Temporary Architecture

A short essay in response to the public conversations taking place during public works' Wick Session n.19 on The Values of Temporary Use, Hackney Wick, London. Featured also (slightly amended) in the Wick Zine Issue 5: http://wickcuriosityshop.net/2014/09/22/140919_Wick-Zine5_-_digital_copy_lr.pdf

The deeper we go into the history of architecture, the less physical evidences are found; ceilings are collapsed, walls are fallen and the foundations are faded out over the time. However, there is no trace of some of these buildings, but they are not completely destroyed and they have been surviving in written documentations. The period of Ghaznavid Empire (997-11860) encompasses one of the most prominent parts of the history of Iranian architecture from which few traces have remained; of course, there are many written documentation, such as the poets' divans, travelogues and historiographies, which can compensate the lack of physical documents.  Among these, the history book of Abolfazl Beyhaqi (995-1077) known as the  History of Beyhaqi holds a great importance due to its unique manner of historiography, and also, to its valuable literary features.
Considering the architectural monuments have remained from the periods before and after Ghaznavids, the key question would be why the architectural monuments of this outstanding historical period are totally disappeared? It has been tried, in present essay, to answer whether it is possible to find documents in the History of Beyhaqi to justify the factors made the monuments faded out, studying the linguistic and literary points of the book and comparing them with similar applications in modern Persian.

Due casi studio occorsi in tempi recenti, riferiti ad edifici storici sedi di municipi, sono l’occasione per
approfondire il tema del consolidamento delle volte in muratura, con particolare riferimento alle opere
preliminari all’intervento di ripristino strutturale vero e proprio. Vi è infatti una fase in cui è prioritario
mettere in sicurezza la volta per scongiurare possibili rischi. Tale fase è temporaneamente intermedia
tra la rilevazione e l’aggravarsi di lesioni e il progetto di ristrutturazione e consolidamento. Pur essendo
opere provvisionali si tratta di interventi destinati a edifici che spesso sono pubblici e quindi destinati a
un’ampia platea di fruitori, come scuole, uffici o edifici monumentali. Consentono di dilatare i tempi del
progetto e dell’intervento di consolidamento e mantenere la funzionalità degli spazi.
Nell’analizzare tecniche e sistemi di tipo tradizionale impiegati in casi analoghi è emersa la possibilità
di sviluppare aspetti evolutivi rispetto alle semplici tecniche di puntellamento. Nell’ambito dell’opera di
consolidamento, e quindi strutturale, è possibile conciliare i requisiti statici con le tecniche di progetto
tipicamente architettoniche attente alla qualità degli interni e all’integrazione dell’opera provvisionale
con il contesto di riferimento.

ABSTRACT One of the critical aspects of sheltering after a disaster is the divergence between providing for short-term needs (emergency or temporary shelter) and long-term needs (permanent housing). However, more often than not, short-term housing solutions are based on universal prototypes, and are not related to the local culture and climate; they are focused on providing immediate relief rather than engaging with the lengthier process of physical and emotional post-disaster reconstruction. Because the shelters provided are often standardized and ill-fitting for families’ needs, families will modify their shelters in order to make them more appropriate for their physical and cultural needs. Cases of transitional accommodation provided after earthquakes in Peru (2007) and Chile (2010) by TECHO NGO and the Government of Chile are no exception. The following photographs are one component of a research project that sought to understand the process of recovery after a disaster, based on the study of 27 shelters modified by their inhabitants.

In recent years, the use of containers in architecture has become a commonplace practice. A completely different method for designing and developing architecture and our cities, compared to a more traditional approach.
The way many architects think and work
is often still con􏰀ned to the past, unable
to look to the future and to meet citizens’ needs. Sustainability, modularity, and reuse are some of the most highly debated topics today. These are words that require architecture to reconsider its approach to both the design and building phases, in order to satisfy current and future social and cultural needs, and the requirements of the city we live in.
What is the reason behind the (re)use
of containers in architecture? Can they
be considered as a proper alternative to traditional building methods? What role can the containers play in innovative living and urban space planning, and can these new models coexist with current ones? This article seeks to answer these challenging questions, and through a short overview of examples from around the world, shows why we need to rethink architecture in a different way. A more dynamic, 􏰁exible and receptive way, open to change.

https://issuu.com/trasportiecultura/docs/t_c.54-55_file_per_web

International expositions began to gain popularity in late 19 th century, particularly in europe, and in time came to influence both architecture and urban planning, affecting their historical development. expositions serve as a means of displaying architecture, particularly since industrialization, and have an influence that can transform their surrounding metropolitan areas in different ways. These influenced areas extend way beyond their own scales, and even if they no longer exist today, and have the potential to transform the urban space in which they are located. This study analyses the case of the Great exhibition of 1851, in london, united Kingdom, which can be considered as the world's first international event, and which played a significant role in the transformation of the Kensington site. Although the exhibition space itself was temporary, it transformed the Kensington site on which it was located at an urban scale. This part of the london has changed following the ...

(Back cover blurb by Isaac Marrero-Guillamón) Notes from the Temporary City takes you on a tour of a neighbourhood on the cusp of change. It provides a complex picture of the dynamics reshaping contemporary London, from the pressure of market forces to new structures of governance and the ingenuity of its residents. Ferreri and Lang's Hackney Wick has the power of synecdoche – it speaks of a wider metropolitan condition where temporary uses are entangled in the desire to both break from capitalist urbanisation and profit from it. Rather than a catalogue of good practices, this book provides something much more compelling and necessary for the analysis of temporary use – a trajectory of disagreements, deviations and paths not taken.

The life and times of a temporary artwork by artist group Observatorium in the waste land of the Ruhr area, as part of the triennale EMSCHERKUNST, curated by Florian Matzner.
The artwork is a 36 meter long, wooden, partly covered, zigzag bridge in the future river bed of the Emscher, now a open sewer. The bridge evoked a sense of anticipation and wonder and became a popular place to dwell and meet. Some 500 people spend a night on the bridge, some 20.000 visitors found the remote site. The book contains impressions of visitors, articles by the artists, curators, city planners and sponsors and a philosophical essay by Paul Shepheard.

81 pages, full colour, app. 200 images, edited by Observatorium, Rotterdam and Emschergenossenschaft, Essen, published in Klartext Verlag, Essen. 2011

L’esplorazione    del    tema    della    “Catalisi    Urbana”  (Urban  catalyst)  ha  inizio  con  il  lavoro  dell’omonimo  gruppo  di  ricerca  della  Berlin’s  Technical  University  negli  anni ’90, finanziato dalla comunità Europea.

L’origine  del  nome  è  quasi  provocatoria  e  vuole  essere  una  sinestesia  dialettica  tra  la catalisi,  fenomeno  chimico  e  l’aggettivo  urbano,    due    termini    solitamente    non    accostati tra di loro. Con questa terminologia si vuole intraprendere il racconto di realtà che  vengono  trasformate  grazie  a  micro-interventi  (i  catalizzatori)  e  i  vari  usi  non  pianificati  e  informali  di  questi  spazi,  che  non    rientrano    nelle competenze    della    pianificazione urbana tradizionale. Dal  2001  al  2003  la  ricerca  mira  ad  indagare il potenziale dell’uso temporaneo come  motore  di  trasformazione  urbana  in  cinque  differenti  città  Europee,  in  quanto  si  cominciò  a  notare  come  uno  sviluppo  definito    “informale”    fosse    divenuto    il    primo  indicatore  per  una  pianificazione  programmata,  un  indice  per  le  grandi  realtà per definire quali fossero i principali luoghi  su  cui  intervenire  e  investire,  e  sulle  quali  passare  da  una  pianificazione  informale ad una più formale.  La principale trasformazione  avvenuta  grazie  a  questo  studio fu proprio nel concepire questa realtà non  come  antitetica  alla  pianificazione  usuale  e  come  un  problema,  bensì  come  componente  fondamentale  per  lo  sviluppo  di nuove strategie progettuali.

Obiettivo  di  questa  ricerca  è  quindi  indagare  su    questi    metodi    alternativi    di    intervento    di    urbanistica    tattica,    dove    la    dimensione    partecipativa  assume  un  ruolo  predominante  nella    definizione    delle    future    trasformazioni;    l’uso  temporaneo  dello  spazio  pubblico  diviene  il  protagonista  della  riattivazione  degli  spazi  marginali,  di  quei  luoghi  all’interno  della  città  densamente costruita che restano a lungo inattivi, in  “letargo”  grazie  all’intervento,  consapevole  o  non, di tutti coloro che “abitano” questi spazi.

Pianificazione  e  trasformazione  spontanea  sono  generalmente  definite  come  due  poli  opposti,  e  ancor  di  più  si  pensa  all’uso  informale  dello  spazio come un’interferenza dei progetti originali – ma proprio da questa contraddizione si sviluppa la    ricerca,    sulla    distinzione    (o    unione)    tra    pianificazione  della  città  e  uso  urbano  informale.  Quindi, l’uso temporaneo quale importante fattore per lo sviluppo della città, può essere incorporato nella  pianificazione?  E  come  una  progettazione  può  essere  spontanea?  E  viceversa,  può  il  non-pianificato    diventare    pianificato,    l’informale    diventare formale? Questa  analisi  poggia  quindi  le  proprie  basi  sull’esame    di    processi    non    programmati    e    spontanei  che  normalmente  risulterebbero  come  marginali  o  addirittura  non  considerati.  Questo  approccio  è  esistito  fin  dalla  seconda  metà  del  diciannovesimo  secolo,  nel  suo  periodo  di  massimo sviluppo, dovuto anche dalla transizione dal Fordismo ad un’economia Knowledge-based e  ad  una  densificazione  delle  attività,  portando  ad  avere  aree  dense  di  funzioni  ed  altre  lasciate  senza  alcun  programma  a  breve  termine.  Ed  è  proprio  a  partire  dai  vuoti  urbani  che  la  ricerca  vuole soffermarsi e porre maggiore attenzione. L’uso  temporaneo  nel  maggior  numero  dei  casi  è  quindi  non  programmato,  ma  è  presente  in  numerose grandi città e gioca un ruolo importante nella  realtà  urbana  e  sociale,  nonché  nel  loro  sviluppo.

Ogni (ri)uso temporaneo ha il suo punto di inizio in edifici non utilizzati (o scarsamente) e in quegli spazi interstiziali solitamente dimenticati e svalutati.Può  quindi  un  uso  temporaneo,  inconsapevole,  informale  essere  la  scintilla  per  la  riattivazione,  riqualificazione  e  pianificazione  di  questi  spazi  silenti?

For the contemporary culture and its reflections in architecture, the keyword 'permanence' holds significance and as a result of that 'temporary architecture' emerges and becomes popular with attractive images and promising claims. However, the works upon the subject carry the risk of staying superficial without going into the true meanings of the concept. In response to this risk, this paper aims to go backward and find the main notions behind it. Designated as a most general point, it starts with 'time'; continues by relating it to architecture through main time-based concepts that have roots in the discourse of the discipline; and starts consideration of temporary architecture in the last part, only after providing a background of the strong relationship of time and architecture to be able to obtain a critical viewpoint. Going from the most general point to the most specific, the paper ends with the example of ma'abara, a postwar temporary dwelling emerged in Israel, to concretise and relocate the discussion.

Transitoire, éphémère, temporaire, la pratique de l'aménagement et de l'urbanisme s'enrichit depuis maintenant plusieurs années d'un nouveau vocabulaire. Celui-ci vise à décrire l’importance que prennent certaines actions de court terme concernant l’occupation et l’aménagement des bâtiments et des espaces dans les logiques de la fabrique de la ville.
L’objet de cet article est de proposer un système de définitions couvrant le spectre de ces actions intermédiaires, de court et moyen terme. Il parait important de bien nommer ces différentes actions tant elles questionnent l’urbanisme traditionnel dans ses approches planificatrices et de long terme tout en se présentant comme de nouveaux outils aux formes et aux objectifs multiples.

Joan Littlewood blamed anti-socialist prejudice for Theatre Workshop’s hostile treatment by the Arts Council. Yet her failure to secure the Council’s backing for the Fun Palace – an open-ended project for an arts, entertainment, and education centre she developed with architect Cedric Price – may be better expressed as a collision between anarchy and bureaucracy. Following Nadine Holdsworth’s 1997 article for New Theatre Quarterly, ‘“They’d Have Pissed on My Grave”: the Arts Council and Theatre Workshop’, in this article Juliet Rufford argues that the project fell victim to a form of programme censorship because it broke the rules of culture and professionalism as defined by the major funding body for the arts. The concept of ‘fun’ is seen as vital to understanding the cynicism of the policy makers towards Price and Littlewood’s proposals, but also as driving explorations of intermediality, interactive performance, and performative architecture that have since been taken up successfully by artists working within and beyond the subsidized sector.

Since the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, the field of exhibition design has become an inevitable impact on both architectural practice and discourse. Any exhibition design offers 'new' architectural problem-solving techniques, and this experimental process generates a direction to apply new architectural methods, new materials, and new concepts. This process leads to searching, experiencing, and opening up new possibilities without the constraints of the established rules. Thus, architects can experience what the future holds for spatial design. Architectural design enriches through experimenting with new approaches and new materials. This paper suggests that architectural experimentation can be provided in terms of Serpentine Gallery Pavilions as well as challenging the architect's role in re-establishing the conventional architectural thought. Thus, the architect is searching for new architectural possibilities and exploring the limitations of interpretation. Pavilion design can be considered as an architectural phenomenon in the light of this experiment to expose something 'new' and also in an innovative manner. Not only does the pavilion layout influence on its setting, but it also has the ability to redefine contemporary architecture, discourse, and practice. The pavilion's very limited nature requires the architect to design a clear-cut expression, develop a simple concept, and to find different methodologies or/and solutions for the 'temporality' of architecture. This experimentation not only has an impact on architectural practice and discourse but also leads to comment on and critique new possibilities in the field of architecture. Architects gain the freedom to experience the 'new' architecture through this experimental process.

Negli ultimi anni è facilmente rintracciabile una copiosa quantità di esperienze progettuali focalizzate sull’idea che l’architettura temporanea sia una modalità progettuale in grado di andare oltre l’episodicità di una provvisoria congiuntura. Questi esperimenti nella città confermano la ripresa di una pratica antica, l’effimero, che da sempre ha svolto, su un terreno di ricerca, una funzione di “anteprima”, di prova generale, talvolta anche di ispirazione per l’architettura permanente. In questo senso gli interventi, pur se piccoli e temporanei, costituendo un insieme di azioni di tanti gruppi e collettivi su scala globale (e in rete tra loro), cominciano a costituire una forma di urbanistica complementare a quella dei grandi progetti di trasformazione e alternativa alle politiche e alle strategie urbane top-down, in cui società, economia e territorio trovano forme diverse di interazione a partire da processi che tengono insieme cittadinanze attive, tecnologie a bassa definizione, comunità locali.

The use of temporary, prefabricated buildings in Britain during the twentieth century arose from wartime need to provide better, and perhaps more importantly, portable shelter for troops and equipment. This thesis provides the first comprehensive list of hut designs for the First and Second World Wars. The full lists and descriptions of each hut are given in the appendices. These lists, 20 types for the First World War and 52 from the Second World War, show the huge range and scope of the huts used and is the major contribution of this thesis. The concentration here is on generic types. Some huts were designed as one-offs and there is no possible way to catalogue these. This thesis has focused instead on those designs or industrially-produced types, which were meant to be produced en-masse as generic solutions to the problem: the sort of hut that might justifiably be given a name (such as a ‘Tarran’, a ‘Seco’, etc.). This thesis provides essential information enabling historians to be able to identify these types. It uses primary and secondary sources to trace the development of these huts and the effect that wartime shortages had on their design. Beginning with the earliest examples of temporary military building, it then focuses on the huts of the First and Second World Wars followed by a study of huts grouped in chapters by material. This research shows that the wartime period pushed industry to make giant leaps forward with construction methods and materials in just a few short years, where otherwise it may have taken decades. This thesis aims to provide the first overview of this process and to enable future researchers to identify and understand the development of these important wartime structures, many of which survive to this day.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on several cities. Their cultural sectors stood out as one of the most affected by the crisis, with facilities having to shut down or drastically diminish their capacity worldwide. Given the possibility of future pandemic waves, this paper focus on ways to mitigate the negative impacts of new global crises on cultural practices by looking into smaller-scale and DIY spaces.

Temporary urbanism has become a distinctive feature of urban life after the 2008 global financial crisis. This book offers a critical exploration of its emergence and establishment as a seductive discourse and as an entangled field of practice encompassing architecture, visual and performative arts, urban regeneration policies and planning. Drawing on seven years of semi-ethnographic research, it explores the politics of temporariness from a situated analysis of neighbourhood transformation, media representations and wider political and cultural shifts in austerity London. Through a longitudinal engagement with projects and practitioners, the book tests the power of aesthetic and cultural interventions and highlights tensions between the promise of vacant space re-appropriation and its commodification. Against the normalisation of ephemerality, it presents a critique of the permanence of temporary urbanism as a glamorisation of the anticipatory politics of precarity which are transforming cities, subjectivities and imaginaries of urban action.

This chapter deals with temporary Soviet architecture— exposition pavilions and set design for films during the interwar period. It will be viewed through the lens of the concept of life-building (zhiznestroenie), which can be traced to Russian writers and philosophers of the 19th century. Having started in a Positivist mode, by the end of the 19th century the concept acquired strong religious connotations. After the October revolution of 1917, the idea was picked up by Marxist theoreticians and Constructivists and understood as building a new society and a new human being. During the Stalin epoch, the concept morphed into vague images of Communism, whose arrival was placed into an undefined distant future. In a sense, the idea went back to its Symbolist and quasi-religious form. I will trace the transformations of the idea of life-building as it was going back and forth between practical and symbolic forms. I will also attempt to analyze how the idea of life-building was used in a dialog (and confrontation) with the West.

The material and spatial dimensions documented in the manuscripts of ritual magic that circulated in the medieval and early modern periods have long eluded researchers. Studying where those rituals take place is important to understand the history of the practice of ritual magic. Few attempts have been done to interpret the reasons behind the construction of magic circles and the use of domestic locations. The author introduces a new interpretative category of such ritual spaces: imaginal architectural devices (IADs). IADs pick out a specific kind of portable, spatially unfixed ritual space, where “magical” ones are a key example. They are temporary architectural artefacts, attested across a swath of sources of ritual magic, that work as strategic tools for orienting cognition, behavior, and belief. Drawing on spatial theory and cognitive studies, the author constructs IADs as a typological category for comparative analysis. It describes architectural operations that work at the interplay between mental projections and material culture, and that modify the perception of space. In the second part of the article, IADs will be applied to study the circles described in the second section of the Liber Iuratus Honorii, a thirteenth-century handbook containing instructions on how to conjure different ranks of spirits. In the end, the author suggests future directions of research on the transmission of IADs into contemporary ritual magic.

We employ the possibilities of parametric modeling software andcustomized mass production machinery to develop a design for adaptablemultifunctional temporary medium size buildings made from recyclable lightweight materials and built a prototype from cardboard. We developed agrasshopper script that controls the geometry of a self-supporting arc made from a folded plane. The project is conducted as an experimental design-and-build university course that familiarizes students with parametric thinking and designing and with carrying out a project from initial concepts through tobuilding a 1:1 prototype. This project is part of an ongoing series of investigative design & build courses integrating current design possibilities and construction methods.

In this paper, we discuss the current condition of temporary housing settlements established after Golcuk earthquake in 1999 to meet the urgent housing needs of surviving families. We consider the changing daily life, shelter conditions with contents of temporary/permanent issues at housing from the user's point of view during the transition period. House is more than shelter and the most important place in an individual's life in everywhere in the world. The evaluation of houses, from the temporary/permanent point of view must consider both the meaning and function (use) of home. The meaning and use of home mean different for residents of temporary and permanent houses when considered with housing concept. Before an earthquake, home for users means permanent; residents regard these houses as their continuous/permanent shelter whereas the sense of permanency gets lost its meaning for the homeless victims after the disaster. After the earthquake in Marmara region, the named "temporary housing (emergency shelters)" settlements are built by the government to shelter homeless people whose houses are collapsed or seriously damaged. These were transitional housing systems as long as they construct the new housing settlements in the allocated areas. Although four years passed after the Golcuk disaster, the families which are still living in these houses bring the discussion of temporary or permanency concepts at housing. In this paper, we point out that life is continuous on this edge between temporary/permanent zones for the poor families in Golcuk-Yenikoy temporary housing settlements. We interviewed the residents, took photographs and made observations. In the field interviews, we tried to explore the problems of residents, how they perceive their new shelters, what they expect from their government, from their surrounding and homes, families, use of space, their satisfaction or dissatisfaction, physical problems of houses, changes made safety, privacy, social interaction, etc with respect to the temporary and permanent housing. We observed that these families prefer to live in these temporary houses due to economic conditions and safety despite the negative conditions of temporary housing. INTRODUCTION:

There is a long tradition of research, projects and experiments regarding the issue of temporary living. It is a very fertile field of reflection because it represents the intersection of practical needs with the aspiration, sometimes utopian, toward an extreme simplicity in living and an innate desire for freedom and exploration. Here, we will draw a quick historical overview exemplified by four design stories that are indicative of certain strategic and typological research lines, and then, we will present an updated overview of trends in contemporary design and production.

Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, is a potent city, on the edge of the European Union and in the intensive phase of political, economic and social transition. It is located on two European corridors and traditionally is at the border of different cultures. Similar to other European cities, it used to be an industrial city, but since the Second World War relies primarily on
tertiary sector becoming a post-industrial city. This led to the emergence of a large number of abandoned spaces. Consequences of territorial
transformation of former Yugoslavia, internal wars, NATO bombing as well as privatization during the Transition period (end of the 20th century) left even more abandoned spaces with no clear guidelines and defined level of
protection, with low level of maintenance and without any picture of their involvement in the process of future development.
Abandoned areas (the remains of long lasting buildings, like military or industrial places or just lost typologies) should be seen as places
that are empty but not vague, as antistructures of planed and defined city. Their physical structure gives them a certain meaning, talking about history (testifies failures of the past), putting them in a waiting
position, in limbo between what they were and what they could be. Observed in this way, empty and abandoned buildings, their shell,
instead of the usual procedure of demolition should be a potential catalyst for future development of the city.
The main subject of this paper are areas that have been abandoned and have lost their meaning in the transition process, and due to changes in government structure and the territorial scope of the former Yugoslavia.
These examples cover a wide range of former military facilities, cultural centers from the period of socialism, cinemas and others spaces in the region of Belgrade.
The aim of this paper is to examine the potential of abandoned spaces and possibilities for their transformation, through a case study of urban regeneration of Belgrade city center and riverfront. Transformation of the existing abandoned spaces is seen as a platform for applying various actions (temporary or permanent) from which specific strategic guidelines for future city development can be drawn. It contributes to the review of inherited under or non-utilized structures that make up, or even define a portrait of post-socialist postindustrial Belgrade.

Key words: abandoned spaces, Belgrade, temporary use, urban transformation

One of the critical aspects of sheltering after a disaster is the divergence between providing for short-term needs (emergency or temporary shelter) and long-term needs (permanent housing). However, more often than not, short-term housing solutions are based on universal prototypes, and are not related to the local culture and climate; they are focused on providing immediate relief rather than engaging with the lengthier process of physical and emotional post-disaster reconstruction. Because the shelters provided are often standardized and ill-fitting for families’ needs, families will modify their shelters in order to make them more appropriate for their physical and cultural needs. Cases of transitional accommodation provided after earthquakes in Peru (2007) and Chile (2010) by TECHO NGO and the Government of Chile are no exception. The following photographs are one component of a research project that sought to understand the process of recovery after a disaster, based on the study of 27 shelters modified by their inhabitants

""Summary : Leisure and culture take an important parts in city planning and attractivity. In this context, periodic festive events are used to organise urban centrality in its functional and symbolic dimensions. As short-lived and labile as they are, they influence urban policies in their way of producing and organizing space. In the short term they are used as temporary public space planning, modifying uses and functions. In the mid-term, it generates institutional structures, mandated by politician, to manage city events.  In the long term, these institutions take part in the urban path of public space hanging events to urban projects. The periodicity of festive events influences the governance, urban planning and design of public spaces.

Resumen : La recreación y la cultura desempeñan um papel importante en las estrategias para la atractividad y el desarrollo de las ciudades. En este ámbito, los eventos festivos periódicos son movilizados para organizar la centralidad urbana en sus dimensiones simbólicas y funcionales. Aunque lábiles y efímeros por definición, estos eventos no dejan de influenciar en las políticas urbanas en sus modos de producir y organizar el espacio. En el corto plazo, son utilizados como acondicionamientos temporales de los espacios públicos cuyos usos y funciones transforman. En el medio plazo, este uso engendra instituciones acreditadas por las entidades públicas para asegurar la gestión evenemencial de la ciudad. En el largo plazo, estas instituciones participan en la trayectoria urbanística de los espacios públicos urbanos a través de la articulación de los eventos con los proyectos urbanos. El ritmo de los eventos festivos influye en la gobernanza, en el desarrollo y en el diseño de los espacios públicos.

Résumé : Le loisir et la culture occupent une place importante dans les stratégies d’attractivité et de développement des villes. Dans ce cadre, les événements festifs périodiques sont mobilisés pour organiser la centralité urbaine dans ses dimensions symboliques et fonctionnelles. Par définition éphémères et labiles, ils n’en influencent pas moins les politiques urbaines dans leurs manières de produire et d’organiser les espaces. A court terme, ils sont utilisés comme aménagements temporaires des espaces publics transformant les usages et fonctions. A moyen terme, cette utilisation engendre des institutions mandatées par le politique pour assurer la gestion événementielle de la ville. A long terme, ces institutions participent de la trajectoire urbanistique des lieux publics par l’articulation des événements aux projets urbains. Le rythme des événements festifs influence la gouvernance, l’aménagement et le design des espaces publics.
""

This paper provides a description of the Durga Puja religious festival that is held each autumn in Kolkata. During the ten days of the celebration, the Indian city is enriched by a multitude of temporary temples, where local communities come together for both religious and social gatherings. The colourful marquees host rituals and music, flooding urban space with a festive atmosphere that has become a hallmark of Kolkata, attracting large crowds of visitors and tourists who are interested in the folk festival and in its religious connotation. The description focuses on the emotional response to the transformed space, analyzing how the rituals performed in the temporary temples, and the urban and architectural features of the festival’s instalment affect the visitors’ corporeal feelings.

Architecture has always had an obsession with time. Architects from different places and generations have struggled to make buildings able to last for decades, or even centuries; permanence has traditionally been considered the most desirable architectural quality. Even if, throughout history, temporary interventions have played a key role in defining urban spaces, architects have often considered them a minority practice not deserving much attention. Things have changed in recent years. Increasingly, architects understand temporariness as a potential answer to some of the most pressing problems of contemporary cities. Being adaptive and quick to build, temporary interventions can help architecture bring life back to vacant lots; or provide vitality and dynamism to the most distinct urban situations; or restore a sense of home and urbanity in post-disaster camps. In 21st century architecture, temporary buildings have a special place, for their flexibility and for the formal / spatial possibilities they offer to architects: because of their characteristics, temporary buildings are often pure space, free from the constraints of function and time-fighting. The paper aims to analyze strategies and objectives of temporary interventions in the context of 21st century urban architecture, through case studies from the last two decades.

The four Grand Catalan Chronicles were written during the 13th and the 14th century, and they are one of the best historiographical collections in medieval Europe.  Unlike the annals produced in other European courts at the time, most of the facts related in these chronicles are contemporary with their authors.  In fact, two of them are considered the only autobiographies by medieval monarchs.
These works describe the major events occurred during the different reigns of the period, but also include amusing anecdotes, personal reflections and depictions of everyday life.  In these narrations, the authors refer to the journeys made by monarchs during military campaigns and for other purposes. Sometimes, they even specify their itinerary, form of transport, accommodation, meals, and other details about daily life during these travels.
This paper will analyse the lodgings of queens and kings during military campaigns, as well as the alternative means for displaying power used in these situations.  In spite of the temporary condition of royal accommodation or even the lack of a proper building, it was essential that the monarchs held ceremonies of homage and fealty, peace negotiations, royal councils and other activities.
Fundamental aspects such as the different sorts of lodgings, their characteristics, and the preference as to which type to use according to the circumstances will be examined.  The relevance of personal experience of space in the autobiographical texts will also be discussed in comparison to the casual references in the non first-hand accounts. 
It will be argued that lodgings and army camps were actively developed during the period, to the point of influencing the dynamics of occupation of newly conquered cities and the appropriation rituals performed by the conquerors.

Link to slides: https://www2.slideshare.net/EstherDoradoLadera/royalty-at-medieval-military-camps-temporary-architectures-of-power-in-the-four-grand-catalan-chronicles-12081387

A singular and modest activist action, a temporary park created in San Francisco, grew into the global urban Park(ing) Day (PD) phenomenon. This tactical urbanism event not only expanded to be annually celebrated in thousands of parking lots all over the world but became an inspiration for urban planning and policy changes. The permanent rendition of Park(ing) Day, parklets, resulted from the movement but did not stop the spread of PD itself. This article presents case studies from New Zealand and Poland, two geographically and culturally distant locations where PD has further developed and evolved gaining local qualities. Through research methods such as research in design, secondary data analysis and expert interviews we study the trajectory of PD evolution and the role and interpretation of it in different parts of the globe. The results show a narrative of successive popularisation and institutionalisation as well as diversification. Departing from its grassroots, guerilla and assertive traits, PD has grown to become an artistic, creative and urban planning tool. As an established, recognised action and an 'attractive' idea, PD has great potential for designer education, allowing a venue for implementing methods such as design-build and live project.