Typologies

This book contribution deals with a suggested model to conceptualise migration. In a nutshell, migration in my view can be analysed by using four phases or stages: the decision-making process/reasons for migration; the actual movement / the journey; arrival; soujourn/integration. Prior to and in the various phases of the model, I deal with a few theoretical approaches to migration as appropriate, e.g. voluntary-forced migration, push-pull, etc. and the legal approaches assessing reasons for migration and flight, e.g. the Geneva Convention. This happens more in the sense of connecting the dots and providing a broad-brush overview than an in-depth study of the various theories or legal questions involved. This English article is an update and expansion of the German article "Zu Begriff und Phänomen der Migration" which I published in my own edited work on the new East-West migration. Barring unforeseen circumstances I plan to update THIS article during the year 2020, possibly including the EU (Four Freedoms) and BREXIT contexts, to name but two.

В кн.: Выдающиеся отечественные этнологи и антропологи ХХ века. Сост. Д. Д. Тумаркин. М., Наука, 2004. С. 655-687.
Очерк, будучи слегка дополненным, переиздан в виде отдельной книги: Героический эпос жизни и творчества Бориса Николаевича Путилова. СПб., Европейский Дом, 2005. 106 стр. На с. 51-54 – вставка о последнем замысле Путилова по истории фольклористики.

Les recherches menées au cours des dernières années font état d'une problématique importante en enseignement et en évaluation de l'oral. En effet, les enseignants ont de la difficulté à cerner les objets d'enseignement/apprentissage de l'oral et à savoir comment et quand les enseigner en fonction des capacités des élèves (Garcia-Debanc, 2004 ; Lafontaine, 2005 et 2007 ; Dumais, 2012a). De plus, les objets sont souvent insuffisamment définis et explicités dans les programmes, et leur connaissance par les enseignants est souvent trop globale pour aboutir à un enseignement de l'oral pour lequel résulterait une véritable évaluation (Daunay, 2000 ; Maurer, 2001 ; Garcia-Debanc, 2004 ; Grandaty et Dupont, 2010). On note également une absence de classification suffisamment explicite qui permet de répertorier et de définir tous les objets de l'oral. De plus, l'oral ne fait que rarement l'objet d'une progression qui tienne compte d'une complexification progressive des objets d'enseignement/apprentissage et qui s'appuie sur un cadre théorique défini (une typologie et une taxonomie) et sur les développements récents des théories psychopédagogiques, psycholinguistiques, sociolinguistiques et didactiques (Bailey, 1994 ; Boissinot, 1999 ; Jurado, 2005 ; Dumais, 2012a). Les enseignants n'ont pas à leur disposition, de façon satisfaisante, « de construction raisonnée et progressive de la compétence d'expression orale » (Boissinot, 1999, p. 63). Il est question d'un vide théorique (Dolz et Schneuwly, 1998 ; Garcia-Debanc, 2004 ; Dumais, 2012b). Actuellement, aucune progression répertoriée ne fournit une description précise des étapes de développement de la langue orale (National Research Council, 2001 ; Tardif, 2006). Pourtant, selon plusieurs auteurs dont le National Research Council (2001) et Tardif (2006), le développement et les théories développementales doivent être à la base de l'élaboration d'une progression. Il est nécessaire de s'appuyer sur le développement intégral des élèves pour permettre de déterminer des trajectoires de développement d'objets d'enseignement/apprentissage de l'oral (Legendre, 1995 ; Troadec et Martinot, 2003 ; Garcia-Debanc, 2004). Les enseignants et les élèves ont besoin de repères dans les apprentissages à l'oral. Les enseignants ont besoin d'une clarification des objets à enseigner en fonction du développement des élèves (Dolz et Schneuwly, 1998 ; Daunay, 2000 ; Aeby et al., 2001 ; Jurado, 2005 ; Thompson, 2006). Il s'avère donc nécessaire d'élaborer une progression. Avant cela, il est primordial de déterminer des fondements solides reconnus tels qu'un type de progression, une typologie et une taxonomie pour élaborer une progression (Maurer, 2001 ; Legendre, 2005 ; Tardif, 2006). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons voulu déterminer ces fondements en répondant aux trois objectifs suivants : 1. Analyser les modèles théoriques concernant la progression afin de déterminer un type de progression; 2. Analyser les modèles théoriques ainsi que les taxonomies concernant le développement intégral des élèves afin de proposer une taxonomie du développement de la langue orale; 3. Décrire les objets d'enseignement/apprentissage de l'oral en français langue première à partir d'une analyse de contenu des typologies existantes afin de proposer une typologie. Notre recherche de type théorique avait comme méthodologie l'anasynthèse, un « processus général d'élaboration d'un modèle » (Legendre, 2005, p. 74) qui inclut entre autres l'analyse de contenu. À partir de l'anasynthèse, il nous a été possible de déterminer un type de progression à privilégier pour l'élaboration d'une progression des objets d'enseignement/apprentissage de l'oral, la progression de type spiralaire, et d'élaborer deux modèles : les bases d'une taxonomie de la langue orale et une typologie des objets d'enseignement/apprentissage de l'oral. Ces deux modèles ont été validés par des praticiens (cinq conseillers pédagogiques) et par deux experts de la didactique de l'oral à l'aide de la méthode Delphi (Maleki, 2009 ; Booto Ekionea, Bernard et Plaisent, 2011). Le premier modèle élaboré, les bases d'une taxonomie du développement de la langue orale, permet de faire état, selon les cycles de l'école québécoise, du développement des élèves de 6 à 17 ans en ce qui concerne les trois domaines du développement humain qui interviennent principalement dans le développement de la langue orale : les domaines cognitif, social et moral. En ce qui concerne le deuxième modèle, la typologie, il est réparti en 2 volets (structural et pragmatique) et selon 10 types. Il permet de classer 334 objets de l'oral, définis et exemplifiés, qui proviennent d'une anasynthèse des programmes de formation canadiens en français langue première, de progressions en lien avec l'oral, de typologies de l'oral et d'écrits scientifiques sur l'oral. La typologie permet également de mieux comprendre les composantes de l'oral, ce qui devrait faciliter l'enseignement et l'évaluation de l'oral. Cette recherche doctorale a permis d'élaborer les fondements nécessaires pour l'élaboration d'une progression des objets d'enseignement/apprentissage de l'oral et a permis d'apporter des réponses à une zone grise de la didactique de l'oral.

Understanding how the identity of a Hutu person is different from a Tutsi and why nearly a million people were murdered in the name of this difference is not handled adequately in the current literature. Drawing on parts of the world as different as Rwanda and Sri Lanka, this essay takes up this theme through three main arguments. Firstly, categorizations about identity, even when hardened into ugly typologies by processes of colonization or state formation, are always full of tensions and contradictions. Secondly, negotiating ontological difference is foundational to what it means to be human. We cannot simply hope for the end of such negotiation and wish away categories of identity such as nation, ethnicity, religion and tribe. These categories are not the problem, so much as the ways in which
difference is negotiated, instrumentalized and shoved into typologies of hierarchical status. Negotiating the terms of identity through categories of difference is fundamental to questions of power, meaning, violence and creative social practice. Thirdly, while processes of categorization are part of
the human condition, modern processes of typologizing serve all too often to reconstitute and destructively distort older layered forms of identity. This is the source of practices as diverse as racism, chauvinism and genocide. Sometimes tensions between ontological formations can be positive, but all
too often instrumental use of these tensions in the contemporary world has led to aggressive violence and defensive mayhem. Running beneath all these arguments is the methodological proposition that, in order to get past either ‘clash of cultures’ descriptions or ‘flows of difference’ analyses, it is useful to develop a systemic understanding of ontological formations and their difficult intersection.

Cette étude porte sur la culture matérielle métallique et sur son artisanat en tant que production socioculturelle des communautés occupant l’Aquitaine à l’âge du Bronze moyen (XVIIe-XIVe siècle avant notre ère). Les objets métalliques ont été étudiés selon diverses méthodes de recherche : typologiques, technologiques et contextuelles. La restitution du cadre environnemental met en évidence les transformations, à l’échelle de la vie humaine, qui se sont opérées dans la zone de l’estuaire, jouant un rôle dans le développement du système technique et économique des sociétés. L’examen fonctionnel puis morpho-typologique des objets métalliques permet d’établir plusieurs classements des objets, et des
comparaisons d’ordre morphométriques et pondérales sont envisageables à partir de critères de distinction communs. La détermination et l’interprétation des stigmates, réalisés dans le métal ou en amont (modèle, moule), permettent de restituer les procédés techniques et une partie des chaînes opératoires. Ces dernières, pour une même catégorie d’objets, diffèrent en fonction de la technique de moulage, du matériau, de l’enchaînement des gestes, etc. Les résultats des examens métallographiques permettent de connaître certains procédés techniques employés, sur les haches et les bracelets. Par exemple la séquence déformation plastique à froid/recuit est couramment employée. Le croisement des pratiques techniques et des classements fonctionnels et typologiques, permet de rendre plus visibles les diverses interactions
existant dans la production métallique et renouvelle l’interprétation des pratiques d’enfouissement volontaire.
Mots-clés : âge du Bronze moyen ; alliage à base de cuivre ; métallurgie ; Sud-Ouest de la France ; chaîne
opératoire.

Amulets carved as scarab beetles were the most popular form of amulet in ancient Egypt with a wide-reaching impact beyond Egypt’s borders. Scarab experts have looked for ‘typological’ workshops by studying the physical characteristics of each amulet together with the archaeological provenance in order to identify the location of manufacture of a scarab type. Archaeologists studying the material and scientific evidence of manufacture at a site (‘material’ workshops) can determine that artefacts of a particular substance were produced there. This paper outlines case studies to discuss the evidence of both ‘typological’ and ‘material’ scarab workshops and will demonstrate that in some instances there is evidence of a combined ‘typological’ and ‘material’ workshop.

Mobility plays an important role in the population’s quality of life and is also an essential tool for spatial planning and development, thus this research intends to contribute to better informed and targeted spatial and
mobility management policies in metropolitan areas, with a special focus on peri-urban areas. To achieve this
aim, a methodological approach was developed to define different types of peri-urban areas according to their
mobility and accessibility characteristics. A set of indicators was proposed as the basis of a cluster analysis of
parishes in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). A new map of the LMA, which reflects a new understanding of
the metropolitan reality, was drawn up. The knowledge provided in this study, which consists of the clear
differentiation of peri-urban areas located in the metropolitan context in terms of mobility, is an important
contribution for policies development and for the management mechanisms of metropolitan mobility.

Ce travail de recherche propose de rassembler et de réactualiser les données au niveau régional dans le domaine des objets métalliques découverts en Aquitaine à la fin de l’Âge du Bronze. Une méthodologie documentaire et analytique est utilisée pour répondre à cette problématique.
Plusieurs axes de réflexion sont employés afin de caractériser au mieux la production métallique, à travers, d’une part la détermination typologique et chronologique, la répartition spatiale et d’autre part la restitution des techniques de fabrication et d’utilisation des objets et des rites de déposition.

The research field of regime theory has seen a proliferation of different approaches and typologies to explain the ever-changing reality. This paper has created a typology of these regime typologies and their respective datasets in order to describe and analyze their various merits for research. Finally this paper maps various typologies according to their most common research areas. The aim is to maximize the application potential each of specific typology, highlight their limits and aid scholars in their selection of typologies for qualitative or quantitative research in order to get a better understanding of democratization processes or regime theories.

Kütahya, Kureyşler Barajı Projesi kapsamında Kütahya Müzesi Müdürlüğünce bilimsel kazıları gerçekleştirilen Höyüktepe, Erken Tunç Çağı ve Geç Doğu Roma (Bizans) Dönemi'ne tarihlenen çok sayıda kemik aletin üretildiği ve kullanıldığı bir yerleşim olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kemik aletler üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarla elde edilen sayısal veriler kullanılarak istatistikî sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Söz konusu sonuçlar bir yana bu çok sayıdaki kemik alet, üretim ve teknolojileri yanında yerleşimin günlük yaşam modellemesine ilişkin değerli sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur. Yerleşimin doğru ve eksiksiz bir şekilde anlaşılmasında son derece büyük önem ve yere sahip olan kemik aletlerin ETÇ II dönemine tarihlenmiş olanlarına tüm ayrıntıları ile yer verilmiş buna ek olarak Geç Doğu Roma dönemi örneklerine de değinilmiştir.

L es cimetières celtiques du Bassin parisien ont livré un riche ensemble d'artefacts. Leur analyse est restée longtemps diffi cile en l'absence de nomenclature utilisable. Luc Baray offre ici une synthèse complète des systèmes typologique et chronologique, s'appuyant sur plusieurs centaines d'objets mis au jour dans 1500 sépultures, qui ont été décrits et classés en 905 types différents. Fondée sur une analyse morphométrique fi ne, cette étude propose six grands systèmes de classement typologiques pour les céramiques, les parures (torques, bracelets, bagues, anneaux de cheville, boucles d'oreilles, perles, pendeloques), les accessoires vestimentaires (fi bules, ceintures, boutons), les trousses de toilette (pinces à épiler, scalptoria, forces, cure-oreilles), les armes (poignards, dagues, épées, chaînes de suspension, fers de lance, talons de lance) et les outils (haches, couteaux). Les différents critères propres à chaque grande série d'objets ont été classés de manière hiérarchique et non systématique. Cette classifi cation répond à une nécessité de cohérence et se donne pour impératif d'être ouverte et de rendre compte de l'ensemble du corpus. La méthode utilisée pour l'obtention d'un cadre chronologique est celle des matrices combinatoires (sériations). La période qui va du dernier quart du vii e siècle au troisième quart du ii e siècle avant J.-C. a ainsi été subdivisée en une dizaine d'étapes. Pour aboutir à ce résultat, une analyse a été effectuée par cimetière, ou par groupe de cimetières quand la documentation disponible n'était pas suffi sante. Cette chronologie relative, parfaitement compatible avec les chronologies européennes en vigueur, a été défi nie en mettant en corrélation l'ensemble des périodisations obtenues sur chaque site ou dans chaque région. Ce référentiel typo-chronologique supra-régional offre la vue la plus complète et la plus synthétique de l'évolution des cimetières celtiques du Bassin parisien et constitue un outil de recherche unique pour les archéologues. Archéologue et historien, Luc Baray est chargé de recherche au CNRS, habilité à diriger des recherches et membre de l'UMR 6298 ArTeHiS (Archéologie, Terre, Histoire, Sociétés). Ce volume hors-série de Gallia constitue la réédition mise en page et imprimée du contenu du CD-ROM inclus dans le 56 e supplément à Gallia, publié par le même auteur et paru en 2003 sous le titre Pratiques funéraires et sociétés de l'âge du Fer dans le Bassin parisien (fi n du VII e s.-troisième quart du II e s. avant J.

The Indo-Gangetic Basin comprises one of the world’s most important aquifers. The basin is home to approximately 1 billion people and encompasses northern and eastern India, much of Bangladesh, parts of southern Nepal and the most populous areas of Pakistan.  Despite the presence of large rivers, much of the basin’s population are dependent on groundwater for drinking water, and the groundwater resource is highly exploited through an estimated 20 million boreholes to support a globally important agricultural industry. The security of supply from this aquifer is threatened by environmental change and increased abstraction.  The groundwater resources have undergone major changes in the past 200 years: from (1) equilibrium conditions where groundwater was recharged by rainfall and river flow in before 1850; to (2) large scale river irrigation leading to rising groundwater levels and salinisation (1860-1960s); (3) increased abstraction of shallow groundwater throughout the basin (1960s – 2010); and now (4) an increased use of deeper groundwater (>100m). In order to help understand the aquifer and characterise its resilience to change we have developed a groundwater typology map for the basin.  Each typology represents a distinct part of the aquifer with similar groundwater dynamics, water quality or recharge characteristics.  By mapping these typologies across the basin, similarities and differences within and between different countries are highlighted, enabling the subtlety of variations in hydrogeology to be communicated and more targeted management strategies to be developed.

Construcția și validarea tipologiilor sociale: analize în spatiile de atribute prin tabele de contingenta , "elaborare" și regresie 1-Suport de prezentare-Dumitru Sandu Asupra perspectivei tipologice în sociologie Explicarea tipurilor de religiozitate De la tipologia weberiana a actiunilor sociale la tipologia actiunilor pentru rezolvarea problemelor sociale Asupra perspectivei tipologice în sociologie 2 Tipurile sunt instrumente de cunoaştere. Asupra acestui aspect nu pare să existe controversă în ştiinţele sociale. Întrebările încep de aici încolo: care este perspectiva de cunoaştere care este servită mai eficient prin tipologii; unde se plasează tipurile sociale în spaţiul metodologic al perspectivelor de cunoaştere etc. Tipurile sunt combinări de atribute (Lazarsfeld 1972:99) sau de valori ale unor variabile. În măsura în care tipurile sunt exclusive şi exhaustive, tipologia se confundă cu clasificarea. Situaţia cea mai frecventă în ştiinţele sociale este cea de nesatisfacere a acestor condiţii. Tipurile apar ca rezultat al transformării unui spaţiu de atribute prin reducţie pragmatică. Operaţiile de reducţie din spaţiul de atribute pot fi de tip funcţional, permise de natura interrelaţiilor dintre variabilele de clasificare, de tip numeric prin construirea unor indici numerici sau pragmatici, realizate prin combinarea unor clase datorită intereselor de cercetare (Lazarsfeld 1972). Tipurile ideale weberiene sunt rezultat al unor astfel de reducţii pragmatice. Un al doilea sens al tipologiei în ştiinţele sociale este cel de structură (Boudon 1984:103). Tipurile sunt configuraţii relativ stabile de caracteristici. Combinând perspectiva generativă a reducţiei propuse de Lazarsfeld cu cea structuralistă a lui Boudon, vom spune că tipurile sunt configuraţii de valori relativ stabile-în plan ontologic sau metodologic-realizate prin transformarea pragmatică a unui spaţiu de atribute. Această transformare se face uneori explicit, pornind de la un set de atribute ale căror categorii se intersectează şi se obţin clase care prin combinare dau tipuri pragmatice, funcţionale sau de altă natură. Alteori, cel mai adesea, poate, elaborarea tipologiilor se face prin combinarea intuitivă, nesistematică a atributelor. Tipurile singulare precum antreprenorul capitalist (Weber), străinul sau aventurierul sau săracul (Simmel) rezultă, predominant, din astfel de construcţii intuitive. Există şi o a treia cale de elaborare a tipurilor, prin substrucţie, prin identificarea atributelor care au servit la realizarea unor tipologii pragmatice sau intuitive şi prin generarea unor tipuri pornind de la spaţiul de atribute reconstituit (Lazarsfeld 1972). 1 Pentru examenul aferent acestor lecții este necesara intelegerea tuturor temelor discutate cu ocazia prezentarii si incluse in suportul de curs. Bibliografia mentionata va fi consultata pentru a realiza acest obiectiv.

The Working Paper provides the theoretical foundations for an analytically and normatively adequate understanding of “governance” – a term and concept that has been widely used since the turn of the millennium for describing new forms of political steering and integration. It starts with an overview of the governance discourse at the beginning of the 21st century. We can distinguish a normative and an analytical application of the term governance. In its normative usage, governance constitutes a programmatic alternative to other paradigms for organizing and reforming the state and public administration. The competing paradigms can be subsumed under the terms government and management. For analytical purposes, the term governance is used, by contrast, to diagnose a change in forms of political steering, and sometimes even in politics and statehood altogether and to aptly conceptualise this change. After a critique of existing understandings and typologies, we develop the theoretical building blocks for a comprehensive and at the same time differentiated understanding of governance. First, we look at ‘worldviews’ (Weltbilder), basic assumptions on how the world is functioning or on how the world is supposed to function. Hence, worldviews can correspond to ontologies, basic assumptions on the type of
entities that exist and on their relationships, but also to ideologies as comprehensive conceptualisations of an ideal world. We distinguish between holistic and elementaristic worldviews. Second, we turn to “images of social order” (Gesellschaftsbilder) as the fundamental assumptions on how societies are differentiated and on what holds societies together and describe two basic forms: segmentary differentiation and mechanical integration on the one hand and functional differentiation and organic integration on the other hand. “Models of human nature” (Menschenbilder) serve as the third differentiation criteria for the formation of a theory-based typology of governance. Each model of human
nature comprises a concept of human behaviour/action and the corresponding understanding of institutionalised structures which influence human behav
iour but which are shaped by human behaviour at the same time. The two most important models of human nature in modern social sciences are the homo oeconomicus and homo sociologicus. In order to develop a typology of forms of political governance, we will pick up the third dimension and transform the core insight from the micro- to the macro-level. In line with the homo oeconomicus, the term “government(s)” represents an understanding of political institutions as formalized instruments of the political community; in contrast, the term “governance” denotes a constitutional understanding of political institutions as a communicative structure which (re)creates the political community.
Based on these three dimensions, we develop an eightfold typology of forms of
governance. Whereas “centralised government”, “concerted governments”, “competing governments” and “contracting governments” correspond to the instrumental understanding of institutions in line with the homo oeconomicus, the other four forms –“communitarian governance”, “civic governance”, “creative
governance” and “cogent governance” – build on the constitutive conceptualisation of institutions that correspond to the homo sociologicus. For each of the eight ideal types, we scrutinise the core features so that the typology can be applied in empirical studies for tracing differences and transformations of
ideas and realities in political governing across time and place.

Cette étude porte sur la culture matérielle métallique et sur son artisanat en tant que production socioculturelle des communautés occupant l'Aquitaine à l'âge du Bronze moyen (xvii e-xiv e siècle a.C.). Les objets métalliques ont été étudiés selon diverses méthodes de recherche : typologiques, technologiques et contextuelles. La restitution du cadre environnemental met en évidence les transformations, à l'échelle de la vie humaine, qui se sont opérées dans la zone de l'estuaire, jouant un rôle dans le développement du système technique et économique des sociétés. L'examen fonctionnel puis morpho-typologique des objets métalliques permet d'établir plusieurs classements des objets, et des comparaisons d'ordre morphométriques et pondérales sont envisageables à partir de critères de distinction communs. La détermination et l'interprétation des stigmates, réalisés dans le métal ou en amont (modèle, moule), permettent de restituer les procédés techniques et une partie des chaînes opératoires. Ces dernières, pour une même catégorie d'objets, diffèrent en fonction de la technique de moulage, du matériau, de l'enchaînement des gestes, etc. Les résultats des examens métallographiques permettent de connaître certains procédés techniques employés, sur les haches et les bracelets. Par exemple la séquence déformation plastique à froid/recuit est couramment employée. Le croisement des pratiques techniques et des classements fonctionnels et typologiques, permet de rendre plus visibles les diverses interactions existant dans la production métallique et renouvelle l'interprétation des pratiques d'enfouissement volontaire. The focus of this study is the metallic material culture and its craft industry as a socio-cultural production of communities occupying the Aquitaine region in the Middle Bronze Age (17 th-14 th century BC). The metallic artefacts were analysed according to several research methods: typological, technological and contextual. The reconstruction of the environmental context highlights transformations (on the scale of human life), which took place in the estuary area, playing a role in the development of the technical and economic systems of societies. Functional and morpho-typological examination of copper-based alloy artefacts enabled several classifications to be established. Morphometric and weight comparisons can be made by looking at common criteria of differentiation. Determination and interpretation of traces made on the metal or upstream (model, mould), allow the reconstruction of technical processes and some insight into the chaînes opératoires. Even within the same category of objects, the chaines opératoires differ according to the moulding technology, the material, and the series of gestures, etc. The results of the metallographic examinations provide information of some of the technical processes used on axes and bracelets. For example, the plastic deformation sequence in cold / annealing is frequently used. The correlation of technical practices and functional and typological classifications highlights the various parallels existing in metallic production and renews the interpretation of the practices of deliberate burial.

Embarrassment is often conceptualized as produced by either an awkward interaction or a negative social evaluation. The present study uses the Cupach and Metts (1994) and Sharkey and Stafford (1990) typologies to analyze these two influences. Respondents (n=327) describe embarrassing situations they experienced and explain why they were embarrassing. Chi-square results suggest a difference between awkward interaction and social evaluation as the primary influence on embarrassment in self-induced, actor-responsible situations and on other-induced, observer-responsible situations. Self-induced embarrassment predicaments are associated with a loss of personal script and an awkward interaction. Embarrassment caused by others shows a greater influence of perceived negative social evaluation. These results suggest that embarrassment is best conceptualized as a multidimensional phenomenon having multiple triggers and with multiple communication responses.

Sexual double standard (SDS) involves evaluating the same sexual behaviors in men and women using different criteria. The support for man-favorable SDS is related to sexual aggression and sexual victimization. Yet to date, studies have not examined the prevalence of SDS adherence. This study aims to identify the prevalence per gender and age of the Spanish population who adheres to the SDS typologies (man-favorable, woman-favorable, egalitarian, ambivalent) by considering sexual freedom and sexual shyness areas. A sample of 2,002 Spanish heterosexual adults (50% men, 50% women), distributed into four age groups (18-25, 26-35, 36-55 and over 55 years old), answered the Sexual Double Standard Scale. The results showed differences in the prevalence of SDS typologies by gender and age. By gender, a higher prevalence of the man-favorable typology was observed in men and a higher prevalence of the egalitarian typology and the woman-favorable typology was observed in women. By age groups, significant differences in man-favorable and woman-favorable typologies were found in both men and women. Based on the evidence of four adherence to SDS typologies, it is recommended studying the relation of these typologies with sexual aggression/victimization to design more efficient programs for prevention and intervention of sexual violence.

El doble estándar sexual (DES) consiste en evaluar los mismos comportamientos sexuales en hombres y mujeres usando diferentes criterios. El apoyo al DES favorable al hombre está relacionado con la agresión y la victimización sexual. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, los estudios no han examinado la prevalencia de la adhesión al DES. Este estudio pretende identificar la prevalencia por género y edad de la población española que se adhiere a las tipologías de DES (favorable al hombre, favorable a la mujer, igualitaria, ambivalente) considerando los ámbitos de la libertad sexual y del recato sexual. Una muestra de 2.002 adultos heterosexuales españoles (50% hombres, 50% mujeres), distribuidos en cuatro grupos de edad (18-25, 26-35, 36-55 y más de 55 años), respondió a la Sexual Double Standard Scale. Los resultados mostraron diferencias en la prevalencia de las tipologías de DES por género y edad. Por género se observó una mayor prevalencia de la tipología favorable al hombre en los hombres y una mayor prevalencia de la tipología igualitaria y la tipología favorable a la mujer en las mujeres. Por grupos de edad se encontraron diferencias significativas en las tipologías favorable al hombre y favorable a la mujer, tanto en hombres como en mujeres. De acuerdo con la evidencia de las cuatro tipologías de adhesión al DES, se recomienda estudiar la relación de estas tipologías con la agresión/victimización sexual para diseñar programas más eficientes de prevención de la violencia sexual e intervención en la misma.

Résumé : L'analyse des parures annulaires massives fermées lisses montre l'existence de variantes morphologiques à l'échelle suprarégionale. Au niveau du Rhin supérieur, elles permettent d'aborder la question de l'identité et de la représentation funéraire, plus particulièrement des femmes et des enfants, au Ha D. Cette étude est issue d'un post-doctorat financé par la fondation F. Thyssen.

Abstract : The study of massive, closed rings without ornamentation points out morphological variations at a supra-regional level. On the scale of the Upper Rhine valley, they make it possible to adress the subject of identity and funerary representation during Ha D, more specifically of women and children. This work is issued from a post-doctorat financed by the Thyssen funding.

The most damaging internal divisions within the Conservative Party today are over European integration. Of these divisions the most disruptive of all has been within the Thatcherite wing. Existing typologies of Conservatism do little to help identify or make sense of these divisions. This paper considers such typologies, discusses their characteristics, and suggests an alternative two-dimensional typology aimed at characterising divisions over Europe as a basis for further empirical research. [Note: We use typology rather than taxonomy because the latter carries more overtones of natural science procedure 'especially the systematic classification of living organisms' (OED), the former is defined explicitly in terms of classification of 'especially human products, behaviour, characteristics, etc, according to type' (OED).]

RIASSUNTO - Tecniche radiografiche per lo studio di un coltello tipo Introbio - Un coltello in ferro di tipo Introbio (II - I secolo a.C.) è stato sottoposto ad esami radiografici per comprendere la forma della lama, analizzare la tecnica di produzione del fodero e verificare l’esistenza di particolari decorativi. Tali analisi hanno messo in luce aspetti inaspettati, legati soprattutto al livello di alterazione del reperto
originario a causa di un restauro eccessivamente integrativo e che in una certa misura ne ha influenzato la classificazione e la conoscenza.
Vengono presi in considerazione come confronti per definire gli attributi del tipo altri due coltelli: il primo è il coltello di Coccaglio (BS), e il secondo è quello di Fontanella di Casalromano (MN), conosciuto solo attraverso una vecchia fotografia. Altre evidenze utili per definire il tipo sono le oltre cinquanta incisioni trovate in Valcamonica. Tutti questi coltelli sono oggetto della mia ricerca di dottorato in “Quaternario:
materiali e culture” presso l’Universitade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro di Vila Real in Portogallo.
SUMMARY - Radiographic techniques in the study of a knife of Introbio type - An iron knife of Introbio type (2nd - 1st century BC) was subjected to X-ray examinations in order to identify the real shape of the blade, to analyse the technique of production of the sheath, and also to verify the presence of decorations on it. These analyses have shown unexpected particulars, related to old restorations that have changed and falsified the aspect of the find and, somehow, influenced its classification. Two others knives are compared, to better understand the attributes of the type: the first is the knife from Coccaglio (BS), known as real object and the second is the one from Fontanella di Casalromano (MN), known just as an old photograph. Other useful evidences to define the type are the over fifty engravings found in Valcamonica. These knives are all object of my Phd project in “Quaternary: materials and cultures” at the Universitade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro in Vila Real in Portugal.

The Middle Bronze Age hoards of Sermizelles (Yonne, France) contain approximately hundred fifty metallic objects. They are traditionally called dépots mixtes, associating artefacts judged as imports from two cultural influences areas: Atlantic coasts and North Alpine arc. As part of global reflections about the Bronze Age metallurgy practices several studies work in progress to approach the hoards learning by a new multidisciplinary reflection (typology, technology, elementary composition, lead isotopic characterization). Our contribution deals with the technological reading of these hoards; first, with macroscopic observations of the whole Sermizelles hoards axes and then, with eleven metallographic examinations by optical microscope and elemental composition analysis of the " Sermizelles II ". The typology reflection places the results in the European Middle Bronze Age context and demonstrate that the influences are much complex than the simple dichotomy Atlantic/North Alpine. The technological study highlight a large number of manufacturing chaînes opératoires, then evidences of a local production of some objects and lastly, the high skill of the coppersmiths who have made the Sermizelles objects.

An ideal type is, according to Max Weber, an analytical construct formed through the accentuation of one or several points of views and through synthesizing concrete individual phenomena. Weber proposed that such ideal types could be used as tools for further theorizing within his overall program of understanding social processes. The ideal type was thus intended as a methodological tool for revealing the underlying causes of specific social phenomenon, and the aim was to link an interpretation of the various ways people think and act to a plausible causal explanation for these thoughts and actions. The ideal type approach has also met some criticism, such as the argument that it may be difficult to distinguish between the views of the relevant humans to be included and the researcher's perspective, and that it may be more useful to compare between existing empirical cases rather than referring to a non-existing ideal type. Main text An ideal type is a construct used for analytical purposes formed through the accentuation of one or several points of views, as well as through synthesizing concrete individual phenomena (Weber 1949, 90). The concept has been associated in particular with the works of Max Weber (1864-1920), who developed the concept under influence from contemporaries such as Heinrich Rickert (1863-1936) and Georg Jellinek (1851-1911), and subsequently built major parts of his own scholarly contributions around the concept. When comparing with other typological approaches within the social sciences the ideal type approach is characterized by being one of the few approaches which uses a singular type as the reference point.

This case study describes a dissertation research project in which a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was used. Both quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interviews) data were collected to identify and examine typologies of preservice teachers (N = 215) with different motivational profiles. Furthermore, the study explored differences among the identified

Repairs in British and Irish archeological logboats have been recorded and described by several authors, and the wide variety of repair methods present has been noted, but otherwise , repairs have received little analytical attention. This may be a result of three factors: (1) failure to recognize the significance of repair as social action; (2) the absence of a convenient source that consolidates repair data from all countries of the Atlantic Archipelago; and (3) the inadequacy of existing typologies of logboat repairs. Because they fail to recognize the distinctiveness of certain types of repairs and to organize repair methods into logical categories consistent with the data, existing typologies are of little help in comparing archeological examples or in analyzing repair methods for spatial or temporal distributions. This paper argues that logboat repairs can be socially significant; tabulates all known repairs in British and Irish logboats; describes the situations or events that make repairs necessary; and proposes a typology of repair based on general mechanical or engineering responses to logboat damage. It also presents findings of spatial and temporal distributions of some aspects of repairs.

L’élaboration d’une typochronologie du mobilier déposé dans les sépultures mérovingiennes en Burgondie franque nécessite
une définition préalable des types d’objets à « représentativité sérielle » qui entrent dans la composition des assemblages funéraires issus
de cette aire culturelle. Ce travail préliminaire permettra de déterminer les critères qui serviront de base à l’établissement d’un tel référentiel.
L’étude de l’ensemble des garnitures de ceintures en fer du département du Doubs a été conduite dans ce sens et a permis de déterminer
treize ensembles. La totalité des ceintures en fer issues de contextes documentés en Franche-Comté a été insérée dans cette classification.
La synthèse des datations relatives des contextes de découverte de ces garnitures de ceintures et des éléments comparables au sein de
l’aire culturelle romano-burgonde permet de proposer un cadre typochronologique relatif régional unifié, échelonné du dernier tiers du
vie siècle à la fin du VII siècle.