Older Adults and Technology

Japan is a super-aging society, one marked by a steadily silvering population and shrinking birthrates. Social effects range from a decline in intergenerational homes to new tensions between the generations as elders delay retirement or return to work. Towards improving relations between the generations, two versions of an inclusive, intergenerational game employing "shared action," or time-movement synchrony, were developed: a finger-based version inspired by medical exercise technology from gerontology and a smart shoe-based version as a familiar form factor. A series of three exploratory studies were conducted with young Japanese adults and elders. Findings suggest that the foot version was most suitable overall and reveal initial, complex effects of age and gender on empathy measures that can inform affective computing initiatives within and beyond the cultural milieu of modern Japan.

In the society of ours, is it true really that computers and information technology have contributed immensely to the way we learn? After observing and reading various educational paraphernalia and scanning the environment research has shown that the educational systems have greatly been impacted by computers and information technology. With the growth of technology, the ways we learn have been improved tremendously. Innovative technologies have contributed to the innovation of learning in the education arena and outside.

s from the 13th Annual American Telehealth Association Meeting on April 7, 2008 in Seattle, WA. Retrieved from http://media.americantelemed.org/conf/2008/presentations.htm. Brookes, L. (2005). SPAN-CHF II: Specialised Primary and Networked Care in Heart Failure II. In A. Weintruab, C. Kimmelstiel, D. Levine, & e. al, A multicenter randomised controlled comparison of telephonic disease management vsautomated home monitoring in patients recently hospitalised with heart failure: SPAN-CHF II trial. Boca Raton, Florida: Program and abstracts from the 9th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Heart Failure Society of America. Callahan, C. e. (2005). Treatment of depression improved physical performance in older adults. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 53, 367-73. Cardinaux, F. B. (2011). Video Based Technology for Ambient Assisted Living: A review of the literature. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, 3(3), 253-269. Chan, M., Esteve, D., Escriba, C., & Campo, E. (200...

Older adults around the world experience physical, psychological, social and economic issues that hinder their learning processes, performance in simple daily activities and other factors that facilitate a healthy lifestyle. Human factors associated with ageing such as poor motor skills, weakening of hearing/eyesight, slower reflexes, low stamina and deteriorating attention span/memory obstruct them from using digital tools like younger adults. Although the degree of impact may differ from person to person, these factors could be considered a gradual and dynamic process. In today’s age, it is crucial to be aware of one’s surroundings, to be updated with the latest news, to be improving one’s knowledge and to remain socially connected.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic made us realize that access to a steady internet is a necessity and not a luxury. In recent years, several communities have observed that older adults find using the internet and technologies challenging. In 2019, statistics by Pew Research Center presented that only 53% of people aged above 65+ years owned smartphones. The objective of this project is to promote digital literacy and to empower and build confidence among older adults. This research will provide insights and factual data and introduce strategies to improve human-centred design services specific to the older population intended to help them in the process of embracing modern technology. Surveying the current research on the issues regarding the challenges older adult’s face while using technology, the research outcome involves an accessible online publication specifically tailored for the target user demographic, to teach them how to use technology.

Background: Trust plays an important role in a medical encounter. Arguably, older patients being more vulnerable would need higher levels of trust. Research has indicated that trust is influenced by age; but, sparse research focus is available in older adult context. Objective: It was intended to understand the status of extant research, and identify future research directions on the issue. Method: Articles published in the last decade was curated from Scopus database and a structured literature review identified appropriate constructs and their linkages. Secondly, a group discussion was conducted among older adults and doctors. Results: The review identified 6 broad factors (prior trust, clinical setting, outcome, enablersbarriers, moderators, and information-knowledge). A broad recursive model of trust interaction was proposed include community trust, transfer of trust, trust in transaction, and outcome. Doctor's behavior, cost incurred, and outcome were primary enablers of trust. Patients desire to express and time constraints are barriers to the trust. Blind or excessive trust in physicians can be costly and an inability to evaluate information objectively. The use of technology and the ability of patients to understand its implication are a significant bottleneck in older adult context. Trust being implicit and information dependent, has to be signaled in the process. Conclusion: Age influences trust factors. Physical frailty, susceptibility, knowledge and information gap among elder patients affect trust in physicians. However, how these generic factors are moderated by age requires nuanced investigation. Theoretical advances can also explain how trust is to be communicated, understood, and reciprocated in medical encounters, or in services settings in general.

La adquisición de una lengua extranjera en adultos mayores: una intervención áulica 1 AUTOR: Lic. Esp. María Fabiana Picasso INSTITUCIÓN: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Resumen La lengua extranjera inglés se ha enseñado a estudiantes de la tercera edad usando material de enseñanza, que no es adecuado para sus requisitos y expectativas. Durante los procesos de adquisición del idioma, pueden experimentar algunas dificultades que pueden superarse fácilmente haciendo los ajustes correctos en los métodos y materiales de enseñanza, así como en el entorno de aprendizaje. El contexto de esta intervención áulica fueron los cursos para estudiantes de la Tercera Edad que se dictan desde el año 2008 en la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN), de la Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM). El objetivo principal fue el de analizar el proceso de adquisición de lengua extranjera inglés, con el fin de implementar las modificaciones necesarias. Palabras claves: enseñanza-intervención áulica-adultos mayores.

Background: Exergames (exercise and gaming) or virtual exercises have been reported to improve balance and functional mobility in older adults. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of virtual reality exercise, on the static balance, postural stability, and functional mobility among older women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental pilot study, 15 older women aged 65 years old and above were divided into control and experimental groups. Our participants were recruited from Gorgan Neighborhood House in Tehran-Iran in June and July 2020. Following the pre-test, the experimental group completed three weeks of virtual training three times per week via Xbox Kinect Software, and the effects were measured after three weeks. The Biodex Balance System was employed to measure the fall risk index and postural stability index. Moreover, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test were used for functional mobility. Results: One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference in post-test between the groups concerning fall risk index in open eye conditions, (P<0.001), fall risk index in close eye conditions (P<0.001), overall stability index (P<0.001), and TUG (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that virtual reality exercise could improve the fall risk index and functional mobility of healthy older women. Consequently, these types of exercise could be recommended as practical exercises for elderlies to be done at home or health care institutions.

Background: The Internet has become one of the most common informative media for health-related issues. Regarding older people, more research is needed to collect indepth data on the Internet use for health information. The present study aimed to provide an overview on health-related Internet use by seniors in Germany.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical qualitative study was conducted on 10 German seniors aged 65-83 years. In order to obtain the required information, in-depth semistructured interviews were carried out between March-June 2017. The subjects were selected by snowball sampling technique. The transcribed interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis.
Results: The findings of the study revealed that seniors' activity on the Internet includes a variety of medical interests. Most of the interviewees access specific medical websites directly, without using search engines. Although about half of the respondents seemed overloaded with the amount of online health information, most of them claimed to be able to evaluate its reliability.
Conclusion: For most of the interviewees the health-related information on the Internet provides a basis of knowledge. However, despite the fact that the seniors consider online information useful, most of them prefer to consult at least one doctor when it comes to make health-related decisions, still adhering to the physician-centred care model.

In the practice of medical communication, the paternalistic model of patient-provider information has been challenged in the last years by a model implying an embeddedness of the medical and human values in the medical interaction and in the decision-taking process of the informed patient. Also, patients have increasingly begun to adopt a participative role in healthcare, by actively seeking information and rationale for the decisions they make about their health. However, when it comes to searching for medical information on the internet, people are frequently overloaded with the sheer amount of information available online. Moreover, elderly adults respond differently to online communication than younger ones. In this context, seniors face new challenges relating to medical communication, and health-related information and decisions. This paper addresses the health-related internet use by seniors in Germany, through a qualitative methodology, which involved ten in-depth semi-structured interviews with persons aged 65 years or more who use the internet including for health-related search. The findings of the study are discussed in detail in the paper, following the answers to the research questions pursued, referring to the types of health-related information searched, such as general or specific, as for example regarding some medical conditions, if and which advices, recommendations, information about illnesses, treatments, physicians and clinics have been sought, where the searches took place, on what types of websites, such as general, specialized, scientific, etc., the extent to which the interviewees show confidence in the reliability of the internet information and advices, if they are overloaded with the quantity of online health- related information, and so on. Besides, a point of research interest was to find out to what extent the online communication and gaining information related to health from the internet influences the real, face to face communication between the elder patients and their physicians. Starting from these topics and the results of the research, the conclusions of the paper outline how the German seniors use the internet for health-related information and decisions.

This paper presents an exploratory qualitative analysis on health-related internet use by older adults aged over 65 years, a case study consisting of ten in-depth interviews of seniors in Germany. The research focuses on the influence of using the internet for health-related information on the communication between seniors and doctors and on the physician-patient relationship. According to the findings of the research, while in the quantity of communication between older persons and the doctors no significant influence could be assessed, in the quality and the content of the face-to-face/ real communication some changes, as consequences of online informing, could be delimited. Mostly these changes are determined by the fact that seniors are pre-informed before medical visits and thus have additional topics to discuss with doctors. Moreover, the pattern of the physician-patient relationship is affected by the internet consumption. In a medical system, as the German one is, in which the model of the relationship between doctors and patients is predominantly informative and deliberative, and not paternalistic, patients have now, additionally, with the development and use of the internet, the opportunity to search for information and opinions not only medical, scientific, but also about doctors and clinics, as well as the possibility to provide feedback and ratings. These facts place patients now in a position of power in relation to doctors, given that the online ratings, scores and reviews can influence the subsequent inflow of patients of a physician, medical office or clinic.

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre o estigma e apresentar uma proposta metodológica atualizada em Design que permita uma análise múltipla da experiência do sénior (UX) em relação ao equipamento de auxílio. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática (RBS) sobre aspectos metodológicos, foram analisadas 682 investigações nas bases eletrônicas. Através de cinco critérios de exclusão foram identificados 11 projetos com equipamentos de auxílio os quais foram agrupados em 12 abordagens metodológicas. O contributo dessa investigação foi mapear os principais estudos sobre o tema e, com isso, apresentar um método com cinco fases em relação ao desenvolvimento de produtos menos estigmatizantes para o cidadão sénior. pALAVRAS-CHAVE Experiência do utilizador; sénior; equipamentos de auxílio; estigma; método em design.

ABSTRACT: This article aims to reflect upon stigma and present a methodological proposal updated in Design that allows a multiple analysis of the senior's experience (Ux) in relation to walking aids. Starting from a Systematic Bibliographic Review (SBR) about the aspects methodological, 682 researches were analyzed on electronic databases. Through six exclusion criteria, it was identified 11 projects that includes walking aid which was grouped in 12 methodological approaches. The contribution of this research was to map the main studies about the theme. Moreover, to present a method with five phases in relation to the development of less stigmatizers products for the senior citizen.

The past decade has seen the emergence of well-being/quality of life as a strand of inquiry in human factors research that has expanded the field's reach to matters beyond fit, functionality and usability. This effort has been spearheaded by "hedonomics," a human factors conceptualization of well-being that reflects the philosophical notion of hedonia, traditionally defined as pleasure. However, recent work in the psychology of well-being has shown that hedonia constitutes only one facet of well-being. In light of this, the concept of "eudaimonics" as a complement to hedonomics is introduced. First, these concepts are positioned relative to their counterparts in philosophy: where hedonomics is characterized by pleasure and avoidance of pain (hedonia), eudaimonics is characterized by flourishing and personal excellence (eudaimonia). Following this, a working conceptual framework for eudaimonics that is informed by the psychological literature, particularly the concepts of psychological well-being (PWB) and subjective well-being (SWB), is presented. An expansion of the hedonomics model of design priority hierarchy is offered. Applications to the domains of ageing well and technologies for older populations are proposed. Directions for future work, including the adoption and modification of psychology instruments for human factors research, is discussed.

In Ontario, over 1,800 seniors have died of COVID-19. What is not being documented is how social isolation and loneliness are plaguing seniors living in long-term care (LTC). Social isolation and loneliness lead to anxiety, stress, melancholy, and suicide when unmanaged. Due to social distancing measures residents have become prisoners in LTC homes. They are left unattended for unknown periods of time, as caregivers are stretched thin and focused on preventing the spread of COVID-19. Person-centred support services are not built into the current Ontario LTC system. Current policies and practice overlook the need for social interactions and community engagement.  Concerns related to social isolation and loneliness increase for two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (2S-LGBTQ+) seniors who rely on smaller support networks and informal kinship ties. 2S-LGBTQ+ seniors may conceal their gender or sexual identities to administrators and staff because of fears of discrimination and harassment. As a result, their needs are unmet and their concerns are unheard because their voices are silenced within LTC homes. This paper explores how social distancing measures impact senior’s experiences with social isolation and loneliness while living in LTC with a nuanced overview of its effects on 2S-LGBTQ+ seniors.

A good deal of research uses the sociology of domination to study inequalities in digital technology usage as these often stem from deep-cut social divides. Bourdieu’s theory of domination has been widely employed to demonstrate that the social world is stratified according to a principle of legitimacy: the social hierarchy holds good because those who are dominated do not challenge this order. Yet, in the digital era – which is a destabilising factor for traditional hierarchies – this type of theory comes up against certain limits due to its static premises. For this reason, our study adopted an intersectional approach, as this is more able to take into account the power relations between individuals and, more specifically, the forms of resistance that drive individuals. A field study conducted with French people over the age of 60 served as the basis for this theoretical analysis. The study shows that the seniors’ differentiated relationships with ICTs correlate strongly with their age group, gender and class. When these analytical categories are combined, patterns emerge – patterns that are not only specific but which also reflect a process of negotiation with the dominant norms.

Older powered chair users’ perceptions on and attitudes towards mixed reality and modern facilitating technologies, such as tablets and smartphones, was explored to inform the design of mixed reality games that involve power mobility. Eleven older powered chair users (aged 55 and over) were interviewed in focus groups about their knowledge of, adoption of, experiences with, attitudes about, preferences for, and interest in these topics. Questionnaire and interview data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings suggest that community-dwelling older powered chair users are a technologically forward group that use or are interested in trying new technologies and interaction paradigms, with key barriers being identity mismatch, affordability, and social acceptability. Although they did not see their use of powered chairs, new technologies, and digital entertainment as an integrated system, participants were receptive to the idea of synchronizing assistive and non-assistive technologies for the purpose of social entertainment, advanced training, and/or promoting understanding and empathy in others. In particular, the concept of a game-based mixed reality platform designed around performance mastery for older powered chair users and empathy training for able-bodied friends and family members was well-received. Initial resistance due to identity mismatch or lack of knowledge was mitigated through explanation and examples.

Many older adults living with heart failure struggle to follow recommended self-management routines. To help older adults with heart failure more effectively and efficiently self-manage their disease, we developed Engage, a mobile health application promoting the performance, logging, and sharing of routine self-management behaviors. This paper reports on the usability evaluation of the Engage system with 15 older adults with heart failure and informal caregivers. In two phases, participants used Engage during a task-based usability test (n=5) and a scenario-based usability test (n=10). Usability and performance data were assessed through video-recorded observation and the administration of the system usability scale (SUS) and NASA Task Load Index (TLX). We found that task-based testing was useful in quickly identifying problems within our application, but scenario-based testing elicited more valuable feedback from older adults. A comparison of the different evaluation methods used and the discussion of the challenges encountered provide multiple implications for the practice of usability testing of mobile health products with older adults.

Women and gender issues are rarely present in older adult education programmes and adult educators should bear in mind that by means of education they are supposed to empower women psychologically, economically, politically. Women  learn who they are and who they could become overcoming  the oppositional approach to their  gender.

Introduction. In Uruguay, the Ibirapitá Plan provides a tablet for every low-income retired woman. That motivated the research of old women’s information behaviour related to access and use of inclusive information for overcoming their disinformation. This work has the following purposes: (i) contributing to research focused on knowing and interpreting the role of social mediators and old women in the processes of access, search and appropriation of information using the Plan’s tablets; (ii) investigating users' needs of local information; and,
(iii) offering such information in a participatory design of a digital solution for tablets by an interdisciplinary team.
Methods. A mix of methods was applied using a questionnaire and mainly qualitative methods: in-depth interviews with qualified informants and trainers, observation of tabletdistribution workshops, focus groups and validation workshops of the digital solution
designed for tablets applied in two capital cities and two small towns with the collaboration of community organisations.
Analysis of the results.The analysis of the results is presented according to five dimensions of analysis and the questions that the research seeks to respond to.
Discussion and conclusion. The affirmations and experiences raised regarding the technological device open a wide range of challenges to overcome and learning opportunities both for tablet users and for the production, content management and future designs of search
interfaces.

By 2020, every UK household has the option to have a Smart Energy Monitor (SEM) installed, displaying electricity consumption monetarily. The success of the £11 billion scheme in enabling people to reduce energy consumption is questioned amongst researchers and relatively little is known about older adults' (60+ years) responses to SEMs. This paper explores older adult responses to SEM feedback and compares them to those of younger-middle aged adults (25-59 years). A qualitative, interpretative methodology was used with participants from 20 households recording their SEM experiences during one month through a diary, and post-study semi-structured interview allowing methodological triangulation. Data analysis indicated that older adults were generally more aware of their energy use pre-SEM and practiced energy saving behaviours learnt from upbringing. This appeared to result in negligible positive benefits and low engagement with the device. Other limiting factors included lack of technical skills and confidence, and the risk of losing the comfort and convenience of using electrical appliances. The device also triggered negative emotions and depression amongst some older adults surrounding electricity usage, potentially leading to dangerously cold homes. Consequently, the scheme's appropriateness is questioned, especially for older adults, and improvements are suggested for SEMs and the scheme.

Technologies can support the wellbeing of people living with dementia in residential care by fostering meaningful interactions through multimodal and playful features. This article presents the evaluation of A Better Visit, an app that aims to engage residents and visitors in shared activities. We define engagement in terms of dyadic interactions with the interface of the device, and interactions within the social context of the care home. We generated two Motivational Models that describe different perspectives of how people engaged with the system: the first was built with the design team, and the second was built using the first Motivational Model as sensitising concept for the analysis of data from four care homes that used the app for periods of three months. Our findings show that the facilitation of activities plays a relevant role for engaging in social interaction. We discuss how technologies can contribute to engaging people living with dementia in social interaction: firs...

For older adults, adopting a powered mobility aid signals a life transition that affects several well-being factors: their self-image, motivation, and self-perception of ability, but also how other people - friends, family, coworkers, strangers - relate to and perceive these individuals. We present initial findings from a user study in which we (a) recorded a baseline of well-being using established psychological instruments, and (b) evaluated a web-based prototype of a cooperative mixed reality game for improving the well-being of older powered chair users and their friends and family. Our results show that most participants considered themselves to be happy and were driven by hedonic and eudaimonic motives during gameplay, but were mixed with respect to their attitudes towards disability.

This paper presents an exploratory qualitative analysis on health-related internet use by older adults aged over 65 years, a case study consisting of ten in-depth interviews of seniors in Germany. The research focuses on the influence of using the internet for health-related information on the communication between seniors and doctors and on the physician-patient relationship. According to the findings of the research, while in the quantity of communication between older persons and the doctors no significant influence could be assessed, in the quality and the content of the face-to-face/ real communication some changes, as consequences of online informing, could be delimited. Mostly these changes are determined by the fact that seniors are pre-informed before medical visits and thus have additional topics to discuss with doctors. Moreover, the pattern of the physician-patient relationship is affected by the internet consumption. In a medical system, as the German one is, in which t...

El rol femenino en la vejez se caracteriza por realizar actividades del hogar y del cuidado de miembros de la familia, fuera del campo laboral. Se realizó un análisis fenomenológico de las vivencias del rol femenino en dos adultas mayores de distinto estrato social, a partir de datos sociodemográficos, se usó como software principal el ATLAS.ti 8. Se encontraron similitudes con relación al rol de madre y cuidadora, y diferencias por cuestión del estrato social. Llegando a concluir que el estrato social es factor importante en las oportunidades a lo largo de la vida y repercute en la vejez, aunque hay similitudes en ambos casos.

Although research has demonstrated a ‘grey divide’ where older adults in comparison to younger adults are less involved and skilled with digital media, it has overlooked differences in older adults’ digital skills and media use by treating them as a homogenous group. Based on 41 in-depth interviews with older adults (65+) in East York, Toronto, we develop a typology that moves beyond seeing older adults as Non-Users to include Reluctants, Apprehensives, Basic Users, Go-Getters, and Savvy Users. We find a non-linear association between older adults’ skill levels and online engagement, as many East York older adults are not letting their skill levels dictate their online involvement. They engage in a wide range of online activities despite having limited skills, and some are eager to learn as they go. Older adults often compared their digital media use to their peers and to more tech-adept younger generations and these comparisons influenced their attitudes toward digital media. Their narratives of mastery included both a positive sense that they can stay connected and learn new skills and a negative sense that digital media might overwhelm them or waste their time. We draw conclusions for public policy based on our findings on how digital media intersect with the lives of East York older adults.

Older adults, people with chronic conditions, the disabled, and people with mobility impairments suffer from movement difficulties and have the risk of falling. Mobility aids alleviate the impact of mobility limitations or improve independence and reduce the burden of care and help people with mobility problems to move around enjoy greater freedom and independence. These assistive devices are essential to facilitate more movement independence and reduce pain and boost self-confidence and happiness in the regular life of the elderly. In this review paper, we have addressed the context and need for mobility aids. The main objective of the research was to explore different options of mobility assistive devices and compare their advantages and drawbacks. The study found standard cane as the most popular assistive device of all due to its user convenience. This study can help to find out the limitations of different mobility aids and help to improve features to increase user convenience.

Background: Falling among old individuals has provoked ceaseless discussion among gerontologists and physical therapists and it is still one of the greatest issues among this population. Loss of the balance and functional mobility is the main reason of falling. There have been numerous studies conducting the effect of the conventional balance exercise and exergame independently on balance and functional mobility of elderly. Previous studies lacked dealing with the effect of combined exergame and conventional exercise on the balance and functional mobility. Combined exercises are enjoyable and may have more effective to improve balance and performance to reduce risk of fall among elderly people. This package would be preferable for older people. Objective: We hypothesize that while conventional balance exercise and exergame improve balance and functional mobility, combined both types of exercise would superior improvements in elderly performance. Conclusion: Ultimately we expect that...

Today's focus on a youth-oriented consumer culture also weighs heavily in the current dance world and for some who are approaching forty years of age; retirement is perceived as the legitimate choice. Should this still be the case? Since attending the Elixir Festival at Sadler's Wells Theatre in London 2014 the research indicates there is a renewed interest within the dance world of the value and visibility of the mature dancer, recognising their lived body experience, performativity and inclusion in western dance culture. There has long been prejudice towards the mature dancer but a new shift acknowledging the lifetime of embodied dance experience is slowly being highlighted. Which is the preferred body to perform, the youthful or the mature, or is it inappropriate behaviour of the latter? By investigating through film and photography, from the personal perspective as a mature dancer, I aim to focus on the mature mover and conserve their visibility in the current dance world.

Presented elaboration consists of four thematic sections: (1) participation in social life those over 50 years of age, (2) the needs and expectations of Poznań residents over 50 year of life in health, (3) the needs and expectations of the inhabitants of Poznan over 50 year of life in the area of culture and art, and (4) needs and expectations of the inhabitants of Poznan over 50 years of age in the field of education. The report outlined a detailed analysis of each of these issues. The study has also been an attempt to create a typology of participation those over 50 year of life in the wider social and cultural life of Poznan.
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Prezentowane opracowanie składa się z czterech bloków tematycznych: (1) uczestnictwo w życiu społecznym osób powyżej 50. roku życia, (2) potrzeby i oczekiwania mieszkańców Poznania powyżej 50. roku życia w obszarze zdrowia, (3) potrzeby i oczekiwania mieszkańców Poznania powyżej 50. roku życia w obszarze kultury i sztuki oraz (4) potrzeby i oczekiwania mieszkańców Poznania powyżej 50. roku życia w obszarze edukacji. W raporcie przedstawiona została szczegółowa analiza każdego z wyżej wymienionych zagadnień. W ramach badania podjęto także próbę stworzenia typologii uczestnictwa osób powyżej 50. roku życia w szeroko rozumianym życiu społecznym oraz kulturalnym Poznania.