyakat açmazı meselesine ve çözüm önerilerine yer verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: liyakat, merit, meritokrasi, kamuda liyakat, kariyer meslek, liyakat açmazı 1 Bu çalışma 4-6 Eylül 2018 tarihinde Roma Sapienza Üniversitesi ev sahipliğinde düzenlenen 6. Uluslararası Multidisipliner Avrasya Kongresinde sunulan bildirinin genişletilmiş halidir.