Sun

In this study, the recent trends for optical coatings in glass industries have been explored for the variety of climate dependent applications. Different coated glazings have been presented with their optical and thermal characteristics. A comparative analysis among types of coated products is also performed. It has been observed that for warm climate it is necessary to block near infra red portion of sunlight to reduce solar heat gain through windows. On the other hand, for cold climate it is necessary to allow the whole portion of light and it is necessary to block the IR radiation from escaping out to keep the interior space warm. For this purpose, Ag or Ag-alloy metallic thin film meet the requirements but they reduce visible transmittance as well. So for increasing visible transmittance, a dielectric layer of high refractive index is required. Here a variety of dielectric layers are studied. Finally for reaching the goal of low energy buildings in both warm and cold climates, appropriate optical coatings for architectural flat glass have been recommended. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

docsdrive.com/pdfs/ansinet/jas/2008/1883-1890.pdf

The present research is about the most important symbol in the field of thought and language of Jalāl al-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī, which has been dramatically and questionably repeated in most of his works, especially Mathnavi, and deserves revising. Its reading and revising can provide new fields of research in the works of Mowlavi. The sun and the light have intertwined with religious, mystical, and mythical ideas and beliefs and manifested in a particular way in Mowlavi's thought system, what can be considered, in its turn, one of his poetic privileges. When the fundamental symbols of Mowlavi's thoughts are analyzed through a symbolic approach, the amazing depth of the particular thinking of this symbolic mystic would be better revealed; because a prism of symbols, tied to the sun, moves around this center and displays well its unitary idea. With the help of sun image, Mowlavi exhibits the hidden unity of this world's interior, and has resolved the internal and psychological conflicts using a creative and artistic psychoanalysis. The sun has not only been able to put the man mind on the borders of perfection and beauty, but also has improved his power, spirituality, hope and insight.

In  the  ancient  world’s  sky  the  place  of  the  sun  associated  with  creator being,  in  which  not  only  has  been  considered  as  a  creator  and  fauna  and cause  of  their  growing  but  also  people’s  guard  against  cold,  darkness,  filth and  nasty  demons  that  remind  life  expectancy  with  its  life  giving  rise  and has  been  required  prayer  and  songs  by  its  set  till  lest  not  withholding  its life  giving  warmth  from  fauna  and  never  rise  after  each  set.  For  this reason,  dawn  state  received  special  place  among  ancient  Iranians  and Indians  as  a  promise  for  the  sun’s  re-giving  love  and  its  every  day bypassing,  remind  of  human  beings  three  stage  of  life;  birth,  grow  and death.  In  this  way  people  distinguished  special  tasks  and  properties  for  the sun  in  which  in  creator  being  state,  have  been  considered  as  a  world creator  and  main  reason  of  living  that  at  the  end  of  the  world,  universe destruction  also  has  been  done  by  its  order.  So  man’s  look  into  sky  for  the sun rise, became  like  worship,  to keep looking  for  creator state.  This  brightness  god  has  been  called  by  name  of  Khoor  in  Iran  and different  names  in  India  in  which  among  them  Suriya  and  Suitry  were  so special.  In  this  research  it  has  been  tried  to  examine  creator  being  state  of the  sun  and  its  god-like  role  in  ancient  Iranian  and  Indian’s  lives  and finally  showing  that,  despite  of  different  Aryan  gods  and  Gods  that  have had  special  tasks,  the  sun  still  kept  its  creator  being  state  and  has  been remained  respectable  and  holy  in  many  religious  texts  and  different religions.

Energy poverty and lack of electricity in rural areas exacerbate the poverty of the developing countries. In Malaysia, 3.8% of the population lives below the poverty line and most of them are settled in rural areas. The electricity coverage in poor states is about 79% in comparison with 99.62% in Peninsular Malaysia. The renewable energy sources can be considered the best alternative to reduce the energy poverty of the rural areas where the grid extension through a difficult terrain and thick jungle is not possible or economic. In this study, the potential for applying renewable sources - solar, wind and hydropower - for rural electrification is investigated, especially in the poorest States. A comparative study on rural electrification policies, in order to have community approval, appropriate siting and financial benefits for the rural community, while considering the three categories of social, institutional and economic issues, is also examined. Finally, the Malaysian policies of rural electrification by applying renewable sources are explained. It is found that in Malaysia, with a maximum solar radiation of about 6.027kWh/m2 per day in Sabah and 5.303kWh/m2 per day in Sarawak, the potential for applying solar energy for electrification is too high. However, the potential for micro-hydropower in Sabah and Sarawak is found to be 3182kW and 6317kW through 18 and 22 sites, respectively. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S096014811300205X/1-s2.0-S096014811300205X-main.pdf?_tid=8314b2a6-4a85-11e3-b302-00000aacb362&acdnat=1384142484_634f1439a65f07b884f95d43856cfcde 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096014811300205X

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Abstract: Als Goethe in seiner monumentalen Farbenlehre (1810) versuchte, Newtons Theorie des Lichts und der Farben anzugreifen, setzte er eine Methode ein, die er als Vermannigfachung der Erfahrungen bezeichnete: Er variierte verschiedene Parameter der newtonischen Experimente, um neuen Spielraum für Alternativen zur Theorie Newtons zu gewinnen. Dabei erzielte er durchaus Erfolge. U.a. entdeckte er das Komplement zum newtonischen Spektrum (das aussieht wie dessen Farbnegativ und durch Vertauschung der Rollen von Licht und Finsternis entsteht). Ingo Nussbaumer hat Goethes Methode kongenial fortgeführt. Dabei hat er sechs weitere Farbspektren entdeckt. Sie entstehen, wenn man anstelle des Hell/Dunkel-Kontrasts (in Newtons und Goethes Experimenten) mit Paaren bunter Komplementärfarben arbeitet. Die neuen Farbspektren sehen genauso differenziert aus wie Newtons und Goethes Spektrum; doch anders als diese enthalten sie die unbunten "Farben" Schwarz und Weiss. Die vielfältigen Ordnungsbeziehungen und Symmetrien, die Ingo Nussbaumer in der Farbenwelt der insgesamt acht Spektren ausgemacht hat, verhelfen uns vielleicht zu einem tieferen Verständnis der Prinzipien menschlicher Farbwahrnehmung. Und sie tauchen die überkommenen Prinzipien der additiven und der subtraktiven Farbmischung in neues Licht.

This study provides evidence of the monsoon record over the past 25 ka from the Kilang Sarai palaeolake
which is located in NW Himalaya in the rain shadow zone of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). The
multi-proxy study by using geomorphology, carbon isotopes, mineral magnetism, clay mineralogy and
elemental chemistry of a 8 m thick laminated lacustrine sediments indicates that the area experienced
fluctuating precipitation conditions during the last 25 ka. The time period between 12 and 5 ka BP can be
regarded as a very wet interval of the Last Glacial to mid Holocene due to a combined effect of ISM and
Westerlies, followed by aridity after 5 ka BP. Tectonic triggers may have caused the development of
terraces and closure of lake. At the millennial time scale, a correlation of precipitation and vegetational
changes between our data and other records from similar geographical settings suggests that Kilang Sarai
basin responded to periods of strengthening in precipitation during the Last Glacial to early Holocene

Abstract:
For prolonged ages, attention to the sky and celestial phenomena has amazed mankind and encouraged him to discover the secrets and mysteries of the unknown as inquisitively as possible. The infinite vastness of the sky and galaxies, the indescribable beauty of the stars, the brightness of the moon, the rising and setting of the sun, etc., little by little has enhanced this sense of interest and curiosity in the human conscience to the extent that its manifestation is seen in many works of art and literature worldwide. Among the many astronomical elements, the sun is one of the stars that has a beautiful effect in poetry. The question that can be asked here is that according to the artistic and aesthetic aspects of the sun, what place did this element have in the poems of the three great Persian poets Naser Khosrow Ghobadiani, Anwari and Nezami? The fifth and sixth centuries Hegira are one of the most fruitful periods in the history of Persian literature and the provinces of Khorasan, Isfahan, Iran and Azerbaijan are the main centers of poetry and literature of this era; hence, the present article studies the effect of the sun based on astronomical features in the ancient poems of the mentioned poets of the who the fifth and sixth centuries Hegira. The findings of the research indicate that the sun is visible in different forms in mentioned poetry including: the twelve towers of Aries, Gemini, Cancer, etc., Shafagh and Falaq, the true and false morning and eclipse.
Research aims:
1. The expression of various manifestations of ancient astronomy in Persian poetry
2. The study of various effects of the sun based on ancient astronomy in the poems of Nasser Khosrow, Anwari and Nezami
Research questions:
1. What is the place of ancient astronomy in Persian poetry?
2. What is the reflection of the sun and its astronomical effects in the Persian poems of poets such as Naser Khosrow, Anwari and Nezami?
Keywords:
Astronomy;  Naser Khosrow;  Anvari;  Nezami;  Poetry;  Sun.

The level of homelessness on the streets of South Africa is regarded as a slow-moving tragedy. The aim of this article is to explain the profile of the homeless in Observatory, Cape Town using Max-Neef's Fundamental Human Needs taxonomy. A concurrent mixed-methods research design was implemented including 48 homeless persons living on the streets in Observatory. The quantitative data were analysed with SPSS and the qualitative data with Creswell's guideline for thematic analysis. The results clearly show the complexity of the lives of the homeless and that assistance to move out of homelessness will require complex and holistic efforts. cschenck@uwc.ac.za

Sunlight based cooling alludes to any cooling framework that utilizations sun oriented power. This should be possible through uninvolved sunlight based, sun powered warm vitality change and photovoltaic transformation (sun to power). The U.S. Vitality Independence made 2008 through 2012 subsidizing for another sun oriented cooling innovative work program, which ought to create and show numerous new innovation advancements and large scale manufacturing parsimonies of scale. Sun based cooling will assume an expanding job in zero vitality and vitality in addition to structures plan. Sun motorized strength, brilliant light and warmth from the sun, has been saddled by people since antiquated occasions utilizing a scope of consistently developing advances. Sun positioned radiation, alongside optional sunlight based fueled assets, for example, wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, represent the vast majority of the accessible sustainable power source on earth. Impartial little partition of the accessible sun powered vitality is utilized. The solar cooling technique, the solar adsorption cooling technique plus the traditional cooling arrangement in Hefei, Chengdu plus Haikou were examined for energy utilization &economic performance. Outcomes were obtained. To order to compare the economic consequences of the 3sorts of cooling arrangements, the annual test is employed. The PV cooling arrangement addresses the PV Grid linked mode ' full power to grid' including the PV grid connection model ' self-generated left power to grid.' And the full-effect suspension chiller including the double-effect diffusion chiller are addressed in the solar immersion cooling technique. Meantime, 3 sorts of cooling methods have economic production.

Abstract:

This article considers to what extent a long distance walk, and indeed the memory of that walk, may generate a narrative, as investigated by theorists such as Roland Barthes, by virtue of the very things central to the experience of walking in this way. These things include sudden deviations created by unseen contingencies, encounters and subsequent responsive improvisations or simply dynamic shifts in landscape, resulting in pace change or some other alteration of focus. When we speak of, for example, signposting or the cardinal in relation to narrative, to what extent should we take seriously the relationship between terms used in this way and the way in which they are used to provide geographical structure?



Résumé:

Cet article analyse la manière dont une longue marche, puis le souvenir de cette marche, peuvent générer un récit, au sens que donnent à ce terme des théoriciens comme Roland Barthes.et ce à l’aide des caractéristiques propres à l’expérience même d’une marche faite dans cette perspective. Ces caractéristiques incluent par exemple des déviations soudaines crées par des aléas imprévus, des rencontres et toutes sortes d’improvisations auxquelles elles donnent lieu ou tout simplement les changements continuels du paysage qui se traduisent par des changements de rythme ou de focus. Lorsque nous parlons par exemple de signes indicateurs ou de point cardinal en rapport avec le récit, dans quelle mesure devons-nous prendre au sérieux le lien entre de tels mots et la manière dont ils tendent à structurer la géographie ?

Sunlight based cooling alludes to any cooling framework that utilizations sun oriented power. This should be possible through uninvolved sunlight based, sun powered warm vitality change and photovoltaic transformation (sun to power). The U.S. Vitality Independence made 2008 through 2012 subsidizing for another sun oriented cooling innovative work program, which ought to create and show numerous new innovation advancements and large scale manufacturing parsimonies of scale. Sun based cooling will assume an expanding job in zero vitality and vitality in addition to structures plan. Sun motorized strength, brilliant light and warmth from the sun, has been saddled by people since antiquated occasions utilizing a scope of consistently developing advances. Sun positioned radiation, alongside optional sunlight based fueled assets, for example, wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, represent the vast majority of the accessible sustainable power source on earth. Impartial little partition of the accessible sun powered vitality is utilized. The solar cooling technique, the solar adsorption cooling technique plus the traditional cooling arrangement in Hefei, Chengdu plus Haikou were examined for energy utilization &economic performance. Outcomes were obtained. To order to compare the economic consequences of the 3sorts of cooling arrangements, the annual test is employed. The PV cooling arrangement addresses the PV Grid linked mode ' full power to grid' including the PV grid connection model ' self-generated left power to grid.' And the full-effect suspension chiller including the double-effect diffusion chiller are addressed in the solar immersion cooling technique. Meantime, 3 sorts of cooling methods have economic production.

Immortality and gaining eternal life are the man’s oldest desires. He extends these intra-desires on his champions of myths. Champions of several myths and legends, experiment the eternal life differently, whiles death is the destiny of all. So, many believe that champions will be renewed after their symbolic death. Yung looks on all champions’ lives as sun and assesses champions’ eternal returns as the man’s request to access his initial comfort. This research analyzes the archetypal lives of three Iranian mythological champions, experimenting death and renovation in three different ways, fulfilling the human’s old desires.

Efficient organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) often contain highly reactive low-work-function calcium electron-collecting electrodes. In this work, efficient OPV are demonstrated in which calcium electrodes were avoided by depositing a thin layer of the amine-containing nonconjugated polymer, polyethylenimine (PEIE), between the photoactive organic semiconductor layer and stable metal electrodes such as aluminum, silver, or gold. Devices with structure ITO/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly(3-hexylthiophene):indene-C60-bis-adduct (P3HT:ICBA)/PEIE/Al demonstrated overall photovoltaic device performance comparable to devices containing calcium electron-collecting electrodes, ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:ICBA/Ca/Al, with open-circuit voltage of 775±6 mV, short-circuit current density of 9.1±0.5 mA cm(-2), fill factor of 0.65±0.01, and power conversion efficiency of 4.6±0.3%, averaged over 5 devices at 1 sun.

Efficient organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) often contain highly reactive low-work-function calcium electron-collecting electrodes. In this work, efficient OPV are demonstrated in which calcium electrodes were avoided by depositing a thin layer of the amine-containing nonconjugated polymer, polyethylenimine (PEIE), between the photoactive organic semiconductor layer and stable metal electrodes such as aluminum, silver, or gold. Devices with structure ITO/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly(3-hexylthiophene):indene-C60-bis-adduct (P3HT:ICBA)/PEIE/Al demonstrated overall photovoltaic device performance comparable to devices containing calcium electron-collecting electrodes, ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:ICBA/Ca/Al, with open-circuit voltage of 775±6 mV, short-circuit current density of 9.1±0.5 mA cm(-2), fill factor of 0.65±0.01, and power conversion efficiency of 4.6±0.3%, averaged over 5 devices at 1 sun.

It can be shown that the mass of nucleons varies with adiabatic pressure inside celestial bodies and that such adiabatic pressure on the electronic escorts of atoms in the centre of celestial bodies reaching stellar mass ignition threshold through accumulation of primordial hydrogen is the triggering cause of nuclear fusion at the centre of such bodies.

In this study a new seismogenetic mechanism is proposed, based on the analysis of magnitude earthquakes exceeding 6, which occurred on a global scale, with the epicenters located in the area of the terrestrial terminator. The study, begun in 2011, is based on over a thousand data on potentially destructive earthquake, including those associated with tides. The terminator band separates the shadow area from that illuminated by the Sun. In this research it is assumed that at the transition band the gravitational forces of the sun and the Moon, bribes to the earth's surface. This area, named by the authors: "Crustal Relaxing", is subject to stress induced by the two celestial bodies that can evolve into seismic events. The partial outcome of this research, still in progress, confirms the potential relationship between the occurrence of strong earthquakes with the stress induced by the gravitational action exercised by the Sun and the Moon.

Compact Astronomical Low-frequency, Low-cost Instrument for Spectroscopy in Transportable Observatories (CALLISTO) is a global network of spectrometer system with the purpose to observe the Sun’s activities. There are 25 stations that are used for this purpose. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a major obstacle when performing observation with CALLISTO. We have confirmed at least 2 stations out of 10 stations with a complete overview spectral (OVS) made available to us showed clear detection of these consistent types of RFI for each specific region. In Malaysia, these RFI are also clearly detected. The major RFI affecting CALLISTO within radio astronomical windows below 1 GHz are local electronic system specifically radio navigation (at 73.1 MHz and 75.2 MHz), broadcasting (at (i) 151 MHz, (ii) 151.8 MHz and 152 MHz), aeronautical navigation (at (i) 245.5 MHz, (ii) 248.7 MHz and (iii) 249 MHz and fixed mobile at (i) 605 MHz, (ii) 608.3 MHz, (iii) 612.2 MHz, (iv) 613.3 MHz). It i...