Tenure

Female faculty underrepresentation in higher education is perpetuated by gender-based social and professional practices and roles. Existing research confirms gender disparities in faculty recruitment, retention, salary, tenure, and mentorship. This book explores how female, tenure-track faculty navigate the process of balancing their personal and professional lives.

Utilizing a qualitative phenomenological approach, the stories of nine female, full-time tenure-track and tenured faculty as well as four administrators employed in faculty diversity, development, and work-life are explored. With a blended application of poststructuralist feminism and work-family border theoretical framework, the book illustrates gender norms, roles, and boundaries as experienced and interpreted by female faculty navigating their work, family, and community spheres of influence. This book highlights the first known study to explore a “new Ivy” institution, and there are no other known studies that incorporate both the qualitative perspectives of female faculty as well as those of the faculty diversity and development administrators who oversee and develop the very programs and policies that support those faculty. A key chapter in the book, “Baby, It’s Cold Inside: Faculty Context & Campus Climate” offers unique insight into what female faculty, and those who love them, face on the path to tenure today.

Five thematic findings are overviewed and explored: faculty support comes in many forms; seeking clarity in job elements and teaching, research, service (TRS) ratios; coping strategies in the wake of an overloaded TRS ratio (“Quick meals, late nights, and what gym?”); family borders in the academy, and work-life-family fit: stability, not balance. This work aims to stimulate faculty gender norm consciousness and acknowledge and relay the unique challenges in faculty’s pursuit of work-life-family stability, career path navigation, and role negotiation. The author offers an insider’s glimpse of modern faculty and administrator lives for the benefit of tenure-track faculty, their departments, their families, and higher education institutions at large. This work aims to better inform university and departmental policy planning and enhance institutional understanding and subsequent support in and of the faculty experience, and thus the experiences of the increasingly diverse students whom educational institutions aim to serve.

Los sistemas de provisión de vivienda pueden definirse como el conjunto de iniciativas (públicas y privadas) que configuran las opciones disponibles en cada sociedad para conseguir un lugar en el que residir. Desde esta perspectiva cabe considerarlos como un elemento central de los regímenes o Estados de bienestar, junto con las políticas de empleo, sanidad o educación. De hecho, análisis comparativos entre países muestran la existencia de distintos regímenes de provisión de vivienda que, por un lado, se corresponden con clasificaciones existentes de regímenes de bienestar y, por otro, tienen efectos sobre las condiciones de acceso a la vivienda y el régimen de tenencia predominante. En estos estudios España suele calificarse como un modelo dualista que fomenta la vivienda en propiedad en detrimento del alquiler, frente al modelo integrado, más característico de los países del norte de Europa.
Más allá de la especificidad de este modelo y de la posición que ocupa España en el contexto europeo, la presente investigación constata su heterogeneidad, argumentando y mostrando empíricamente que los distintos sistemas de provisión de vivienda, desde una perspectiva autonómica comparada, están incidiendo en el proceso de emancipación residencial. En este marco, el presente trabajo pretende desarrollar dos objetivos. Por un lado, mostrar la existencia de sistemas autonómicos de provisión de vivienda en España, proponiendo indicadores al respecto. Por otro, analizar sus efectos sobre la emancipación residencial de los jóvenes, utilizando para ello datos procedentes de diferentes fuentes de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo. De esta forma, se realizan propuestas analíticas y empíricas sobre un aspecto aún poco estudiado de los sistemas sub-nacionales de bienestar.

Presumed Incompetent is a pathbreaking account of the intersecting roles of race, gender, and class in the working lives of women faculty of color. Through personal narratives and qualitative empirical studies, more than 40 authors expose the daunting challenges faced by academic women of color as they navigate the often hostile terrain of higher education, including hiring, promotion, tenure, and relations with students, colleagues, and administrators. The narratives are filled with wit, wisdom, and concrete recommendations, and provide a window into the struggles of professional women in a racially stratified but increasingly multicultural America.

HBCUs are often lauded as diverse and inclusive environments. However, trends in tenure appointments and lawsuits show that women are often discounted. This brief essay discusses some trends in tenure appointments and lawsuits which indicate that Black women are experiencing gender based inequities at HBCUs.

This qualitative phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of 22 male assistant professors of color as they navigated the tenure-track while working in various disciplines at four-year institutions nationwide. The notion of intersectionality provided a theoretical framework to unearth how participants’ experiences were shaped. The guiding questions for the study included: 1) How do male tenure-track assistant professors of color describe their experiences in navigating academia? (2) How does intersectionality theory assist with better understanding their experiences? Findings revealed overarching themes related to how they negotiated and struggled with their various work and personal roles and responsibilities, understandings of their unique experiences within academia, and how they recreated their perceptions of self and how others viewed them given their personal and professional roles and multiple social identities. Findings reiterate that the experiences of male faculty of color cannot be unraveled from their intersecting social identities, nor from the contexts in which they live and work. Supportive environments that allowed for fluid understandings of what male faculty of color can and should be doing were appreciated and seen in varying instances, although less common.

AbstractThis article proposes a narrative of city contestations beyond policy and programs. It considers why Indian metro elites, large land developers and international donors paradoxically lobby for comprehensive planning when confronting ‘vote bank politics’ by the poor. Poor groups, claiming public services and safeguarding territorial claims, open up political spaces that appropriate institutions and fuel an economy that builds complex alliances. Such spaces, here termed ‘occupancy urbanism’, are materialized by land shaped into multiple de-facto tenures deeply embedded in lower bureaucracy. While engaging the state, these locality politics remain autonomous of it. Such a narrative views city terrains as being constituted by multiple political spaces inscribed by complex local histories. This politics is substantial and poses multiple crises for global capital. Locally embedded institutions subvert high-end infrastructure and mega projects. ‘Occupancy urbanism’ helps poor groups appropriate real estate surpluses via reconstituted land tenure to fuel small businesses whose commodities jeopardize branded chains. Finally, it poses a political consciousness that refuses to be disciplined by NGOs and well-meaning progressive activists and the rhetoric of ‘participatory planning’. This is also a politics that rejects ‘developmentalism’ where ‘poverty’ is ghettoized via programs for ‘basic needs’ allowing the elite ‘globally competitive economic development’.This article proposes a narrative of city contestations beyond policy and programs. It considers why Indian metro elites, large land developers and international donors paradoxically lobby for comprehensive planning when confronting ‘vote bank politics’ by the poor. Poor groups, claiming public services and safeguarding territorial claims, open up political spaces that appropriate institutions and fuel an economy that builds complex alliances. Such spaces, here termed ‘occupancy urbanism’, are materialized by land shaped into multiple de-facto tenures deeply embedded in lower bureaucracy. While engaging the state, these locality politics remain autonomous of it. Such a narrative views city terrains as being constituted by multiple political spaces inscribed by complex local histories. This politics is substantial and poses multiple crises for global capital. Locally embedded institutions subvert high-end infrastructure and mega projects. ‘Occupancy urbanism’ helps poor groups appropriate real estate surpluses via reconstituted land tenure to fuel small businesses whose commodities jeopardize branded chains. Finally, it poses a political consciousness that refuses to be disciplined by NGOs and well-meaning progressive activists and the rhetoric of ‘participatory planning’. This is also a politics that rejects ‘developmentalism’ where ‘poverty’ is ghettoized via programs for ‘basic needs’ allowing the elite ‘globally competitive economic development’.RésuméCet article rend compte des contestations urbaines au-delà de l’action publique et des programmes. Il porte sur les raisons pour lesquelles les élites métropolitaines indiennes, de gros aménageurs fonciers et des donateurs internationaux plaident paradoxalement pour un urbanisme complet lorsque la politique de vote bank se heurtent aux pauvres. Ces groupes, qui réclament des services publics et gardent des revendications territoriales, ouvrent des espaces politiques qui s’approprient des institutions et alimentent une économie aux alliances complexes. Ces espaces, dénommés “urbanisme d’occupation”, sont matérialisés par des terrains formés de multiples occupations de fait, profondément ancrées dans les échelons inférieurs de l’administration. Même si elle implique l’État, la politique de ces localités demeure autonome à son égard. D’après cet exposé, les terrains urbains sont constitués de nombreux espaces politiques aux historiques locaux complexes. Cette politique, non négligeable, est source de problèmes pour le capital mondial. En effet, des institutions ancrées au plan local bouleversent d’énormes projets d’infrastructure haut de gamme. “L’urbanisme d’occupation” aide les groupes pauvres à s’approprier les excédents immobiliers grâce à des modes de jouissance fonciers reconstitués pour stimuler de petites entreprises dont les produits menacent des chaînes de marque. Enfin, elle suscite une conscience politique qui refuse la discipline des ONG ou des partisans progressistes bien intentionnés, de même que la rhétorique de “l’aménagement participatif”. Cette politique rejette aussi un “développementalisme” où la pauvreté est “ghettoïsée” par des programmes en faveur des “besoins fondamentaux” qui permettent aux élites un “développement économique compétitif au plan mondial”.Cet article rend compte des contestations urbaines au-delà de l’action publique et des programmes. Il porte sur les raisons pour lesquelles les élites métropolitaines indiennes, de gros aménageurs fonciers et des donateurs internationaux plaident paradoxalement pour un urbanisme complet lorsque la politique de vote bank se heurtent aux pauvres. Ces groupes, qui réclament des services publics et gardent des revendications territoriales, ouvrent des espaces politiques qui s’approprient des institutions et alimentent une économie aux alliances complexes. Ces espaces, dénommés “urbanisme d’occupation”, sont matérialisés par des terrains formés de multiples occupations de fait, profondément ancrées dans les échelons inférieurs de l’administration. Même si elle implique l’État, la politique de ces localités demeure autonome à son égard. D’après cet exposé, les terrains urbains sont constitués de nombreux espaces politiques aux historiques locaux complexes. Cette politique, non négligeable, est source de problèmes pour le capital mondial. En effet, des institutions ancrées au plan local bouleversent d’énormes projets d’infrastructure haut de gamme. “L’urbanisme d’occupation” aide les groupes pauvres à s’approprier les excédents immobiliers grâce à des modes de jouissance fonciers reconstitués pour stimuler de petites entreprises dont les produits menacent des chaînes de marque. Enfin, elle suscite une conscience politique qui refuse la discipline des ONG ou des partisans progressistes bien intentionnés, de même que la rhétorique de “l’aménagement participatif”. Cette politique rejette aussi un “développementalisme” où la pauvreté est “ghettoïsée” par des programmes en faveur des “besoins fondamentaux” qui permettent aux élites un “développement économique compétitif au plan mondial”.

Series Editor: David Bethea (University of Wisconsin, Madison)

"Liber Primus” is a new series designed for authors early in their careers, in many cases assistant professors coming up for tenure. A primary goal of the series is to create an outlet for outstanding academic books in our field at a time when university presses, forced to focus on “bottom lines” and trim their lists accordingly, are increasingly unlikely, regardless of the project, to take on proposals from untested, younger, less published scholars in our field. The series does not promote any specific scholarly-critical methodology, nor does it limit itself to any period, genre, or author grouping in Russian/Slavic literature/culture. Primary criteria will be quality of the research, conceptual robustness, clarity of thought, and elegance of style. Interdisciplinary projects are welcome. The vetting process will be rigorous and “blind,” with readers normally including a specialist with appropriate expertise and a member of the editorial board. It is the editor’s and editorial board’s hope that the seriousness of the review process and the attractiveness and attention to detail accompanying the finished product will give the books in this series the sort of “imprimatur” that deans and tenure committees will take into account as they shape the future of the discipline and the profession.

It appears that open access (OA) academic publishing is better for science because it provides frictionless access to make significant advancements in knowledge. OA also benefits individual researchers by providing the widest possible audience and concomitant increased citation rates. OA publishing rates are growing fast as increasing numbers of funders demand it and is currently dominated by gold OA (authors pay article processing charges (APCs)). Academics with limited financial resources perceive they must choose between publishing behind pay walls or using research funds for OA publishing. Worse, many new OA journals with low APCs did not have impact factors, which reduces OA selection for tenure track professors. Such unpleasant choices may be dissolving. This article provides analysis with a free and open source python script to collate all journals with impact factors with the now more than 12,000 OA journals that are truly platinum OA (neither the author nor the readers pay for the peer-reviewed work). The results found platinum OA is growing faster than both academic publishing and OA publishing. There are now over 350 platinum OA journals with impact factors over a wide variety of academic disciplines, giving most academics options for OA with no APCs.

Student evaluations are subjective and oftentimes arbitrary, skewed by stereotypes students have of the professor rather than the actual merit of the instructional style. Yet student evaluations are frequently necessary for promotion and tenure requirements regardless of known gender bias. As such, student evaluations have the potential to foster a culture of academic contrapower harassment (ACPH). A convenience sample of 150 professors and instructors (41.3% male, 56.7%, female, and 2% declined to specify) from two separate liberal arts colleges were surveyed to explore the gendered differences of perceived bullying of professors by students on anonymous student evaluations. Using Pearson's chi-square test for independence (categorical variables), results support differences in the psychological consequences of student evaluations between male and female faculty but fail to confirm instances of ACPH.

"Presumed Incompetent is a pathbreaking account of the intersecting roles of race, gender, and class in the working lives of women faculty of color. Through personal narratives and qualitative empirical studies, more than 40 authors expose the daunting challenges faced by academic women of color as they navigate the often hostile terrain of higher education, including hiring, promotion, tenure, and relations with students, colleagues, and administrators. One of the topics addressed is the importance of forging supportive networks to transform the workplace and create a more hospitable environment for traditionally subordinated groups. The narratives are filled with wit, wisdom, and concrete recommendations, and provide a window into the struggles of professional women in a racially stratified but increasingly multicultural America.

The downloadable document contains the Introduction to Presumed Incompetent co-authored by Angela P. Harris and Carmen G. Gonzalez.

The book may be ordered from the publisher at http://www.usu.edu/usupress/books/index.cfm?isbn=8695

The book is also available for pre-order at http://www.amazon.com/Presumed-Incompetent-Intersections-Class-Academia/dp/0874218691/ref=cm_cr_pr_pb_t"

explores the institutional environment for secure tenure in a sample of 58 cities. The procedure adopted was to set up a framework for secure tenure issues (Flood and Angel 2005) and to investigate a range of commonly held hypotheses regarding secure tenure. As well, it was expected that global trends on the major concerns surrounding secure tenure would be revealed. A city survey instrument was developed based on this framework and a pilot survey was run in 6 cities. The instrument was finalized in Dec 2005

Ageism is a pan-cultural problem, and correspondingly, increased research attention worldwide has focused on how a person's age drives prejudice against them. Nevertheless, recent work argues that chronological age alone is a limited predictor of prejudice-particularly in the workplace, where age conflates intertwined elements (e.g., life stage and work experience), and across cultures, in which the nature of ageism can substantially differ. A recent organizational behavior (GATE) framework advocates for extending beyond numerical age alone, focusing instead on prejudice arising from workers' perceived Generation (birth cohort), Age (life stage), Tenure (time with organization), and Experience (accumulated skillset over time). In addition to clarifying the multifaceted nature of workplace ageism, GATE helps uncover potential cultural ageism differences. Using the United States and China as focal Western and Eastern prototypes, the current paper compares Eastern and Western cultures through a GATE Lens. Eastern and Western cultures adopt different perceptions of generations (e.g., United States "Boomers," versus Chinese "Cultural Revolution" generation), elder life stages (United States warm-but-incompetent older adults, versus Eastern pragmatic elder resource concerns), organizational tenure expectations (Western job-hopping, versus Eastern filial-piety-based loyalty), and desired experience levels (shaped different by higher Eastern frequency of mandatory retirement practices and family business ventures). Moreover, existing research offers clues for how workplace GATE-ism likely differs between cultures, but more research is needed. Future research should adopt a nuanced GATE conception of "age"-ism, toward enhanced ageism understanding and the ability to utilize a globally aging workforce.

This study investigates to what extent activist-scholars in U.S. public universities are reassured by the safeguard of academic freedom when considering whether to express their politics publicly. Drawing from 31 in-depth interviews with a diverse pool of faculty from multiple institutions, this study interrogates activists-scholars' sense of academic freedom protection as it intersects with their race and gender as well as their academic rank. This article argues that in order to ensure the effectiveness of academic freedom policies, not only is it necessary to assess the moments where academic freedom is overtly violated, academic freedom also must be assessed and reassessed constantly within its sociopolitical and economic context. The participants' narratives reveal that academic freedom-the ostensible bedrock of the U.S. university system-is in fact a stratified freedom drawn across academic-rank lines, reflecting the racial and gender hierarchies of larger society, and that the culture of the academy encourages conformity rather than ethical risk-taking. In addition to advancing our understanding of how academic freedom operates, this study aims to inform institutional policies and practices contributing to higher education accountability efforts by elucidating ways of reinforcing the academy's social mission.

Facing increased calls for “practical skills,” the arts and humanities are under immense pressure to demonstrate their value to a public that demands measurable metrics. As a response, graphic design has adopted the language of “research” as a way to engage with tangible benefits. Research, in turn, has emphasized applied learning and the field of engineering has been suggested by some as a possible model for graphic design education. This paper instead proposes architecture as a more aligned disciplinary model for education, practice, and research. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, architecture faced a crisis very similar to the one affecting graphic design today. But rather than relinquish disciplinary control to the positivist scientism of behavioral science, operational research, and design methods as they asserted control over the codes of architectural practice, a number of architects and educators sought architecture’s autonomy, an inward reflection on the methods, techniques, and questions that were restricted to how architecture sees itself. Architecture’s inward turn, or “criticism from within,” was ultimately responsible for its return to cultural significance.

Funded in part by a grant from the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC).

In recent years debates have emerged about rising corporate influence and control over higher education. Considerable attention has been given to developments in the United States, where the process is, arguably, most advanced (Apple, 2005; Hill, 2005). In this chapter we relate these issues to the long standing role of tenure in academic life. We explore the traditions of tenured employment, which many see as a weapon/asset in the struggle against the relentless commercialisation and casualization of higher education. We do not proceed with a view to returning to an imagined golden age (Clarke, 2010), but with a view to transformation, as is required to make the best of the present and to secure the future. With a focus on Ireland, we examine the Contract of Indefinite Duration (hereafter CID), as a peculiar form of tenure: one that permits interpretations that downgrade those employed under its premise. With reference to a number of cases, we examine the struggles that academics face in obtaining these permanent contracts. We consider how the absence of security and stability impacts on people's lives and/or capacity to develop as researchers and teachers. We address deteriorating working conditions, and consider how they prevent a growing number of academics from engaging productively with their colleagues, caring for their students, or even caring adequately for themselves (Lynch, 2010). We suggest that by outsourcing work previously carried out under permanent contracts of employment universities demonstrate a stubborn refusal to contribute to the formation of secure occupational identities among those hoping to live and work as academics. We argue that though CIDs do offer the closest thing to job security amid increasingly destructive commercial forces, such half-hearted solutions can also be used as a tool for antagonizing further the ever more stratified academic community.

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To be cited as: Ivancheva, Mariya and O’Flynn, Micheal, 2016. Between Career Progression and Career Stagnation: Casualisation, Tenure, and the Contract of Indefinite Duration in Ireland, in: Gupta, S., Habjan, J., Tutek, H. (Eds.), Academic Labour, Unemployment and Global Higher Education. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp. 167–184.

Based on an annual survey of 325 American Association for Colleges and Schools of Business (AACSB) schools within the United States, this study examines the trends in salaries for entrepreneurship faculty from 2004-2015. The study breaks down the faculty into rank (Full Professor, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor, and Instructor), type of school (Public versus Private) and gender. The findings and their implications to administrators and faculty are discussed.

The results of the analysis run somewhat counter to accepted wisdom, in that it is estimated that the major portion of insecure tenure is among tenants worldwide, with formal sector tenants being the largest group. In the informal sector also, landlords are supplying up to half of the housing for marginal groups, similarly as this occurred in the highly industrialised countries during their periods of rapid urban expansion.

Aid programs for rental tenure remain a neglected element of international assistance and knowledge about informal landlords and tenants and the kinds of programmes that might benefit them is minimal. In fact the data relating to secure tenure are overall quite poor, even in those countries with established statistical systems, and the Millennium Goal programme offers a good opportunity to improve knowledge regarding housing tenure and the kinds of programmes that will improve the situation of those in insecure tenure.

SUMMARY. The assessment of scholarship assumes a central role in the evaluation of individual faculty, educational programs and academic fields. Because the production and assessment of scholarship is so central to the faculty role, it is incumbent upon decision makers to strive to make assessments of scholarship fair and equitable. This paper will focus on an approach to the assessment of the quantity and impact of the most important
subset of an individual’s scholarship–peer-reviewed journal articles. The primary goal of this paper is to stimulate discussion regarding scholarship assessment in hiring, reappointment, tenure and promotion decisions.

Citation analysis is a staple in the sciences for measuring the impact of faculty members' output, but heavy reliance on monographs as a vehicle for scholarly communication has diminished the value of bibliometrics in the theological disciplines. The digital revolution, however, has created a seismic shift for citation analyses and has given rise to altmetrics. Overviews of bibliometrics and altmetrics are provided and a series of questions is posed to encourage ongoing discussions about the value of these tools within theological contexts.

I have come to think that there might be something other people might learn from my experiences in academia and in public-sector history. As I look back, I can say that leaving academia was one the best things that happened to me, although I did not think so at the time. It freed me to work with some very talented people on some very creative projects that I could not have done otherwise. And yet, I’m not so sure it would be the same today. While it was not the most secure way to go, my years at the New Jersey Historical Commission coincided with what I might call the Golden Age of Public History. There were many of us who left academia during that time to find employment in the public sector—in museums, historical societies, libraries, public television and radio stations, government agencies, and foundations. We seem to have entered another period when public officials think that these projects are not the proper role for government, neither on the national or state level. But now recognizing the difference between historic fact and so-called "fake news" is more important than ever.

Special Issue, Black women and Title IX Edited by Leah P. Hollis, Rutgers University This call is for innovative scholarship on Black women/girls and Title IX, hence we struggle for equal protection under the law. This issue is meant to empirically examine the policy and the impact of Title IX's short comings, the effects in ALL educational; Activities such as (but not limited to) STEM,

Equity across academic disciplines is taken for granted in contemporary business schools. The status of a discipline is crucial for such fairness. One might assume, therefore, that IS scholars are treated fairly during tenure and promotion processes when compared to scholars from other business school academic fields. In fact, this may not be the case. The playing field used by business academic disciplines may not be level. This study addresses three questions related to this issue. The first asks whether there is a level playing field for publication among the various business disciplines, and second, assuming an unlevel playing field, what are the relative productivity differences between dissemination of scientific results among these disciplines? The third question is how could the playing field be leveled, assuming it is not at the present time. To answer these questions, existing data sources were tapped, one of these containing well over 18,000 data points. Further, original data was gathered from U.S. business schools, and all the data was analyzed in relation to AACSB data on the relative sizes of business school disciplines. Given our finding that the playing field is not level, the differences between the IS discipline and four other disciplines – Accounting, Finance, Management, and Marketing – are examined, and the consequences of the disadvantage to the IS discipline are discussed. The article concludes with recommendations of actions to level the field, and these are presented as a challenge to leaders in the Information Systems discipline.

Salesperson’s tenure is a major issue for companies especially in today’s era of high competition. High rates of employees turnover is reported to impact organisational productivity and competitiveness. The present study aims to identify and test those factors which are playing an important role in salesmanship career tenure. Moreover, it also aims to find out any equivalence or non-equivalence in the antecedents of salespersons’ tenure across three different industries, namely, automobile, insurance, and multi-level-marketing (MLM). For this purpose a self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed among 600 salespeople working in the aforementioned three sectors. A total of 395 usable questionnaires were finally selected for data analysis. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS and AMOS software programme packages for windows. First of all the data was screened for any missing values, outliers, and normality. After screening of the data, descriptive analysis was undertaken to gain insight into the acquired data. Descriptive statistical analyses revealed that majority of the respondent were males. Further it was exposed in the analyses that most of the respondents were married (57.2%) and was from the age group of 25 to 34. Around thirty-nine per cent of the respondents had a minimum of certificate or diploma level education and were Malays. After descriptive statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to extract the number of factors and their subsequent items. These extracted factors and items were then confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. A total of five factors were extracted and confirmed during exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was then used to examine the variables and the fitness of proposed model. We found a significant positive impact of intrinsic motivation on job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Similarly, we also found the impact of organisational commitment on employee productivity and tenure, and the impact of employee productivity on tenure. Finally, structural invariance tests were conducted in order to examine structural invariance of the baseline model across three different consumer sector industries. The results revealed that the baseline model is non-invariant across automobile, insurance, and MLM. Suggestions for further research, using the same model, were given based on our findings. The findings of this study have a major implication for marketing organisations and more specifically for recruitment agencies.

Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional (CIFOR) memprakarsai proyek GCS-Tenure di Indonesia, Uganda, dan Peru melakukan kegiatan penelitian tentang “Peningkatan Kepastian Hak Tenurial untuk Masyarakat sekitar Hutan: Studi Banding Global untuk Merancang dan Melaksanakan Reformasi Tenurial.” Di Indonesia, lokasi penelitian dilakukan di Provinsi Lampung, Maluku, dan Kalimantan. Penelitian ini menjawab bagaimana pelaksanaan reformasi tenurial hutan di negara berkembang dapat meningkatkan secara efektif kepastian hak masyarakat atas sumber daya hutan.

Buku Panduan Praktis Penerapan Kebijakan Perhutanan Sosial dalam Kerangka Pencepatan Reformasi Tenurial Hutan, dibuat tidak hanya untuk membantu masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar kawasan hutan yang ingin mendapatkan pengakuan hukum atas hutan yang dikelolanya, tetapi juga bisa menjadi bacaan bagi pejabat pemerintah dan para pendamping masyarakat yang mengurus perhutanan sosial. Buku panduan ini dilengkapi ilustrasi tahap-tahap permohonan skema-skema perhutanan sosial yaitu hutan desa (HD), hutan kemasyarakatan (HKm), hutan tanaman rakyat (HTR), kemitraan kehutanan (KK), dan juga hutan adat (HA). Selain itu, buku ini juga memuat informasi tentang pengakuan masyarakat hukum adat (PMHA) pasca MK ’35 untuk menjadi bahan referensi

In the ambiguous legislative climate synonymous with authoritarianism, the Egyptian state has encouraged the commodification of land and property through a raft of different policies that have deregulated the market, driving up the prices in some places sixteen-fold over the last decade alone. State-led commodification in tandem with informal tenure for most Egyptians has meant the exploitation of many communities by a plethora of government and quasi-government agencies that claim their land as their own.

Through three different tenure cases lodged by the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR) over the last four years, this paper will show how a pattern exists between state-led commodification and informal/insecure tenure. The case studies show the official use of direct methods of eviction such as eviction orders, sequestration decrees, and the falsifying of contracts. In addition, unofficial indirect methods of forced eviction have been used, such as cutting off power and water supplies, as well as the intimidation and torture of some residents.

The paper will also show how many of the forced evictions have happened, or been attempted, in the shadow of seemingly social motives like "upgrading unsafe areas," "the public good," or simply labelling the residents as "usurpers" and "squatters."

This contribution explores the possibility of developing an archaeology of lan ownership in Minoan Crete by taking as a starting point the methodological approach developed by anthropologist Timothy Earle. It is suggested that the concept of "land marking" may represent the most promising avenue for future research. In East Crete, recurrent spatial relationships between cemeteries and settlements are considered as possible markers of land tenure. Through the example of Late Bronze Age Palaikastro, it is also suggested that an exploration of Minoan land ownership may benefit from intra-settlement architectural studies

Many job satisfaction studies have been done on faculty in higher education, but very little research has focused on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculty.  Through these studies, very little consensus has been reached on the satisfaction levels of male and female faculty.  The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the job satisfaction of tenured and tenure-track male and female STEM faculty at research institutions in six states.  Moreover, the study sought to examine the relationship between STEM faculty job satisfaction and potential explanatory factors:  gender, rank, tenure, salary, family status, whether or not there are children living in the home, number of children living in the home, and work-family conflict.  The instruments used in the study were the Job Satisfaction Survey and the Work-family Conflict Scale, both of which are six item likert-type scales.  A negative statistically significant relationship existed between work-family conflict and job satisfaction.  Faculty who reported lower work-family conflict reported significantly higher job satisfaction than faculty with high work-family conflict.  In addition, a negative statistically significant relationship existed between work interference with family (WIF) and job satisfaction.  The correlation between WIF and job satisfaction shows that as work interference with family increases, job satisfaction decreases.  Multiple regression analysis revealed that two factors, work interference with family and family status (married or not married), accounted for 13.6% of the variance, which indicates that there are many other factors that affect university STEM faculty job satisfaction than the ones that were identified in this study.  The results of this study can be used by administrators to aid in making organizational decisions that may lead to increased STEM faculty job satisfaction.  Some of these changes might include implementing family-friendly policies and programs to increase the supportiveness of the work-family culture.

This article proposes a narrative of city contestations beyond policy and programs. It
considers why Indian metro elites, large land developers and international donors
paradoxically lobby for comprehensive planning when confronting ‘vote bank politics’
by the poor. Poor groups, claiming public services and safeguarding territorial claims,
open up political spaces that appropriate institutions and fuel an economy that builds
complex alliances. Such spaces, here termed ‘occupancy urbanism’, are materialized by
land shaped into multiple de-facto tenures deeply embedded in lower bureaucracy. While
engaging the state, these locality politics remain autonomous of it. Such a narrative
views city terrains as being constituted by multiple political spaces inscribed by complex
local histories. This politics is substantial and poses multiple crises for global capital.
Locally embedded institutions subvert high-end infrastructure and mega projects.
‘Occupancy urbanism’ helps poor groups appropriate real estate surpluses via
reconstituted land tenure to fuel small businesses whose commodities jeopardize
branded chains. Finally, it poses a political consciousness that refuses to be disciplined
by NGOs and well-meaning progressive activists and the rhetoric of ‘participatory
planning’. This is also a politics that rejects ‘developmentalism’ where ‘poverty’ is
ghettoized via programs for ‘basic needs’ allowing the elite ‘globally competitive
economic development’.

In recent years, debates about rising corporate influence and control over higher education have emerged. Considerable attention has been given to developments in the USA, where the process is, arguably, most advanced (see Apple 2005; Hill 2005). In this chapter, we relate these issues to the role of tenure in academic life. We explore the traditions of tenured employment, which many see as a weapon or asset in the struggle against the relentless commercialisation and casualisation of higher education. We do not proceed with a view to returning to an imagined golden age (see Clarke 2010), but with a view to transformation, as is required to make the best of the present and to secure the future. With a focus on Ireland, we examine the contract of indefinite duration (CID) as a peculiar form of tenure that permits interpretations that downgrade those employed under its premise. With reference to a number of cases, we examine the struggles that academics face in obtaining these permanent contracts. We consider how the absence of security and stability impacts on people’s lives and their capacity to develop as researchers and teachers. We address deteriorating working conditions and consider how they prevent a growing number of academics from engaging productively with their colleagues, caring for their students, or even caring adequately for themselves (see Lynch 2010). We suggest that by outsourcing work previously carried out under permanent contracts of employment, universities demonstrate a stubborn refusal to contribute to the formation of secure occupational identities among those hoping to live and work as academics. We argue that though CIDs do offer the closest thing to job security amid increasingly destructive commercial forces, such half-hearted solutions can also be used as a tool for antagonising further the ever more stratified academic community.

Over the past five years, the laws governing teachers’ employment have been at the center of legal and political conflicts in state courts and elections across the United States.  Vergara v. California challenged five California state statutes that provide employment protections for teachers.  Drawing on the theory of political spectacle, we conducted a media content analysis of 42 print news media articles published prior to the court’s decision in June 2014.  Two aspects of political spectacle, the use of metaphor and the illusion of rationality were the most salient and deployed in ways that were more closely aligned with the student plaintiffs’ claims than the statutes’ defenders.  We conclude by highlighting how the framing of these and other similar stories may shape subsequent debates about public education in the United States.

2 Student ratings of teaching have been used, studied, and debated for almost a century. This article examines student ratings of teaching from a statistical perspective. The common practice of relying on averages of student teaching evaluation scores as the primary measure of teaching effectiveness for promotion and tenure decisions should be abandoned for substantive and statistical reasons: There is strong evidence that student responses to questions of "effectiveness" do not measure teaching effectiveness. Response rates and response variability matter. And comparing averages of categorical responses, even if the categories are represented by numbers, makes little sense. Student ratings of teaching are valuable when they ask the right questions, report response rates and score distributions, and are balanced by a variety of other sources and methods to evaluate teaching. Since 1975, course evaluations at University of California, Berkeley have asked: Considering both t...