Roman Milestones

The ancient site of Tios (modern Filyos) lies at the mouth of the river Billaios (Filyos Çayı), towards the western end of the southern Black Sea coast, in Zonguldak province. In ancient sources the city is spelt in various ways, including Tios, Tieion, Teion and Tion. In the second half of the seventh century BC the city was founded as a Milesian colony by the priest named Tios.

It was dependent to various kingdoms throughout the Hellenistic period and the city fell under Roman control in AD 70. In the Roman Imperial period, it is understood from inscriptions and coins that Roman emperors and proconsuls encouraged the development of the city. In the Byzantine period the city was a bishopric and we find the names of bishops of Tios on lead seals.

This contribution offers a new reading of the ancient landscape of the periphery of Lepcis Magna thanks mainly to the data from the survey campaigns carried out by the Archaeological Mission of Roma Tre University (2007– 13) together with new archival research and GIS analysis. The new data are related to the road network of the Lepcitanian territory and its inner suburban areas. They include both the already known routes (essentially the coastal via publica and the via in mediterraneum) and new roads here presented merging the new information with the already published archaeological evidence. Beside the road network, a new topographic reading of the southeast suburb shows also traces of an ancient land partition based on Roman measurements. This latter discovery would represent, up to now, the first evidence of a cadastrian land partition in Tripolitania.

Re-examination of known Roman roads and milestones, and of new evidence for both in North-east Jordan, has considerably improved on a survey of the same area published in 1982. The present study brings together published accounts from the intervening years, presents new data from fieldwork and air photographic analysis, and offers some suggestions for future investigations and academic priorities in this region.

This article presents the main archaeological and epigraphical data for reconstructing the roman roads network in Moesia Inferior. Information based predominantly on the inscriptions allow us to outline the chronology
of the construction and use of the road network in Lower Moesia. The article is published in: L. Vagalinski, N. Sharankov (eds.) Limes XXII. Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies Ruse, Bulgaria, September 2012 (= Bulletin of the National Archaeological Institute XLII, 2015), Sofia, 2015.

The article is focused on the 2nd to 4th century milestones recorded
by archaeological excavations at Capidava and within a range not exceeding 15 miles, as the crow flies. Our inquiry pinpointed several finds from Dorobanțu, Seimenii Mari, Capidava and the nearby Topalu (10 pillars), set up on the occasion of the road construction works under emperors Hadrian (?), Antoninus Pius and Septimius Severus, Aurelian, by the Tetrachs and, finally, during Constantine.

One should highlight the find cluster of Aurelian’s milliaria in the area Topalu – Capidava (3 out of 10 referred supra, comparable in Moesia Inferior only to the situation from around Sexaginta Prista). Considering that unusual clustering, as well as all archaeological pieces of evidence we have for now on the begining of the general reconstruction of the castellum at Capidava under Aurelian and Probus, at the end of the bellum Scythicum, one might rightly infer a local major event.

To such an interpretation, a well-known building inscription (Bauinschrift, CIL III 12456 = ISM IV 88) from Durostorum honored Aurelian for bringing the city back to its former splendour (in pristinam splendorem restituta). The inscription was equally and prominently set into one wall to the memory of the war against the Carpi, somewhere inter Carsium et Sucidavam. But what if Capidava and the area around it had actually to do with those fierce battles?

Différentes missions d’inspection menées entre 2009 et 2013 dans le nord ouest de la Tunisie ont donné lieu à la découverte de nouvelles bornes milliaires et à la redécouverte de bornes milliaires anciennes signalées entre la fin du XIXème et le début du XXème siècle. Si l’étude des nouveaux documents a permis d’enrichir le déjà important corpus de l’épigraphie routière d’Afrique proconsulaire, les réexamens des anciens documents ont permis, quant à eux, de présenter des descriptions paléographiques, de livrer des connaissances nouvelles quant au support et au champ épigraphique, de constituer un fond photographique et de donner parfois certaines modifications ou compléments à certaines des lectures proposées par les premiers explorateurs. L’ensemble de ces bornes a permis aussi de s’arrêter sur leur très mauvais état de conservation.

Zusammenfassung: Der Fall des Marcus Dunius Paternus, eines Angehörigen der städtischen Elite in der römischen Kolonie Aventicum (Provinz Germania superior), beleuchtet exemplarisch Quellen und Forschungsstand zum römischen Straßenbau im etablierten Imperium Romanum der Kaiserzeit. Der vermögende Unternehmer bekleidete das lokale Oberamt in der nach römischem Recht verfassten Stadt und scheint nicht zuletzt aufgrund seiner eigenen ökonomischen Interessen mit privaten Mitteln den Ausbau einer via publica finanziert zu haben. Der Nutzen von Straßen auch für die Wirtschaft des Imperium Romanum wird einmal mehr demonstriert. Die Bedeutung des römischen Straßennetzes als Grundlage, Instrument und Symbol der römischen Herrschaft ist durch die Jahrhunderte der staatlichen Entwick-lung zu verfolgen. Ein Überblick über die Quellenlage und den Stand der Forschung, insbesondere zu den heute bekannten über 8000 römischen Meilensteinen, ergän-zen das Bild. Abstract: The case of Marcus Dunius Paternus, a member of the urban elite in the Ro-man colony of Aventicum (in the province of Germania superior), serves to exemplify the sources and state of research on Roman road construction in the High Roman Empire. The wealthy entrepreneur held the highest local magistracies available in his city, and seems to have used his private means to finance the construction of a via publica, not least due to his own economic interests. The beneficial effects roads had upon the Roman Empire and its economy are thus demonstrated once again. The importance of the Roman road network as a foundation, instrument and symbol of Roman rule can be traced through the centuries of the state's development. An overview of the sources and the state of research, especially on the more than 8,000 Ro-man milestones known today, complete the picture.

This article republishes a fragmentary milestone dedicated to Constantine I and his sons discovered by chance in 1964 in the locality "Kaldarmata" situated ca. 4 km south of the village of Vinogradets, Pazardzhik district. It also attempts to place it within its micro-regional context, as part of the larger network of Roman settlements serving the interregional traffic along the 'Via Diagonalis' in the Western Upper Thrace valley. For road stations operated not in isolation, but as a constituent part of larger organisms utilizing a wide range of resources on a micro-regional level. A new look at the milestone's findspot, date, historical context and relation to other milestones found in the region is necessary because its place of discovery puts the actual route of the 'Via Diagonalis' in close proximity to the fortified settlement at Gradishteto near Asardere, situated ca. 2 km west of "Kaldarmata" and ca. 5 km east of the town of Vetren, commonly identified with Bona Mansio, which was the last road station in the territory of Philippopolis during Late Antiquity. The diachronic analysis of other milestones found in the region allows us to capture the milestone's evolving function as a medium of communication between the imperial administration and its subjects within the 3 rd and the 4 th centuries AD; from a road accessory providing practical information to travellers into an administrative tool displaying imperial propaganda. Evidently, all the examples discussed in this article illustrate the existence of a milestone cluster associated with mansio Lissae/Bona Mansio, thereby showcasing the significance of the Western Upper Thrace Valley as an important hub along the 'Via Diagonalis'.

A través de una serie de testimonios epigráficos procedentes de la antigua provincia Lusitania, trataremos de ofrecer una visión general de la presencia que Hadriano (117-138) en la epigrafía de esta provincia, presentándola en comparación con la presencia epigráfica de este emperador procedente de las otras dos provincias hispanas. Finalmente, haremos mención a un epígrafe tradicionalmente interpretado como un testimonio de Hadriano en nuestra provincia, si bien veremos que dicha interpretación presenta numerosos problemas de lectura e interpretación.

The milestone CIL XVII/1, 93 dated in the age of Claudio that comes from the archaeological site of Cerro Maquiz (Mengíbar, Jaén), is considered to belong to the province of Baetica and the road via Augusta. Putting this milestone in context with the road policy, this is a very interesting proof in order to rethink the provincial boundary of this province with Hispania Citerior. It can be considered as a Citerior milestone that belonged to the road Castulo-Acci and it allows me to redraw the line between both provinces.

Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Doğu Bithynia’daki Tios Kentine Ait İki Yeni Miltaşı

Doğu Bithynia ile Batı Paphlagonia coğrafi bölgelerinin arasındaki geçiş güzergâhının kıyı kentlerinden olan Tios antik kenti, bugün Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki Zonguldak İli’ne bağlı Çaycuma İlçesi’nin sınırlarındaki Filyos Beldesi’nde konumlanır. Kent, Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ndeki Pontus et Bithynia Eyaleti’nin yol ağı üzerindedir. Kuzeydoğuda Amastris’e, iç bölgede ise güneyde Krateia-Flaviopolis ve güneybatıda Klaudiopolis kentlerine uzanan Roma yollarının kalıntıları bugün bazı noktalarda kısmen görülebilmektedir. Kente ait olup bu yol güzergâhlarının belli noktalarına yerleştirilmiş Roma miltaşlarından bazıları ise günümüze kadar ulaşmayı başarmış ve kayda geçmiştir. Makalede 2009–2010 yıllarında Tios kent merkezinin güneyindeki, Gökçebey İlçesi’nin, Bakacakkadı ve Üçburgu mevkilerinde, Filyos Nehri’nin kıyısında bulunmuş ve Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’ne taşınmış ve Tios kentinin güneyine uzanan yola ait olan iki yeni miltaşı tanıtılmaktadır. Miltaşlarından ilki Septimius Severus (Caracalla ve Geta) Dönemi’nde eyalet valiliği yapan Quintus Tineius Sacerdos tarafından diktirilmiştir ve Latince-Hellence olmak üzere çiftdillidir. Miltaşı ve yazıtı kepçe darbelerinden kısmen zarar görmüştür ve şu anda üç büyük ve birkaç küçük parçaya dağılmış halde Müze deposunda korunmaktadır. Latince yazılmış ikinci miltaşı ise Caracalla Dönemi’ne aittir. Krateia-Flaviopolis veya Klaudiopolis’e uzanan yola ait olan her iki miltaşının yazıtlarının çevirileri sırasıyla şöyledir:
1. «Arap Fatihi, Adiabene Fatihi, Büyük Parth Fatihi, en yüce rahip, altıncı kez tribunus yetkisine haiz, onbirinci kez imparator, ikinci kez consul, vatanın babası, proconsul olan İmparator Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus; ikinci kez tribunus yetkisine haiz İmparator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus ve Publius Septimius Geta Caesar, Augustus’ların eyaletteki praetor mertebesinde temsilcisi Quintus Tineius Sacerdos aracılığıyla (yolu) onarttılar. (22. ? Mil).»
2. «İmparator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, dindar, Augustus, Büyük Parth Fatihi, Büyük Britannia Fatihi, Büyük Germania Fatihi. Tios’tan (kent) sınırlarına doğru 22. mil.»

Özet
Bithynia Bölgesi, arkeolojik ve epigrafik zenginliğiyle 19. yy’ın sonlarından itibaren 21. yy’ın başlarına kadar, E. Kalinka, G. Mendel, L. Robert, F. K. Dörner, D. French, S. Şahin ve Ch. Marek gibi, çok sayıda arkeolog epigraf ve eskiçağ tarihçisi tarafından ziyaret edilmiş, bu bilim insanları bölgede epigrafik tarihî-coğrafî nitelikte araştırmalar yapmışlar ve bu araştırmalarının sonuçlarını gerek makale gerekse kitap olarak yayımlamışlardır. Son dönemlerde (2007-2014) ise Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı’nın izniyle, Bithynia’nın bazı bölgelerinde yeni epigrafik tarihî coğrafî yüzey ve müze araştırmaları yapılmasına başlanmış olup burada da esas olarak bu çalışmalar tanıtılmaktadır. Dr. H. S. Öztürk başkanlığında bir ekip tarafından Sakarya’nın Geyve, Taraklı, Pamukova (Sakarya province) ile Bilecik’in Gölpazarı ve Osmaneli ilçelerini kapsayan epigrafik yüzey araştırmaları 2011 yılından beri düzenli bir şekilde devam etmekte olup; Bolu’nun Mudurnu ve Göynük ilçelerinde 2012 ve 2013 senelerinde Dr. Filiz Dönmez-Öztürk başkanlığında bir ekip tarafından epigrafik yüzey araştırmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmaların yanı sıra Bithynia kapsamında bulunan Amasra, Bilecik, Bolu, Bursa, İznik, Karadeniz Ereğli, Kocaeli, Konuralp ve Söğüt arkeoloji müzelerinde de epigrafik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Tios/Tieion (Zonguldak Filyos) antik kenti arkeolojik kazılarında 2007’den itibaren elde edilen yazıtlar bir corpus altında toplanmıştır. Yapılan tüm bu çalışmaların sonucunda büyük çoğunluğu Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne tarihlenen onurlandırma kararnameleri, miltaşları, adaklar, ağırlıklar ve mezar taşları gibi farklı türlerden yeni yazıtlar ile niteliği anlaşılamayan fragman yazıtlar tespit edilmiş ve ayrıca daha önce yayımlanmış yazıtlar da tekrar değerlendirilmeye alınmıştır.

Abstract
The territory of Bithynia has long attracted the attention of travelling antiquarians due to its rich archaeological and epigraphical potential. Archaeologists and epigraphers such as E. Kalinka, G. Mendel, L. Robert, F. K. Dörner, D. French, S. Şahin and Ch. Marek conducted epigraphic and historical geographical research here between the mid-19th and early 21st century and published the results of their researches in the context of their boks or articles. Many Greek and Latin inscriptions of Bithynia were presented in these Works in this way. In recent years, with the permission of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkish Republic, new epigraphical field surveys have started within the Roman Bithynia (Nikaia, Claudiopolis, Modrene, Prusias ad Hypium, Tios/Tieion, Amastris), including in the districts of Geyve, Taraklı and Pamukova (Sakarya province) and Gölpazarı and Osmaneli (Bilecik province) by a team headed by Dr. H. S. Öztürk; and since 2012 in Göynük and Mudurnu (Bolu province) by a team headed by Dr. Filiz Dönmez-Öztürk. Concurrently, new epigraphical research has been conducted in Amasra, Bilecik, Bolu, Bursa, İznik, Karadeniz Ereğli, Kocaeli, Konuralp and Söğüt Archaeological Museums. The excavations at Tieion/Tios (Zonguldak-Filyos province) on the southern Black Sea coast have also presented new inscriptions that have been compiled into a corpus. Consisting of honorary decrees, milestones, dedications to gods and goddesses, weights and gravestones, these inscriptions add new information to the history of Roman Bithynia.

Kapak Yazısı
Eskiçağ Bilimleri dünyamızın parlak bir yıldızı olan Filiz Dönmez Öztürk’ün aramızdan zamansız ve erken ayrılışı üzerine, O’nun anısını ebedi kılmak ve ismini ölümsüzleştirmek amacıyla, 14 yıl boyunca hizmet ettiği Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü himayesinde hazırlanan bu kitapta; başta kendi bölüm hocaları ve arkadaşları olmak üzere, onu tanıyan, seven, dostluğunu paylaşan, onunla ortak bilimsel paydalarda buluşan, aynı proje ve araştırmalarda yer alan, Türkiye’nin ve Almanya’nın çeşitli üniversite, enstitü ve kurumlarından, her biri kendi alanında uzman akademisyen ve araştırmacı bir araya gelerek, Neolitik Dönem’den Bizans Dönemi sonuna kadar çok geniş bir dönemi; arkeoloji, mimari, epigrafi, numismatik, klasik filoloji ve eskiçağ tarihi gibi farklı disiplinleri kapsayan, birbirinden değerli makalelerini kaleme almışlardır.
Filiz’in 41. yaşında, 41 biliminsanının katkısıyla sunulan bu çalışma ile Filiz’in “anısının ebedi kalması” ümidimizle:
μνήμης χάριν ❦ mnemes kharin

This paper presents a milestone (no. 1) found in Doğandere Village which lies between Nallıhan and Mudurnu (ancient Modrene) and several recently discovered Roman and Byzantine inscriptions (No. 2-11) from Çayırhan (ancient Juliopolis), Ankara. The milestone dating to 285-286 is important for it stands on the northern route to Claudiopolis. It was erected by Tryfonianus, the governor of Pontus, whose name was attested for the first time in this inscription. The excavations in the Byzantine necropolis of Juliopolis revealed new inscriptions including three Roman grave stones used as building blocks at a later period. No. 2 is erected by a certain Antonius for his freedman Chariton. In no. 3 Apolaustos and Claudia built a tomb foe their parents. No. 4 is fragmentary inscription possibly erected for a man by his wife and son. Nos. 5-11 are Byzantine funerary inscriptions. No. 5 is a grave stone for coppersmith Platon, no. 6 for deaconess Athenoclia, no. 7 for a certain Masgaris, no. 8 for spouses Lykos and Photine, no. 9 for priest Eutychios. No. 10 is fragmentary inscription probably for presbyter Paulos. As the last inscription no. 11 is a painted one found in a tomb decorated with red and green paintings, reading a prayer for those who were buried there.

La natura dell'imperium di Augusto (27 a.C.–14 d.C.) e i modi della sua estensione sulle province governate da proconsoli indipendenti sono state oggetto di un profondo riesame negli ultimi trent'anni. Il volume riconsidera il problema in maniera globale e giunge a una nuova ricostruzione istituzionale e cronologica delle tappe che portarono il principe all'autorità suprema sulle province. Ampio spazio è dato allo studio dei precedenti repubblicani della compresenza di più generali in una stessa area d'azione. Seguono i capitoli dedicati ad Augusto e alle varie prerogative che gli permettevano di intervenire nelle province proconsolari anche senza una formale estensione del suo imperium. Questo, tranne che durante le missioni in Oriente e in Occidente tra 23 e 13 a.C., rimase sempre confinato alle province imperiali e fu definitivamente allargato alla totalità dell'impero e delle truppe solo durante la crisi militare del 6–8 d.C. Principale risultato di questo processo fu una più diretta interazione dell'imperatore con i provinciali e le legioni, mentre più simbolica fu la superiorità sui proconsoli, il cui ruolo politico e militare era stato neutralizzato da tempo con altri mezzi.

The newly discovered finds are of great value for the
study of Roman roads in the territory of Illyricum,
and especially its continental interior. These findings
also indicate a possible road connection across Mount
Zvijezda, and towards the east, Domavia and further
towards Pannonia. In addition, this finds are valuable because they were detected in an area from which
very few finds from the Roman period were previously known. All this indicates the need for new research.

Abstract The study of Roman paths has been always based on itinerary textual sources. The quotation of a route in this kind of sources, as well as the link of roads with milestones , have been considered as proof of its importance. Notwithstanding, the road that linked the cites of Astigi and Malaca has not been considered as a relevant route, due to its absence on itinerary sources. This study remarks its relevance as a provincial axis of communication. This is based on the Roman road policy, road inscriptions and its links with archaeological sites throughout its route. This paper can provide an interesting diachronic image of this axis, showing its peak in the 3 rd and 4 th centuries.

Sino all'apertura dell'autostrada Pozantı-Tarsos, le Pylai Kilikiai (Gülek Bog ̆azı) sono state uno dei punti più critici della viabilità della penisola anatolica. Sebbene es-so non fosse l'unico né tanto meno l'accesso più largo che collegava la Cilicia con la Cappadocia, il valico fu quello più noto e più frequentato in tutta l'antichità ed oltre 2. Il passo, inserito in un contesto geografico del tutto diverso da quello attuale, era non agevole e molto stretto 3 , ma costituiva il collegamento diretto per Tarsos; inoltre, essendo a poco più di mille metri sul livello del mare, aveva maggiori possibilità ri-spetto ad altri di non essere bloccato per lungo tempo dalle nevi invernali 4. È pertanto facilmente comprensibile la grande attenzione volta in età imperiale alla strada che conduceva a tale passo, denominata nei miliari come Via Tauri o Via Tauri montis e che è stata oggetto di un recente contributo che ha evidenziato le numerose testimonianze ad essa pertinenti nel periodo severiano nel versante cappadoce 5. Non si hanno indicazioni sicure sulla denominazione antica della via per il ver-sante cilicio, vale a dire per il tratto che correva dalle Pylai Kilikiai sino a Tarsos, ma sembra plausibile ritenere che anche questa parte avesse lo stesso nome 6. Le iscrizioni pertinenti a questo segmento furono viste ed edite da diversi studiosi a partire dalla metà dell'Ottocento, con riferimenti topografici non sempre puntuali, e ne sono state date letture molto differenti anche per difficoltà di varia natura. Per questi motivi i grandi corpora prima e singoli studiosi poi, in assenza di letture autop-tiche hanno in molti casi recepito interpretazioni differenti della stessa iscrizione, in-generando una certa confusione, con rimandi e citazioni a volte erronei. In questa occasione si propone innanzitutto il quadro epigrafico riveduto e cor-retto delle iscrizioni viarie per il tratto cilicio della Via Tauri. Le iscrizioni sono espo-ste in ordine geografico, partendo da Nord.

(POR) Apresenta-se uma base de marco miliário inédita, proveniente da aldeia de Gévora em Badajoz e depositada no Museu Arqueológico Provincial de Badajoz, que se deve incluir aos vários testemunhos já conhecidos sobre as diversas estradas romanas que comunicavam as antigas cidades de Olisipo (Lisboa) e Augusta Emerita (Mérida).

This paper deals with the issue of the articulation of roads and territory in Baetica through the analysis of epigraphic and archaeological evidence for the Imperial periods (1st to 4th centuries AD). It seeks to fulfil two main aims: Firstly, to carry out an exhaustive and critical review of the inscriptions catalogued as milestones that belonged to the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior Baetica in all its chronological range, given the inaccuracies (regarding chronology, typology, and geographical distributions) found in former, out-of-date corpora. Secondly, to perform a quantitative and territorial analysis of these reviewed evidence placed into its geographical context in order to explore the incidence of emperors in the road policy. Such a procedure will enable me to propose a general development of the management and development of roads in Baetica and to draw (much needed) comparisons

In this article a general overview of the road network connecting ancient Teos
(Sığacık/Seferhisar) with the neighbouring cities (Klazomenai and Lebedos) is given on the basis
of two milestones which were recently discovered in the vicinity of Teos and Lebedos; and
a catalogue of all the milestones published to date is given in an appendix. The first milestone
in the village of Turgut dates from the reign of Constantius I. and gives the same distance of 5
miles as another milestone which was found nearby at the beginning of the 20th century. The
other milestone from near Lebedos (Ürkmez) is noteworthy, as it was inscribed in at least three
different periods (i.e. during the reign of Constantinus I., Justinian, and under Valens and
Valentinianus). The position of the inscriptions on this stone indicates that it was used twice
during the reign of Constantinus I. (324–326 A.D. and 333–337 A.D.) and was later turned upside
down for reuse. The scratches or ambiguous letter traces, not least the mile distance, clearly
visible on the lower part of the stone, but unrelated to any inscription, indicates tha it was also
inscribed at some earlier date. The attempt is made in this article to establish the ancient
route leading from Teos to Klazomenai and to Lebedos on the basis of both the already published
and these two new milestones and from observations made, although it should be noted
that the traces of the ancient roads in this region are somewhat difficult to discover, due to
modern road construction and agricultural activity. The only visible trace of the Teos road today
is by the ancient quarry in Karagöl. It was unearthed beneath an orange garden by a local
constructing a house, and this solitary in situ trace of the Teos road is also briefly presented in
this article.