Socio-Economics

Dr Shahabuddin Mughal is presently working with Sindh Development Studies Centre, University of Sindh @ Jamshoro as Professor. Previously he has been working with Agricultural & Rural Development Research Centre (ARDRC), Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam as a Deputy Director for about five years (1995-2000). He possesses twenty six years' varied experience in research, teaching/training, administration, project / programme management, local economic development plans, local economic empowerment, community mobilization and development consultancy.

He has worked with several international development agencies in their projects including Statistical Data Collection of Coastal Belt of Sindh Province, Benefit Monitoring & Evaluation (BME) Study of Kotri Barrage Rehabilitation Project, BME study of Sindh Forestry Development Project, Govt. of Sindh. These studies were funded by Asian Development Bank. Socio-Economic Impact Evaluation Studies of SCARP North Rohri Pilot Project, and Left Bank (Indus River) Outfall Drain Project (LBOD) in Sindh Province of Pakistan, both studies were funded by World Bank.

Dr. Mughal specializes in local economic development plans, local economic empowerment, community mobilization, participatory communication development, project design, planning and implementation, managing agro-economic surveys, field data management and benefit monitoring and evaluation of development projects. His areas of expertise also include participatory development, socio-economics, institutional development, water resources management, disaster management & preparedness, agricultural economics, urban / rural development.

From the last thirty years, he has been associated as a development specialist with a number of national and international NGOs working in Pakistan such as Indus Consortium, LHDP, SPO, SAWFCO, Takhleeq Foundation, Save the Children UK, European Commission for Humanitarian Office (ECHO), CHIP Switzerland, World Vision, Oxfam UK. Dr. Mughal is well acquainted with the socio-economic issues and urban/rural institutions of Sindh.

Health can be accounted as a parameter for socioeconomic transformation of different segments of people. The effect works in a vicious cycle and transfers from one generation to another. Maternal and child health is a very important aspect if we talk about socioeconomic development of a particular community. Here we are examining different government policies which have been introduced for transforming the maternal and child health landscape in India through socioeconomic interventions. The factors such as education, family income, health-care access etc will be scrutinised to posit the importance of women empowerment at the forefront of making a difference to maternal and child health in India. The inequalities in health-care and nutritional access when it comes to antenatal care, reproductive care, sanitation facilities, diet pattern etc are being ameliorated by various government policies. The social intervention schemes those are at work

Chapter published in: Kapitalizm czy kapitalizmy? Anatomia i ewolucja formacji, red. J. Osiński, Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH, Warszawa 2012, s. 387–411.

W ostatnich latach rośnie zainteresowanie problematyką zróżnicowania gospodarki rynkowej w państwach, w których ona występuje. Kwestią sporną pozostaje określenie kryteriów podziału kapitalizmu na modele (typy), wskazanie liczby modeli (typów) wyróżnianych w oparciu o przyjęte kryterium lub kryteria oraz ewolucja i kierunki ich przyszłego rozwoju – konwergencja (zbieganie do jednego modelu), czy dywergencja (utrzymywanie się różnych modeli w poszczególnych państwach).
Począwszy od lat 90. XX w. powstało kilka interesujących monografii na temat zróżnicowania kapitalizmu. A. Wojtyna dokonał przeglądu alternatywnych modeli kapitalizmu proponowanych przez różnych badaczy. Dyskusja nad modelami dotyczy głównie państw wysoko rozwiniętych, co oznacza, że obszar badań jest węższy niż ma to miejsce w analizie porównawczej systemów gospodarczych. Modele kapitalizmu są konstruowane w oparciu o doświadczenia gospodarek wysoko rozwiniętych, wyznaczając pozostałym państwom wzorce rozwoju do naśladowania. Poglądy na temat zalet i wad modeli kapitalizmu podlegają szybkim zmianom. Michel Albert, Will Hutton, Lester Thurow i Paul Krugman odnosili się krytycznie wobec modelu, który w literaturze określa się mianem amerykańskiego lub anglosaskiego. Następnie został on oceniony wyżej niż nadreński i inne modele przypisywane Europie kontynentalnej. Jednak wydarzenia ostatnich lat pokazują, że kwestia dominacji modelu pozostaje otwarta. Nie można jednoznacznie wskazać, przy założeniu co najmniej dualistycznego podziału kapitalizmu, który z nich jest lepszy. Uniwersalny model kapitalizmu nie istnieje, a jego skuteczność jest uwarunkowana wypadkową wielu czynników wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych, których dobór również jest poddawany w wątpliwość. Przez pojęcie czynników wewnętrznych można rozumieć te, które pozostają w zdecydowanym stopniu pod wpływem polityki realizowanej przez władzę centralną. Determinanty zewnętrzne wiążą się dla odmiany z funkcjonowaniem rynków międzynarodowych. Na początku XXI w. istotnym czynnikiem kształtującym gospodarkę rynkową jest postęp naukowy i technologiczny. Jednak w najbliższych lat będzie rosło znaczenie uwarunkowań demograficznych, co jest konsekwencję drugiego przejścia demograficznego i starzenia się społeczeństw w Europie . 
W swojej pogłębionej analizie A. Wojtyna przywołuje poglądy takich badaczy jak M. Albert, P.A. Hall i D. Soskice, D. Rodrik, A. Turner, B. Amable, W. Hutton, D. Coates i F.L. Pryor. W niniejszej pracy odnoszę się do podziałów kapitalizmu proponowanych przez niektórych z wymienionych autorów. Nie analizuję założeń metodologicznych poszczególnych podejść i przyjętych kryteriów podziału, lecz staram się określić miejsce systemu gospodarczego współczesnej Francji na tle istniejących klasyfikacji, przy założeniu, że jest to wysoko rozwinięte państwo kapitalistyczne. Rozważaniom towarzyszy kilka dodatkowych pytań. Na ile zasadne jest wyodrębnianie różnych kryteriów podziału i budowanie pewnych modeli kapitalizmu? Czy istnieją typy idealne kapitalizmu? Czy każde państwo kapitalistyczne nie jest odrębnym modelem?

Migration was and still is one of the main topics repeated continuously throughout history and studied by scientific communities. Yet, studies have been lacking the relation between migration and the urban fabric of a city, either in terms of preparedness or as an impact. Migration should not be seen entirely as a socio-economic issue; the pressure this creates on land resources and its impact on the urban fabric needs to be as well taken into consideration. In the scope of migration, one would always find two types of cities; departure cities where the efflux arises and arrival cities receiving the influxes. Certainly, both types of cities are positively and negatively affected by migrations. In the Mediterranean basin, the origin of so many cultures based on the mobility of their inhabitants, the current socio-economic and political instability in the MENA region, contributed to a massive influx of migrants to European cities for many reasons including, but not limited to, its proximity and the relatively high livelihood quality. This particular phenomenon obliges us to question the time-being used methods to deal with the present extensive influxes and to rethink new city planning approaches towards a resilient Arrival city. This paper demonstrates the case of European Arrival cities; definitions, characteristics, as well as the urban, socio-economic and political adaptations for the current overflowed migration influxes. The demonstration and discussion should be primarily seen as a catalyst that does not only promote for a healthier absorption in choked cities impacted by migrations but intensify the vital role of states, urban planning and resilience in shaping satisfactory conditions for fruitful development impacts of migrations to exist in such cities.

The continued fish decline in most capture fisheries including the Lake Victoria fisheries have led to increased promotion of fish farming. However, little is known about consumers' behaviour and preference on farmed fish. This study presents the consumer behaviour and preference for farmed and wild fish within the Lake Victoria region in Tanzania. The study was conducted for fifteen days in October 2012. A total of 103 structured questionnaires were completed. Data collected was statistically analysed using categorical regression model and descriptive statistics to determine influence of socio-demographic characteristics on consumer behaviour. Results reveal that consumer behaviour and preference for fish is significantly affected by socio-demographic factors such as age, marital status, education, occupation, and place of residence. Based on these findings, we recommend that value chain actors should consider the socio-demographic characteristics of the market base when designing or developing their products to enhance trade of both farmed and wild fish in Lake Victoria region.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a very popular destination for business travelers who attend business meetings, conferences, exhibitions and incentive travel programs. There are several events and exhibitions that are being organized throughout the year in Dubai for companies that look for potential partners to market their products in the international markets. When the business travelers visit Dubai, they also indulge in shopping for themselves and for their kith and kin and hence contribute to the growth of the local retail industry. Tourism literature has given only very limited attention to research on business travelers' characteristics related to shopping behavior. Our research focuses on business travelers' shopping behavior and their shopping satisfaction in Dubai. The findings of this exploratory study would provide information that can help local retailers identify business travelers as a potential target market and use in their marketing strategies.

Tribal people are most vulnerable sections of the society and they rely on subsistence agricultural practices for their living. The agricultural practices are practiced under rain-fed conditions over terraces drawn out on undulated topography. This background motivated us to analyze the maize cultivation in relationship with technological gaps so as to arrive at the extension gaps and policies to bridge them. This study mainly perused the primary data obtained from sample respondents selected in tribal area of Kashmir Valley. The results revealed that tribal people were allocating major proportion of their cropped area for maize cultivation followed by cherry and legumes. It was observed that there were huge technological gaps in the use of input technologies. Moreover their intercultural operations were far from the scientific recommendations which led to lower returns and uneconomical farming practices. Further lower productivity and fairly low quality of the produce resulted in lower returns to their little surpluses. Study revealed poor role of extension agencies in these area which could be the major cause of their unscientific maize cultivation. Only few respondents were found to have seen any extension personnel around their farms and major of them even did not know about such agencies. A significant difference was observed in yield levels of respondents having received information from friends or extension worker and those having no information. The study also examined the various dimension of their contacts and information sources and could ascertain an important role of extension agencies if their farming has to be made remunerative. Based upon findings, this study emphasized upon strengthening/streamlining extension system in these areas among other policy options.

Racism is a complex system of oppression that is perpetuated by certain prejudices and stereotypes. These characterizations of demographics help maintain order to define "belonging." This paper focuses on defining socio-economic belonging and references codeswitching as a mechanism for subverting stereotypical expectations. Although there is mention of intersectionality, the focus is primarily on race and class as means for oppression.

This study was carried out to assess the socioeconomic status of fishermen of the Marjat Baor at Kaligonj of Jhenidah district. Fifty fishermen from 50 families were interviewed. Results revealed that 94% respondents were married and age varied between 30 and 45 years. Almost all the fishermen were Hindus (96%). Most of the people of the community were illiterate (60%) and among all of the school-going children (58%) were boys and (42%) were girls. Above fifty percent people lived in a nuclear family. 40% of people lived in the earthen house, constructed by grass leaves and mud. Only a few (18%) of them were found to use electricity. The primary occupation of 60% of respondents was fishing and few were also involved in agriculture. They were often found to suffer from various diseases due to lack of pure drinking water. Majority of them got a fever and receive treatment from quack. Only twelve percent (12%) women were engaged in making nets for fishing. Annual household income of maximum beneficiaries (44%) was below BDT 30,000 and above BDT 50,000 found in only 4% cases. In the present study, educational, organizational, and technical credit support were very crucial to develop their better socioeconomic conditions.

Air transport is one of the most important industries in the world with its rapid growth, and direct and indirect contribution to world economy. In other words, GDP, tourism and employment are the key factors causing that growth in air transport and an increase in those factors boost the demand for air transport. However, uncertainty in economy, rising
unemployment and increased terrorist attacks towards tourism would be a big threat to the growth of air transport in the future. To understand the importance of the mentioned factors, we first aim to apply an econometric approach which is panel Granger causality analysis. To achieve that, data from World Bank data set for OECD countries between the year of 2000 and 2013 is used in this study. We apply Pesaran CDLM test and Friedman’s test which are preferred when the number of units (N) is higher than the time (T) to test cross-sectional dependence and we then perform Granger causality analysis in order to see whether there is a causal relationship (unidirectional or bidirectional) or not among air transport, tourism, economic growth and employment.
Econometric results indicate that there is a unidirectional short run causal relationship between economic growth, tourism,
employment and air transport and that those factors play an important role in the growth of air transport. In this paper, we
also aim to discuss the future challenges for air transport within the frame of econometric results and statistical analysis.

Mainstream economics traditionally restricts the analysis of the labour market to purely monetary factors, such as earnings, leaving aside many other characteristics that might affect the desirability of certain jobs. By contrast, this volume explores the alternatives and problems faced by researchers in quantifying and measuring a broader notion of job quality. The contributors expertly explore the different approaches to measurement and analyze both the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods within a European context.