Web Questionnaire Design

The purpose of this study is to examine the emerging flashpacker sub-culture in relation to the backpacker culture. Cultural Consensus Analysis is employed to examine the potential cultural divergence between flashpackers and non-flashpackers. A mixed-mode dual-frame sampling procedure was employed for data collection, as surveys were administered through Facebook backpacker-groups and in hostels in Cairns, Australia. The results indicate that flashpacker and non-flashpacker groups have a shared cultural understanding of backpacking. In addition to the conceptual clarity of the emerging flashpacker, this study also provides some interesting insights into contemporary backpacker culture and the continuing convergence of physical travel with information and communication technologies.

The paper presents the results of a study on social media experience of consumers and marketers in the State of Punjab. The study is based upon two parallel surveys - one for marketers (N=101) and another for consumers (N=211), conducted during the first quarter of 2012. Self developed questionnaire (request to fill online questionnaire was sent through e-mail) has been used to elicit the perception about motives, beliefs, policies, specific actions, and experiences of marketers about Social Media Marketing (SMM). Another self developed on-line questionnaire containing indicators about consumer’s motives, beliefs, and experiences has been used to capture their perception about reasons for their presence on social media and factors (using Exploratory Factor Analysis) determining their social media behaviour. The respondents were requested to fill online questionnaires developed on Google Documents. Based on the results of the study and reviewed literature, the paper suggests the meas...

The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is a widely-used instrument to measure the two components of social desirability: self-deceptive enhancement (SDE) and impression management (IM). With respect to scoring of the BIDR, Paulhus (1994) has authorized two methods, namely continuous scoring (all answers on the continuous answer scale are counted) and dichotomous scoring (only extreme answers are counted). In the present article, three studies with student samples are reported, and continuous and dichotomous scoring of BIDR subscales are compared with respect to reliability, convergent validity, sensitivity to instructional variations, and correlations with personality. Across studies, the scores from continuous scoring (continuous scores) showed higher Cronbach's alphas than those from dichotomous scoring (dichotomous scores). Moreover, continuous scores showed higher convergent correlations with other measures of social desirability and more consistent effects with self-presentation instructions (fake-good versus fake-bad instructions). Finally, continuous SDE scores showed higher correlations with those traits of the five-factor model for which substantial correlations were expected (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness). Consequently, the present findings indicate that continuous scoring may be preferable to dichotomous scoring when assessing socially desirable responding with the BIDR.

Abstract in English
The Social Desirability Scale by Crowne and Marlowe (1960), M-C SDS, continues to enjoy great popularity, as does the German version by Lück and Timaeus (1969). After 40 years, however, it is questionable whether the M-C SDS is still up-to-date. It may well be that one could find new items with a higher degree of social desirability. Four studies are described in which a new scale in the style of the Marlowe-Crowne scale, the Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17), was developed and examined. The SDS-17, a 17-item scale, displayed satisfactory reliability and convergent validity: Internal consistency ranged from .72 to .75; test-retest stability across four weeks was .82; and the correlations with the M-C SDS ranged from .67 to .74. Overall, the SDS-17 is comparable to the M-C SDS. However, it is shorter (17 instead of 23 items) and demonstrates greater face-validity: A sample of 49 judges rated the items of both scales with respect to social desirability. The SDS-17 items received significantly and substantially higher ratings than the M-C SDS items.
Abstract in German
Zusammenfassung. Die “Social Desirability Scale” von Crowne und Marlowe (1960), SDS-CM, erfreut sich nach wie vor großer Beliebtheit. Dasselbe gilt für die deutsche Fassung (Lück & Timaeus, 1969). Nach 40 Jahren ist es jedoch fraglich, ob die SDS-CM noch zeitgemäß ist bzw. ob sich nicht neue Items finden lassen, die einen höheren Grad an sozialer Erwünschtheit aufweisen. Vier Studien werden beschrieben, in denen eine neue Skala im Stil der Crowne-Marlowe-Skala entwickelt und überprüft wird. Das Ergebnis ist die Soziale-Erwünschtheits-Skala-17 (SES-17). Diese umfaßt 17 Items. Reliabilität und konvergente Validität sind zufriedenstellend: Die interne Konsistenz liegt bei .72 bis .75, die Retest-Stabilität über vier Wochen bei .82 und die Korrelation mit der SDS-CM bei .67 bis .74. Damit ist die SES-17 ein der SDS-CM vergleichbares Verfahren, ist jedoch ökonomischer (17 statt 23 Items) und zeigt höhere Augenscheinvalidität: Eine Stichprobe von 49 Beurteilern schätzte die Items beider Skalen bezüglich sozialer Erwünschtheit ein. Die SES-17-Items erhielten signifikant und bedeutsam höhere Ratings als die SDS-CM-Items.

Facebook’s global reach suggests good potential for recruiting research participants and collecting objective behavioral data for cross-cultural research. Previous literature suggests the usefulness of Facebook advertisements to recruit participants in single-country studies. However, Facebook advert use in multi-country studies has not yet been reported. Nor are there any reports about soliciting Facebook user data (via Facebook applications) using Facebook advertisements. This paper contributes to this gap in Internet research literature, reporting the effectiveness of Facebook advertisements to recruit participants, and solicit anonymized Facebook user data, in a 20-country study about privacy concern on Facebook. In 7 days, 399 Facebook users from 18 countries responded to country-targeted advertisements in 13 languages. Response rates (ratio of advert clicks to valid responses) per country varied from 0% up to 14%. Overall, two-thirds of countries’ response rates were below 5%. We conclude for multi-national studies, Facebook advertisements may have potential for simple participant recruitment for surveys, but have limitations for soliciting Facebook user data. For user data collection, methods such as Amazon Mechanical Turk and snowball sampling may be more effective, but can be limited in their international reach.

Despite organisations’ widespread Internet use and ready availability of Web survey software, few studies have examined explicitly the impact on employees’ responses of using Web as opposed to mail based surveys.  Using an experimental design in an environment where employees are IT literate using the Internet in their everyday work, this article addresses this gap using an employee attitude survey distributed to a 50% systematic sample of 3338 employees by mail, remaining employees receiving the survey via a Web-link.  Although the return rate for Web (49.1%) was higher than for mail (33.5%), quality of Web returns was reduced by a higher number of partial responses and abandonments.  Taking into account effect size, significant differences in response were small other than for open question content.  Recommendations regarding use of Web based surveys are offered and areas for future research suggested.

A web based survey is an effective tool which is used frequently in academic and non academic researches. Increase in
internet usage and easy access to web technology facilitate the growing popularity of web surveys but absence of exhaustive
literature on web surveys presents a significant challenge. This paper presents basic guidelines for developing a robust web survey. Aspects related to data quality, coverage bias, questionnaire design, non response bias, response bias, processing error, data duplication and pilot testing are discussed in detail. The paper closes with suggestions on key areas in which advance research is required to enhance the data quality of web questionnaires.

This paper documents the development and research results of the SHAQ questionnaire; which was developed primarily from ideas in my book, You Can Choose To Be Happy: “Rise Above” Anxiety, Anger, and Depression. It assumes a cognitive systems model of human personality and behavior and emphasizes the importance of cognitions (values, beliefs, knowledge, thoughts, skills, etc.) for influencing both emotions and behavior. Happiness and success (personal, relationship, academic, career, etc.) are a function of cognitive, environmental/conditional, and hereditary/genetic factors. Of is these three classes of factors controlling our happiness and success, we can currently exert control primarily over two—cognitive and environmental. In the book I called these two internal and external routes to happiness. However, even our control over our environment stems ultimately from our cognitions that give us the knowledge, skills, and motivation to affect our environment (including our social environment).
SHAQ consists of 81 scales and subscales to reflect the complexity of key cognitive factors influencing happiness and success. SHAQ‘s main scales were reliable according to Cronbach alpha tests. More than 3446 users completed much of SHAQ according to their personal choices. All completed additional outcome scales and items. Overall happiness, depression, anxiety, anger, health, relationship outcomes, highest personal income, academic achievement, and other factors were measured by outcome scales.
The SHAQ scales had moderate to high positive correlations with almost all outcome measures. SHAQ‘s subscales had surprisingly high multiple correlations with the emotional outcomes; with Overall Happiness, R = .865, R Square = .749; with Low Depression, R = .730, R Square = .533; with Low Anxiety R = .675, R Square = .426; with Low Anger-Aggression, R = .701, R Square = .491(N = 1123 for all analyses). For the 224 subjects who completed all 70 subscales including the academic scales, R = .897, R Square = .805 for Overall Happiness. I devised the Happiness Quotient (HQ) to get an overall predictor of happiness. The HQ score is determined by a linear combination of the 56 SHAQ subscale scores. HQ has a mean equal to 100 and a SD equal 10 (similar to IQ).
Results for other outcomes included for the Relationship Outcomes scale, R = .693, R Square = .467; for the Health Outcomes scale, R = .816, R Square = .666; for Highest Income, R = .486, R Square = .236; and for Educational Attainment, R = .458, R Square = .210. Behavioral measures used as outcomes also yielded good results. For example, for a Major Depression Checklist, R = .596, R Square = .356; Amount of Therapy for Depression, R = .452, R Square = .204; and Amount of Medication for Depression, R = .409, R Square = .167.
The results support SHAQ‘s reliability, validity, and utility. The results also support the main ideas in the book and the proposition that a host of key cognitions are the most important determinants of happiness and other emotions. They also show how these positive happiness and success-producing factors tend to correlate with each other and may support the development of each other. The implication is that when people begin a self-development program, they can use SHAQ to get a profile of the factors they need to improve in order to increase their happiness (and decrease depression, anxiety, and anger) and increase life success. The results also suggest that starting almost anywhere can begin a positive change process that will improve other factors as well.

É crescente a popularização de coletas de dados on-line em psicologia como estratégia de pesquisa, especialmente para experimentos e levantamentos de dados com questionários. Reconhecendo-se as vantagens e as limitações tanto da coleta na internet quanto de procedimentos presenciais, propõe-se um procedimento misto contendo características de ambas as abordagens, em que um convite por correio eletrônico é precedido por uma breve apresentação realizada pessoalmente em sala de aula. Numa última etapa, os participantes recebem certificados e relatórios com os principais achados dos estudos como compensação. O procedimento obteve taxa de resposta geral de 46,2% após três estudos com questionários de temas diferentes, apresentando-se boa relação custo benefício para pesquisas com populações acadêmicas e escolares.

Objective: To investigate how parents select and use information sources when considering newborn bloodspot screening
Methods: Mixed methods approach using semi-structured interviews [n=18] and a selfcompletion
postal questionnaire [n=154] conducted with parents of children who had undergone newborn bloodspot screening. Qualitative data was assessed using a thematic analysis approach with quantitative data analyzed using multinomial logistic
regression.
Results: Parents used a limited range of information. In the UK, maternity services are largely delivered by the midwife and the healthcare practitioner was the main information source for parents, with only half of parents using official health service
leaflets. Barriers included the provision of information post-natally and with other nonhealthcare
materials. Neither number of children, age group, education level, nor income were significantly associated with the number of information sources used. Nor were they associated with the information source indicated as most important.
Conclusion: The midwife is well placed to act as a gatekeeper for parents seekinginformation about newborn bloodspot screening. Even when additional sources are used, the midwife remains a prominent source of information. Furthermore, the use of written materials is dependent upon appropriate delivery and consequently delivery is essential to information use.

The past decade has witnessed a steady growth of open source software usage in industry and academia, leading to a complex ecosystem of projects. Web and subsequently geographical information systems have become prominent technologies, widely adopted in diverse domains. Within this context, we developed an open source web platform for interoperable GIServices. In order to implement this architecture, 14 projects were selected and analysed, including the client-side libraries and the server-side components. ...

The Worry Domains Questionnaire (WDQ) (Tallis, Eysenck, & Mathews, 1992) is an instrument widely used to assess the amount of worry across five domains of everyday concern: relationships, lack of confidence, aimless future, work, and financial issues. With 25 items, however, the WDQ is somewhat lengthy. The aim of the present study was therefore to construct a 10-item short form (WDQ-SF). A sample of 1,080 university students completed the 25 items of the WDQ. One half of the sample was used to construct the WDQ-SF by selecting two appropriate items from each of the five WDQ domain subscales. The other half of the sample was used to cross-validate the factorial structure of the WDQ-SF by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Like the WDQ, the WDQ-SF displayed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .88) and a clear five-factor structure. Moreover, the WDQ-SF showed a near-perfect correlation with the WDQ long form (r = .97). Thus, the WDQ-SF represents a reliable and economical alternative to the full 25-item scale.

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The emergence of social media has created a new medium for administering surveys for tourism research. While social media has great potential for tourism researchers, several aspects need to be considered. In the case of backpackers, a traditionally ‘difficult to sample’ group, destination based surveys, email surveys, survey links posted in online forums, and social media sites like Facebook, have all been used to administer surveys.  The purpose of this paper is to present the case for a mixed-mode dual frame sampling procedure as an optimum for targeting backpackers.  The sampling procedure discussed in this paper included self administered surveys through backpacker specific groups on Facebook.com, and self-administered surveys at backpacker hostels in Cairns, Australia. This paper argues that for this particular group, the combining off-line and on-line sampling modes allows the research to minimize errors while maximizing the diversity. Additionally, this paper provides some insights and recommendations into administering surveys through Facebook for tourism researchers.

The Internet effect changes the way of today communication (Dash, 2005). According to World Internet Users and Population Stats, 35.6 per cent or the biggest group of World Internet users are in Asia, followed by 28.5 per cent in Europe and 22.2 per cent in North America (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2006). This might support the growth of eLearning which will be used ubiquitously especially in higher education (the Illinois Online Leadership Council, 2003). The use of on-line questionnaires has increased dramatically; however, the research to date still indicates only very limited systematic research on web-based survey design in Thailand (Vate-U-Lan, in press), including for Thai undergraduates who are the biggest group of Thai Internet users (NECTEC & NSTDA, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003). The new methods to encourage the Internet users to participate in Internetbased survey are created and used. At the same period, the new presentation method using in Internet technology is developing. T...

É crescente a popularização de coletas de dados on-line em psicologia como estratégia de pesquisa, especialmente para experimentos e levantamentos de dados com questionários. Reconhecendo-se as vantagens e as limitações tanto da coleta na internet quanto de procedimentos presenciais, propõe-se um procedimento misto contendo características de ambas as abordagens, em que um convite por correio eletrônico é precedido por uma breve apresentação realizada pessoalmente em sala de aula. Numa última etapa, os participantes recebem certificados e relatórios com os principais achados dos estudos como compensação. O procedimento obteve taxa de resposta geral de 46,2% após três estudos com questionários de temas diferentes, apresentando-se boa relação custo benefício para pesquisas com populações acadêmicas e escolares.

The past decade has witnessed a steady growth of open source software usage in industry and academia, leading to a complex ecosystem of projects. Web and subsequently geographical information systems have become prominent technologies, widely adopted in diverse domains. Within this context, we developed an open source web platform for interoperable GIServices. In order to implement this architecture, 14 projects were selected and analysed, including the client-side libraries and the server-side components. ...

Web surveying is growing in acceptance and use. However, web-based surveys appear to have lower response rates than traditional mail surveys. That may be the result of ineffective strategies for web survey implementation. This work puts together a set of important aspects to be taken into account through several phases of web survey implementation. The resulting framework has been developed to guide researchers in building a successful web survey implementation and is structured in terms of software tool selection, questionnaire ...

It is common practice to adapt the format of a question to the mode of data collection. Multi-coded questions in self-completion and face-to-face modes tend to be transformed for telephone into a series of yes/no questions. Questions with response scales are often branched in telephone interviews, that is, converted into two or more questions, each with shorter response lists. There has been limited research into the impact of these format differences on measurement, particularly across modes. We analyse data from an experiment that contrasted these question formats in face-to-face, telephone and web surveys. The study also included a cognitive interviewing follow-up to further explore the quantitative findings.

"Social media may be seen as the future of ICT tools; its popularity has sparked a demand for new forms of e-land governance through the context of location-based social media and offers great opportunities for reinforcement of the two-ways communication and citizens’ participation in location-based decision making processes. However, social media tools for land e- governance are still at a rudimentary stage of development and their usage in land related issues is challenged. Which is the experience gained so far? Does the degree of usage of social media associate with wider land policy issues? Which are the potential risks and barriers which arise when using social media for land management and administration activities? Which are the benefits and the motivations for incorporating social media in spatial decision making?
In order to investigate the aforementioned considerations in a systematic way, a prototype web questionnaire was administered to land experts and 32 responses were finally obtained.. The next step comprised the development of a multi-criteria expert choice model to analyze and prioritize the potential, benefits, barriers, risks, challenges and limitations of social media and its effects on land administration and management, according to the above expert’s opinions and their stated preferences. This paper presents the basic methodological steps and the findings of this research through a variety of advanced statistical approaches. "

As the popularity of online social networking sites continues to grow with incoming students, higher education needs to have a better understanding of online social media tools. An understanding of how to design surveys is needed to determine the impact of online social networks on student’s social and academic interactions. Student affairs professionals spend considerable time analyzing, reporting, and discussing survey results. We often hear during these conversations, how do we ensure this information is accurate? Is this information generalizable? Is this information meaningful? Did we ask about student usage? Should we have asked about student perceptions of online social networks? How does online social networking impact students’ academic and social interactions on campus? Should we have asked about privacy? This presentation will address these questions and others by outlining the steps in survey development, posing areas to explore in online social networks, and engaging attendees in the survey construction process.

Data of psychological measures, obtained after opt-in recruitment through Internet sites, were compared to those from the administration of print questionnaires. In the first study, 545 participants from online communities completed the Factorial Scale of Satisfaction in Couple Relationship, the Rusbult Scale of Relationship Satisfaction and the reduced version of the Psychological Well-Being Scales. In the second study, 1,197 participants of websites about soccer answered the Soccer Supporter Team Identification Scale and the Soccer Supporter Fanatism Scale. Factorial structure and reliability results are similar in both versions. However, in the second study, there were differences due to a bias in the sample, pointing out the opt-in strategies limitations.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is an increasingly popular space for the solicitation of participants, the distribution of survey materials and the collection of survey data.  Web-based surveys have a number of advantages and disadvantages of both a practical and methodological nature, and a researcher's decision to use this type of methodology should be based on the context of the research question to be addressed.
This paper will address the pros and cons of using web-based surveys as well as investigate recent attempts by researchers to address some of the more pernicious methodological concerns with using this mode.  Finally, important design considerations of web-based surveys will be considered and addressed.