Modelo Heurístico

Una cartografía del terreno del "saber" y del "discurso" con acotaciones de elementos heterogéneos que transversalmente cruzan campos y fuerzas diversas, cambiantes y dispersas en múltiples discursos, que configuramos en Cajas de Herramientas de lógica estratégica donde se va a desarollar la "batalla" desde la preproducción hasta la postproducción del trabajo de investigación, con el establecimiento de conexiones posibles entre términos dispares y que siguen dispares, para al menos dos cosas. Por una parte, utilizar, dejar a un lado o servirnos en los estudios de las organizaciones y la administración; por la otra, para la creación del saber político, administrativo, gerencial y estudios de las organizaciones como condición plural y básica del mundo académico que aportamos a la formación de investigadores(as), políticos como gerentes y de las necesarias instituciones estatales, públicas y privadas latinoamericanas.

For the Natural Hazards assessment it is recommended to use a probabilistic approach, but most of the time this involves a long record of quality data. This way, there are some frameworks for multi-risks analysis in order to integrate properly the risks on multi-hazards spaces; for example, the Bayesian logic tree. However, that condition is rarely occurs in less developed countries, where the historical record is short and instrumental data is scarce. Therefore, we have developed a heuristic approach that allows us to combine individual qualitative assessments to multi-hazards spaces in order to guide the land by using the planning and local risk reduction strategy. The Costa Rican law is demanding the local governments to use the Environment Fragility Index (IFA by its acronym in English) however; its method has misconceptions and algorithm errors, the resulting in an inappropriate assessment on multi-hazards spaces. For this reason, we present a framework analysis multi-hazard, which include the spatial interactions from the individual hazards that are presents in the same space, considering possible interactions between hazards that spatially match using an interactions matrix and the relative frequency of the events. In addition, this model can be tuned up in order to apply it in other countries. In order to apply this model, we chose the Poás Township, Costa Rica, where there are volcanic hazards (tephra fallout, acid rain, lahars, etc) hydrological hazards (fast floods, landslide) and seismic hazard. The result of the model in Poas lets us to identify the distribution of the hazard, in general terms; the north part is the most hazardous, the center is moderate and the south part is the least hazardous

Las sociedades actuales se caracterizan por un elevado tráfico vehicular, dando
origen a congestionamientos que causan su lento avance o la detención de estos.
Los problemas de tráfico de autos pueden ser ocasionados cuando mucha gente
quiere llegar al mismo lugar al mismo tiempo, suscitando una alta densidad de
autos en las horas pico. Aunado a lo anterior, se puede presentar limitaciones en
los carriles de circulación que no permiten un flujo adecuado de los autos. El
modo particular de conducir podría también influir en este tipo de
congestionamientos. En forma sarcástica, los investigadores del fenómeno
coinciden en decir: hay demasiada gente y muy pocas carreteras. El objetivo
principal de la presente tesis es presentar un modelo de tráfico para analizar
diferentes condiciones de circulación a través de la simulación digital. La
formulación del modelo considera restricciones, para acotarlo, en los siguientes
parámetros: tipificación del flujo de tráfico, velocidad, condiciones deseables de
tráfico, homogeneidad en autos y calles. Además, hay dos objetivos secundarios
dentro de la tesis. El primero es, la presentación de un método nuevo para el
desarrollo de modelos, que en especial se adapta a los modelos de tráfico. El
segundo, es usar la simulación del modelo para lograr una sincronización de
semáforos que permitan la mejora del flujo vehicular. El modelo es validado con
parámetros asociados a calles de la ciudad de Puebla. A través de las simulaciones
se probaron diferentes estrategias que permiten determinar una adecuada
sincronización de semáforos para mejorar el flujo vehicular.

Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación en la cual se analizaron los elementos semióticos, contextuales y coyunturales que intervienen en la generación de atajos heurísticos para la persuasión en las estrategias de marketing político.

The single most important statement that can be made with regard to the logical status of human and physical geographical reasoning is that it belongs to the class of non-monotonic reasoning. In other words,  geographical reasoning is defeasible (i.e. earlier drawn conclusions can be defeated by the addition of new facts, some of which are generated by the very application of our ideas outside academe) and non-demonstrative (i.e. our beliefs about reality cannot be demonstrated once and for ever; we must do with building provisional arguments based on the current weight of the evidence, which itself changes with the times). Indeed, unlike mathematics, which is a closed world of formalisms that relies heavily on deduction, demonstration, and proof, geography studies and attempts to improve the real, messy world out there. Because that wild, unruly world is always in a process of becoming, the conclusions drawn yesterday may have to be abandoned today, and so on, without end in sight. The core virtue of geographical reasoning is not certainty, but adaptability. As the world changes, so do geography’s entertained beliefs about how to improve it. The point we are trying to make is that an alternative window into the nature of geographical reasoning, besides the one provided by the discipline’s key concepts, offers an opening toward the more subtle problematic of the mechanisms by which the updating of geographical beliefs operate.

The recent proximity between social psychology and cognitive psychology has
spawned new environments of interests. The research in decision-making
under influence has broadened the territory under a relatively new label: the
probabilistic revolution. Furthermore, the theoretical developments in the theory
of social representations over the last decades have spawned new directions
and inspirations from the field. There is a scarcity of studies that apply both
concepts of meaning-making from social representations theory and
approaches from cognitive psychology’s availability heuristics and decision-
making. The principal objective of this study was to examine the mechanisms of
critical thinking and its application in contextual political settings. Through a
historical overview inspired by Critical Psychology and the theories above, an
approach to how meaning-making can be understood is developed. The role of
psychology in today’s scientific environment is considered alongside other
epistemological and theoretical approaches to dismantle the effects and
circumstances of meaning-making and critical thinking. With the help of
theoretical content analysis, two kinds of media are analyzed with an aspiration
to heighten the theoretical discussion of how the objective of the study can
legitimate further examination of critical thinking and meaning-making in a
sociopolitical context. The analysis revealed that discourse analysis and media
analysis could complement the theory of social representations and cognitive
psychology in unveiling the role of language and the use of common sense.
Furthermore, it is suggested that a new kind of media is arising from TV and
that the power of influence of social media is higher than anticipated. In a future
study, applying the current theories combined with discourse analysis, media
analysis, and Rational Choice Theory could prove fruitful. Overall, the
importance of culture is not to be neglected and should play a pivotal role in
studies of meaning-making and critical thinking.

A compreensão do comércio eletrônico e como a usabilidade se estrutura dentro dele é primordial para entender a vida e consumo na Web. No e-commerce, o consumidor não tem contato com o produto em si, somente com as informações providas pela loja virtual, portanto a analise de tais lojas fornece um panorama de como estas se colocam perante o mercado e o cliente. O presente estudo utiliza a avaliação heurística e de benchmarking das livrarias virtuais Amazon.com.br e Livraria Cultura, através de questionário Heurístico adaptado ao e-commerce. Pode- se constatar que ambas as marcas, dentro de suas especificidades, observam os preceitos de usabilidade.
Palavras-chave: 1 Usabilidade. 2 e-commerce 3 Heurística. 4 Benchmarking.

Human computer interaction (HCI) is concerned with the practice of usability, which is a measure that evaluates the simplicity of using a system, software, or interface design for performing particular tasks. Evaluation is a process by which designers gather information about a systems usability to improve its user interfaces features. This research presents a study of a usability evaluation of EduGate, an online academic portal of King Saud University. In this research the heuristic evaluation method was chosen to evaluate the usability of the EduGate. Our results show that, the EduGate suffers from certain usability problem and some recommendations were proposed to enhance the usability of the EduGate. A questionnaire was then used to collect the feedback of real users (i.e. students) on the value of these recommendations. The participants supported 80% of the proposed recommendations to improve the usability of the EduGate.

En el presente trabajo se plantea una metodología de planeación de trayectorias para manipuladores seriales antropomórficos de seis grados de libertad y muñeca esférica enfocada en la minimización del consumo eléctrico y maximización de la manipulabilidad. Para lograr tal fin se expone un algoritmo de optimización el cual tiene como base el Algoritmo Heurístico de Kalman (AHK), cuya finalidad es encontrar la trayectoria óptima según la función multi-objetivo propuesta dentro de un espacio esférico simplificado propuesto. El algoritmo de optimización se evalúa mediante el análisis del comportamiento de dos trayectorias en el manipulador PUMA 560, simuladas en un programa desarrollado en la aplicación de Visual Basic perteneciente al software Autodesk Inventor.

En el área de la computación y las matemáticas, uno de los problemas abiertos vigentes es encontrar algoritmos eficientes y eficaces para resolver problemas teóricos del tipo NP; como son el problema de Bin Packing, el del Agente viajero y el de la Mochila, entre otros. Este tipo de problemas son considerados de alta complejidad computacional ya que a la fecha no se conocen algoritmos que los puedan resolver en un tiempo polinomial.

En particular, el Bin Packing Problem (BPP) es un problema NP-duro (es decir, NP y NP-hard) de optimización combinatoria en el cual, dado un conjunto de objetos de tamaño variable, se busca acomodarlos dentro de contenedores de tamaño fijo, buscando optimizar el número de contenedores a utilizar, es decir, usando el menor número de contendores para colocar el mayor número de objetos posible.

Para este problema existen diversas variantes tales como el bin packing unidimensional (1D-BPP), de 2 dimensiones (2D-BPP) o de 3 dimensiones (3D-BPP); en dichas variantes solo cambia el número de dimensiones tanto de los objetos como de los contenedores; no obstante, el presente trabajo se limita a estudiar el problema de bin packing de una dimensión uno.

Visto el nivel de importancia de este tipo de problemas, en particular del BPP, en el presente documento se estudia el modelo del Binpacking problem de una dimensión de manera que éste se implementa en Visual Studio y se resuelve con Cplex para 100 Instancias, además que se trabajan dos heurísticas (FF y FFD) y con ellas se resuelven las mismas Instancias y se comparan resultados.

Neste momento de convergência tecnológica, onde os dispositivos móveis tem adquirido significativo espaço no cotidiano social, os Ambientes Virtuais de Ensino e Aprendizagem tem apresentado soluções significativas para os atuais enfrentamentos do país na esfera edu ca cional . Ne s te âmbi to eme rge uma preocupação com a qualidade interativa das interfaces destes sistemas que se apropriam cada vez mais de dispositivos com telas pequenas e características móveis. No que tange ao processo de avaliação de interfaces, a avaliação heurística se caracteriza como um modelo corrente entre designers, diante de sua facilidade e agilidade de aplicação, e baixo investimento em estrutura e pessoal. No entanto, é aconselhável que este tipo de instrumento seja construído considerando os aspectos específicos de cada projeto e, portanto, este artigo tem o objetivo de investigar os conceitos, as teorias e as práticas que devem ser levados em conta no momento de se desenvolver heurísticas exclusivas para avaliação das interfaces de Ambientes Virtuais de Ensino e Aprendizagem destinadas ao uso em dispositivos móveis. Por conseguinte, o presente estudo explora o universo que compreende a Interação Humano-Computador, a interface interativa, a usabilidade e a análise desta sob a ótica pedagógi ca , o s di spo si tivo s móvei s e a ergonomia, para propor reflexões pertinentes capazes de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de heurísticas orientadas a interfaces dessa ordem.

This article presents the results of the evaluation study of the Augmented Representation of Cultural Objects (ARCO) system which provides software and interface tools to museum curators for the development of virtual museum exhibitions for the World Wide Web or for information kiosks. The aim of the current research is to investigate how a virtual museum system is coping with the demands of museum curators, to examine the needs of virtual museum visitors, and to provide a set of criteria and guidelines for defining effective evaluation of such systems. Evaluation methods such as heuristic evaluation and walkthroughs were employed in the study in order to assess various components and interfaces of the system.

This paper deals with the flexible job shop scheduling problem with the preventive maintenance constraints where the objectives are to minimize the overall completion time (makespan), the total workload of machines and the workload of the most loaded machine. A fast heuristic algorithm based on a constructive procedure is developed to solve the problem in very short time. The algorithm is tested on the benchmark instances from the literature in order to evaluate its performance. Computational results show that, the proposed heuristic method is computationally efficient and promising for practical problems.

This paper highlights two of the ways in which an abundance of frequent and high-quality information can nonetheless lead an economic agent to failure. I begin with the problem of frequent information, continue with the problem of abundant high-quality information, and end with a general reflection about the lesson these two problems may offer for economic geographical scholarship.

This article presents the results of the evaluation study of the Augmented Representation of Cultural Objects (ARCO) system which provides software and interface tools to museum curators for the development of virtual museum exhibitions for the World Wide Web or for information kiosks. The aim of the current research is to investigate how a virtual museum system is coping with the demands of museum curators, to examine the needs of virtual museum visitors, and to provide a set of criteria and guidelines for defining effective evaluation of such systems. Evaluation methods such as heuristic evaluation and walkthroughs were employed in the study in order to assess various components and interfaces of the system.

En esta sesión (de una versión) del curso optativo de Lógica inductiva examinamos los prospectos del bayesianismo para responder al problema de Hume vis-à-vis algunos resultados empíricos que sugieren que las reconstrucciones bayesianas ofrecen descripciones erróneas del razonamiento humano (en especial, debido a los sesgos cognitivos).

Heuristic evaluation stands out among the usability evaluation methods regarding its benefits related to time and costs. Nevertheless, generic heuristic sets require improvements when it comes to specific interfaces as seen on m-learning applications that have acquired considerable evidence within the current technologic context. Regarding the lack of studies aimed at interfaces of this sort, the authors propose, through a systematic methodology, the comparative study between a heuristic set specific to the assessment on e-learning interfaces and other, on mobile. The identified usability problems were matched with the aspects of coverage, distribution, redundancy, context and severity, in a way that it was possible to understand the efficiency of each set in covering m-learning issues. Among the findings, e-learning’s heuristic set could detect a larger number of usability problems not found by mobile’s.

La presente comunicación defiende la tesis de la convergencia entre epistemología y el programa de Inteligencia Artificial (IA). A esto se le denomina el giro ingenieril de la epistemología y hace parte de la tendencia a la naturalización del estudio del conocimiento y del proceso de conocer. Para ello el autor despliega la exposición en tres etapas. Primero aborda la lucha entre el enfoque lógico y el enfoque psicologista. En segunda instancia traza una mirada histórica a la epistemología e introduce el concepto de “exosomatización del conocer”. Y en tercer término aborda el giro ingenieril propiamente dicho.  Finalmente se plantea una conclusión abierta, valga la paradoja, en términos de interrogantes sobre el futuro de la ciencia, sosteniendo que ésta hoy apenas se encuentra en una etapa infantil, en una transición equivalente a la que vivió la manufactura durante la revolución industrial.

The following study compares the performance of different heuristic methods to solve the problem of optimal location of transformers in power distribution networks.
The work aims to find or techniques which have the best performance for the problem at hand. In principle the solution of the problem of location of transformers is analyzed as turn restrictions of the problem themselves. Then, the optimization algorithms covered in the course are compared to later verify the performance of each of these.

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a aplicação de uma avaliação formativa em um modelo funcional de luminária LED, centrado nos conceitos do Design Centrado no Usuário (DCU) de acordo com Maguire (2001). O processo de avaliação foi aplicado no Laboratório de Ergonomia e Usabilidade da UFPR (LabErg) e foi dividido em 3 fases: a primeira fase consiste em uma avaliação com 5 especialistas referente ao modelo; avaliando as heurísticas e os critérios ergonômicos infringidos. Na segunda fase aplica-se o focus group com 12 usuários de baixa renda, dividido em dois grupos. Um piloto com 4 usuários (feminino) e um grupo final com 8 usuários (masculino). Esta fase tem como objetivo avaliar a percepção de uso da luminária perante as experiências dos usuários no ambiente. A terceira e última fase está relacionada à avaliação de iluminância no ambiente de simulação (sala de estar). A análise do procedimento permitiu identificar e descrever as caraterísticas negativas e positivas da avaliação do modelo com os usuários em relação aos aspectos ergonômicos e de usabilidade, bem como recomendações para qualificar o produto em desenvolvimento. As informações obtidas com o estudo apontam duas dificuldades principais no processo: a primeira delas consiste na dificuldade em realizar pesquisa com o público de escolaridade baixa; a segunda refere-se à escolha da técnica para avaliação de um produto, com ênfase no usuário, no qual é necessário um arranjo de métodos que possibilitem uma avalição mais próxima do contexto real devido ao uso do modelo funcional.

Luminária LED, modelo funcional, avaliação, usabilidade.

Abstract: The present work aims at the application of a formative evaluation in a functional model of LED luminaire, centered on the concepts of User-Centered Design (DCU) according to Maguire (2001). The evaluation process was applied in the Laboratory of Ergonomics and Usability from UFPR (LabErg) and was divided in 3 phases: the first phase consists of an evaluation with 5 experts referring to the model; evaluating the heuristics and ergonomic criteria infringed. In the second phase the focus group is applied with 12 low-income users, divided into two groups. A pilot with 4 users (female) and a final group with 8 users (male). This phase aims to evaluate the perception of the use of the luminaire before the experiences of users in the environment.

En un ambiente altamente competitivo, el problema de corte de guillotina bidimensional es un elemento clave en la reducción de costos. Este problema tiene una amplia gama de aplicaciones en industrias cuyos procesos de corte de materiales se realizan con máquinas que sólo permiten cortes de un extremo a otro. En este trabajo se presenta un algoritmo de dos etapas usando metaheurísticas para acomodar en una sola placa de ancho conocido y longitud infinita, un conjunto de ítems rectangulares fuertemente heterogéneos que pueden ser rotados 90°. El objetivo es minimizar la longitud requerida de la placa procurando la acumulación del desperdicio. En la primera etapa se aplica un algoritmo de búsqueda tabú para determinar el orden en que se acomodan los ítems. En la segunda, se busca determinar el mejor acomodo de los ítems en la placa mediante un algoritmo de recocido simulado. Se experimenta con un conjunto de instancias conocidas. Los resultados muestran que la rotación de piezas favorece la obtención de soluciones que igualan al menos las reportadas previamente en la literatura y que la concentración de los desperdicios incrementa su posibilidad de reutilización.

Heuristic evaluation stands out among the usability evaluation methods regarding its benefits related to time and costs. Nevertheless, generic heuristic sets require improvements when it comes to specific interfaces as seen on m-learning applications that have acquired considerable evidence within the current technologic context. Regarding the lack of studies aimed at interfaces of this sort, the authors propose, through a systematic methodology, the comparative study between a heuristic set specific to the assessment on e-learning interfaces and other, on mobile. The identified usability problems were matched with the aspects of coverage, distribution, redundancy, context and severity, in a way that it was possible to understand the efficiency of each set in covering m-learning issues. Among the findings, e-learning’s heuristic set could detect a larger number of usability problems not found by mobile’s.

En el presente trabajo se plantea una metodología de planeación de trayectorias para manipuladores seriales antropomórficos de seis grados de libertad y muñeca esférica enfocada en la minimización del consumo eléctrico y maximización de la manipulabilidad. Para lograr tal fin se expone un algoritmo de optimización el cual tiene como base el Algoritmo Heurístico de Kalman (AHK), cuya finalidad es encontrar la trayectoria óptima según la función multi-objetivo propuesta dentro de un espacio esférico simplificado propuesto. El algoritmo de optimización se evalúa mediante el análisis del comportamiento de dos trayectorias en el manipulador PUMA 560, simuladas en un programa desarrollado en la aplicación de Visual Basic perteneciente al software Autodesk Inventor.