Welfare regimes and welfare theory

This article discusses Indonesian welfare regime outlook by using citizenship framework. It is argued that transformation of Indonesian welfare regime from productivist characteristic to universalism has been disrupted by the discourse of communitarian citizenship and market citizenship that has become path-dependency of welfare configuration in contemporary Indonesia. This circumstance has become an endogenous factor that obstructs innovations and changes within an administrative body of universal social protection. By using evidences from Indonesia experiences, this article can be used to develop a further understanding on the complexity of relations between welfare provision and citizenship in the context of developing countries.

This succinct review returns to the debate on political-culture and Singaporean social policy nexus that has been abandoned since 2000. They put the spotlight on the social policy through the Confucian lens, examining to what extent Confucianism teaching was conditioned in formal welfare provisions. Yet, they are too focused on the common idea of Confucianism while overlooking the original idea of Singaporean value promoted by Lee Kuan Yew. Hence, this article raises the discussion of the links of Singaporean values and the Central Provident Found (CPF) which have barely been highlighted in the literature. Singaporean values are hybrid between Confucianism and Western values. This article argues that although the CPF has expanded in terms of features and benefits, it has not crossed the line that separates Singapore from Western models. Because of its Singaporean values, the country does not follow the typical European model, which is being adopted by other East Asian countries. This article concludes the CPF not only reflects its centrality to Singaporean values but also as a value stabilizer that has long history in contributing to Singaporean nation-building.

Change, challenges and constraints faced by the model of social protection in Southern European countries are analysed. This paper carries out an overview on the “state-of-the-art” welfare transformation in Southern Europe. The main purpose is to identify thematic issues and to frame areas of observation and key issues for future research. Three main analytical dimensions are taken into consideration: socio-economic; politico-institutional and cultural-axiological. The evidence used in tables and figures is aimed at illustrating the description of the facts and processes under analysis. By discussing the nature of presentday Mediterranean welfare, the assessment of its enduring effects may be better discerned. Such a task is meant to facilitate comparisons on examining social policy-making in other EU systems and regimes. It is concluded that a major potential overhaul for the Southern European model relates to the transformation of the Mediterranean family, its most characteristic institution interpenetrating the provision of a wide range of welfare activities.

The article reviews the available quantitative evidence on the relationship between explicit family policy and women's employment outcomes in 45 high-income countries between 1980 and 2016. At the methodological level, we gathered 238 papers through a four-stage systematic qualitative review. We included articles published in English in international journals or by leading research institutes. Despite the accrued importance of the field, comparative works and national case studies do not sufficiently engage one another for methodological and disciplinary reasons. Our contribution is to integrate the findings from both streams of the literature in two ways. First, we chart systematically the debate describing its evolution over four decades, the disciplines involved (demography, economics, politics, social policy, sociology, and interdisciplinary work), and the geographical and policy breadth of the empirical contributions. Second, we provide a rich guide for scholars in the field by exploring how national case studies fit (or not) the broad trends captured in comparative research and discussing key and controversial debates in the field. In conclusion, we point out also important gaps in the literature and propose new avenues for future research. An exhaustive set of tables provides information on each

The growing literature on comparative European housing policy has played a major part in developing our understanding of the way housing in provided in different countries, and in the way the interaction between the stat, market and civil society is conceptualized. However, much of this analysis is rooted without question in the welfare states of northern Europe – there has been almost no research published in English on the provision of housing in southern Europe. Such research as exists deals with specific feature of housing policy, invariably in a single country. There is probably a better understanding of the housing systems of the former communist countries than those of southern Europe.

Policy-makers,media, and outsiders often look at the achievements of the Buddhist Compassion Merit Society for Relief (Fojiao Ciji Gongdehui 佛教慈濟功德會, hereafter Ciji) in the management of its hospitals and its contribution to education in Taiwan as an example of the benefits to society made possible by the involvement of religious institutions in the delivery of social services. Some of the policy-makers who believe that the state is spending too much for the provision of health care and social welfare services see in the activities of organizations such as Ciji the proof that civil society organizations can do better than the state for the provision of key social services such as health care and disaster relief. The paper argues that despite the remarkable achievements of Ciji in health care, education and disaster relief, these claims that religious institutions can represent an effective alternative to the state may be too optimistic. It discusses this issue by first presenting the major organizations involved in the reconstruction effort following the 921 earthquake. Then, it will present the arguments of the experts who emphasize reliance on civil society and religious organizations for social services. In a third section, it will underline the opposition this model receives from politicians with different views on religion, civil servants involved with social policy and religious affairs, media, academics, and some of the religious actors themselves in Taiwan. Then, the paper provides details about Ciji and other Buddhist organizations’ efforts to provide emergency disaster relief and sustain the reconstruction of residential housing and schools. The paper concludes on the limits of the government’s strategy of reliance on religious institutions for the provision of disaster relief.

En este documento se analizan los cambios y continuidades ocurridos en materia de incorporación social en El Salvador, Guatemala y Nicaragua desde los años noventa. Para ello, se estudian las pensiones por vejez, los servicios de salud y las transferencias monetarias condicionadas (TMCs), especialmente, en sus relaciones con los servicios de salud. Interesa particularmente determinar los avances hacia una incorporación universal —la más efectiva para la redistribución del ingreso—, la cual tiene lugar cuando los programas sociales combinan coberturas amplias con beneficios robustos y altos grados de equidad.
En el estudio se demuestra que ha habido mejoras significativas en términos de incorporación social, pero que ésta ha sido, en general, de carácter segmentado antes que universal. Persisten problemas significativos en materia de cobertura, suficiencia y equidad en salud y pensiones, mientras que las TMCs han tenido capacidades muy desiguales para influir positivamente en los otros sectores de política social. Con esta trayectoria como rasgo común, El Salvador ha dado pasos especialmente significativos para promover el universalismo en el sector salud, no así en pensiones.

Returns to the parental home represent a dramatic housing career interruption that can have significant social and economic implications. Interaction of individual characteristics with turning point shocks, such as unemployment or partnership dissolution, are key triggering events; however, housing disruptions are further embedded within variegated social, cultural and institutional contexts. Fundamental is the nature of the welfare regime, explaining norms surrounding co-residence as well as the amount and type of resources available. Through analyses using the Eurostat Longitudinal Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the research establishes a foundational understanding of how factors at both the individual as well as institutional and socio-cultural level moderate young adults’ housing interruptions across Europe. The results showed a significant welfare regime effect in outcomes of returned co-residence as well as evidence of differentiations across regimes in how individual characteristics and the experience of turning points related to returns. Higher return propensities were found among more familialistic contexts of Southern Europe and New Member States, while lower likelihoods were evident in the face of stronger state support and practices of earlier autonomy in Social Democratic and, to a lesser degree, intermediate Conservative regime contexts.

This study has two main goals. The first one aims to determine how the European Union countries are clustered according to The Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2020 data. The second one aims to determine whether there is a similarity between the DESI cluster of the European Union countries and the social welfare regime classification. METHODS: In the research, the cluster method was used in accordance with DESI 2020 data. RESULTS: Technological and digital investments and initiatives of countries have clustered the European Union countries in 4 different groups. The countries clustered according to DESI data are shaped for investments and spending for digitalization within the scope of sub-dimensions of DESI. In this context, the welfare regimes applied by the countries affect the spending for digitalization. CONCLUSIONS: According to The Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2020 data has proved that there is a similarity between the classification of the European Union countries according to their welfare regimes and digitalization.

This article explores variations in housing outcomes in European Union member states that are measured in terms of the quality and affordability of accommodation. It reveals
marked north/south and east/west inter-country variations in the outcomes considered. These variations are related to differences in housing inputs and outputs which are analyzed with reference to Esping-Andersen’s (1999) distinction between the three main societal institutions that provide welfare services – states, markets and households. This analysis indicates that poor housing outcomes are associated with reliance on a single driver, i.e. state, market or household.
Reliance on multiple drivers – states and markets for instance – is associated with better housing outcomes. However, household-driven housing systems, whether associated with another driver or not, generally result in poor outcomes

The paper reflects on those ‘‘meeting points’’ and ‘‘encountering
places’’ where the action of individuals, families, corporations, NGOs and public policies can optimize the advancement of social citizenship within the European context. An analysis of she worlds of welfare capitalism is contrasted with a corporate social responsibility (CSR) typology of policy governance. It serves the purpose of highlighting not only institutional arrangements and operational welfare rationales, but also value-systems and cultural tenets shaping commonalities and diversities in public policy governance in the European Union.Considerations are made on the impacts that both the global order and the ‘‘new social risks’’ (NSR) have for the promotion of CSR and the advancement of social citizenship. The case of the reconciliation of work and family life illustrates how CSR might induce a greater role for businesses in welfare development. Further research is needed to establish the linkages between the welfare regime approach and the models of public policy supports for CSR. The paper is original in its theoretical linking of welfare mix, CSR and social citizenship with regard to the improvement of citizens’ living conditions.

Resumen
Los distintos desarrollos históricos en los procesos de construcción nacional y formación estatal han auspiciado
diferentes tipos de estados del bienestar en Europa. Tras la licuación financiera provocada por el derrumbe del mercado
hipotecario en Estados Unidos, se inició en 2008 una nueva Edad de Bronce del welfare europeo que podría ser
el preludio de una vuelta a la prehistoria de sus sistemas de protección social. El artículo revisa sintéticamente los
principales cuestionamientos y reformas del bienestar que confrontan los cuatro regímenes de bienestar de la Unión
Europea: corporatista continental, liberal anglosajón, igualitarista nórdico y familista mediterráneo.
Palabras clave: Crisis económica, políticas sociales, reformas del bienestar, Unión Europea.
Clasificación JEL: I00
Abstract
The various historical developments in the processes of nation building and state formation in Europe coalesced
into different types of welfare states. In 2008, after the collapse of the subprime mortgage market in the US, a
global financial crisis ushered a new welfare Bronze Age, one which could signal the return to the prehistory of
the European systems of social protection. This article reviews succinctly main challenges and reforms facing the
four welfare regimes in the European Union: corporatist Continental, liberal Anglo-Saxon, egalitarian Nordic and
familistic Mediterranean.

This paper revisits Esping-Andersen's welfare regimes typology and applies it to the South African context. To argue its case, it refers to and uses the construct of colonialism of a special type. The paper notes that unlike other African countries, Esping-Andersen's framework resonates with South Africa's social policy and welfare regime because of its unique history that partly stems from colonialism of a special type. It argues that social policy in present-day South Africa continues to reproduce colonial and apartheid socioeconomic outcomes due to path dependency. The paper asserts that path dependency has largely been shaped by co-lonialism of a special type. The discussion then concludes that South Africa straddles the liberal and social democratic welfare state regimes and classifies it as a hybrid welfare regime.

ÖZ
Sosyal güvenlik hukukumuzda; kısa vadeli sigorta hükümleri açısından, iş kazasının olduğu veya meslek hastalığının hekim veya sağlık kurulu raporu ile ilk defa tespit edildiği tarih sonrasında oluşacak; uzun vadeli sigorta hükümleri açısından ise ilk defa sigortalı olunan tarihten sonra yapılacak yaş düzeltmelerinin sonuç doğurmaması esası getirilmiş bulunmaktadır.
Söz konusu esas ile bireye dair oluşmuş olan statükonun korunması, tahsis hükümlerinin bir temele dayandırılması, bu çerçevede makro planda sosyal güvenlik sisteminin aktüeryal dengesinin korunmasının amaçlanmış olduğu görülmektedir.
Sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına göre, ilk defa sigortalı olduğu tarihte geçerli olunan emeklilik açısından dikkate alınmakta olup, işe giriş tarihinden sonra yaptırılan yaş düzeltmeleri emeklilik hesabında dikkate alınmamaktadır. Yargı içtihatlarında da genel kabul gören ve eşitlik ilkesine uygun bulunan bu hukuki durum çerçevesinde sosyal güvenlik sistemi kaynaklı tahsislerde, tahsisi doğuran olgudan sonra yapılacak yaş düzeltmesi işlemleri bir hüküm ifade etmemektedir. Diğer bir deyişle, sigortalı olduğu tarihten sonra yaşını mahkeme kararıyla büyütenler için erken emeklilik söz konusu olmayacaktır.

Owing to its particular sociopolitical history and its status as a semi-peripheral country, Greece has followed a pattern of economic and urban development radically different to that of most northern European countries. A main characteristic of that pattern is informality. This presentation consists of two parts. In the first part, I examine the origins of informality and its functions in recent Greek history: sustaining a high rate of growth with minimal costs for the state and employers, and maintaining social peace in the context of the familistic welfare system. Parting from an understanding of informality not as spontaneity or absence of state control, but as an alternative normativity that stems from deliberate state action or inaction, I approach informality not as an anomaly peculiar to the Greek political formation, but as an extra-institutional mechanism of redistribution, which has served to incorporate the population in the mainstream of social life. In this light, I examine the four main pillars of informal welfare in Greece: clientelism, the informal sector, familialism and homeownership. In the second part of the paper, I offer an interpretation of the institutional reforms that followed the sovereign debt crisis and the concomitant bailout programs starting in 2010 as a concerted attempt to dismantle this informal system of redistribution and to extend the reach of the state in previously informalized areas of social and economic life, without, however, reinforcing a formal system of guarantees, such as the welfare state.

CSR is essentially interpreted as a manifestation of the responsibility of the business world over the externalities arising from their production activities. But unfortunately this responsibility is only limited scope primary operationalization region without regard for the fact that externalities it has started from the first phase of extraction up to a radius of these products are marketed. Therefore, this paper seeks to encourage the existence of fair responsibility by understanding a CSR as companies att empt to produce eco-friendly products. With the company's commitment to implement eco-friendly production methods, then indirectly the company has been reducing their externalities, its same doing CSR.

Welfare regimes and social exclusion are two different concepts which has been discussed in social policy agenda since the early 1990s. The purpose of this study examining the welfare regime which called as “Southern Europe” and developed by Leibfried and Ferrera against the Andersen’s classification which explained in 1990 and the social exclusion’s views in Southern Europe welfare regime.

There exists a broad consensus among welfare state researchers that the welfare state has not been retrenched in any fundamental manner. Instead, a process of restructuring is unfolding in response to globalization, European integration and internal pressures. However, the question remains whether welfare state reform has led to convergence on the European scene. This article discusses the new literature on convergence and divergence from a Nordic perspective, and gives an account of how reforms affected the patterning of European welfare states towards the late-1990s. The article is based on key findings from a large empirical research project comparing welfare state adjustment and its consequences in several dimensions among Western European welfare states over the past two decades. It concludes that welfare state change has led to convergence in some areas, but above all, it has been characterized by parallel trends that can be identified in different welfare states. Such parallel trends in turn have meant persistent diversity among welfare regimes.

The paper defines the welfare regimes according to Esping Andersen’s typology (replicated to the newest data by Allan&Scruggs, 2006) and investigates how the particular welfare regime type is able to tackle the poverty. The paper answers what welfare regime type is the closest associated with the poverty reducing in the 15 OECD countries through firstly looking for the relationship between de-commodification degree (labour forcing outside the market) and also more reliable governmental spending on welfare benefits and social policies outcomes within three basket benefits: old-age pensions, health benefits and unemployment benefits (measured as the % of TGGG) within three welfare regime clusters (social democratic, corporatist, liberal).
        The research tries to answer does high de-commodification level in a particular baskets has to be associated with the high social spending to achieve policy effectiveness (outcomes) and does the de-commodification has significant relationship with the particular welfare regime type? The findings suggest that only old-age pension benefit expenditures can be strictly associated to the high de-commodification degree and good policy outcomes achieving – and are strictly linked to social democratic welfare regime. All in all - the high degree of de-commodification shows to correlate with high-expenditures on that basket only within social-democratic regime. Finally the paper outlines how the welfare regime type creates the poverty outcomes in a particular basket (universalism vs. targeting). The Esping-Andersen typology utility to investigating poverty tackling is being examined not only within welfare regimes but social baskets benefits. The de-commodification as poverty measure is being carefully questioned towards traditional measures as social public expenditures and transfers.

This essay investigates how the degeneration of state socialist regimes and the transition to market-Leninist political economies in China and Vietnam have shaped institutional arrangements governing welfare and its stratification effects. Engaging recent theoretical literature on welfare regimes, the article explores how the evolution of specific combinations of political and economic institutions in China and Vietnam has affected the production and reproduction of welfare and stratification. The common assumption that welfare regimes reflect the structured interests of dominant political and economic actors and thus serve to reproduce that regime is found to invite an excessively static perspective. Instead this essay argues that welfare regimes and stratification in contemporary China and Vietnam require an appreciation of their properties under state-socialism and how specific paths of extrication affected their degeneration and subsequent development under a new form of political economy. The essay also probes the significance of observed differences in China and Vietnam's political structure in light of suggestions that Vietnam's more pluralistic political system has made its welfare regime more redistributive than China's. An alternative perspective suggests China's wealth obviates the significance of such differences.

Abstract
- Article in Journal of Social Policy, 46: 1, 2017, pp. 31-47

Policy perspectives of the European Union as well as those of member states currently link the concepts of social investment and social entrepreneurship in order to advocate both where and how to intervene. The argument of this article is that the explicit linking of these two notions, by policy-makers at several different levels and scales of authority, constitutes an emerging policy paradigm. The article identifies three characteristics of any paradigm, including that a policy paradigm must provide a perspective on the maintenance of the well-being of both society and individuals. Despite variation across countries and levels of authority (a characteristic of any paradigm) policy communities proffer the quasi-concepts of social investment and social entrepreneurship in combination as the appropriate ways to govern financing and the delivery of social investments. Therefore, social enterprises are targeted to receive public financing in order to deliver social investments in activation (training, employability, job support and wage supplements) as well as childcare. Reliance on this assemblage is documented across scales from the local through the national, transnational and international.

Special Issue, The Origins of the Welfare State: Global and Comparative Approaches Co-edited by Agnoletto, S. and Palmieri, C. http://zapruderworld.org/journal/archive/volume-3/overcoming-barriers-to-voluntary-servitude-positive-thinking-and-self-help-the-post-political-ideology-of-workfare/

This article aims to consider how Turkey has been classified in the welfare regime literature, and on what basis it has been classified. This will then form the basis for exploring whether there appears to be any variation between approaches and methods and/or between the " position " (e.g., location or language) of the authors. Studies of Turkey's welfare regime exhibit a significant degree of variation in terms of both approaches and conclusions, resulting in little in the way of consensus. Among Turkish-language studies (and some, but not all, Turkish scholars writing in English), there does seem to be a broad consensus that Turkey may be classified as part of the Southern European welfare model, which squares with the modal conclusion of the English-language studies on the topic. However, some " regional " studies conclude that Turkey is part of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, while many of the cluster analyses suggest a wide variety of clusters that are not geographically contiguous.

Transitions to adulthood not only represent a key period for
individual development but also contribute to processes of social
stratification. Growing evidence has pointed to increased
complexity, postponement and individualization in transition
dynamics. Previous research has focused on trends in school-towork
transitions and family formation; however, the central role of
housing represents an interrelated process that is less understood.
As pathways to adulthood have diversified, many young people
experience partial independence in one sphere while continued
dependence in others. Semi-dependent housing, either through
parental co-residence or shared living, can be an important
coping mechanism. Using the European Survey on Income and
Living Conditionst, the research investigates the role that semidependent
living plays within emerging adulthood across varied
European contexts. The data suggests that the extent and type of
semi-dependent housing varies substantially across EU15
countries. The findings indicate that levels of housing
independence can be partly explained by welfare regime context
while the propensity for shared living appears correlated with
affordability in the rental market. Although socio-cultural and
economic trends play an important and interrelated role, the
study argues that housing dynamics of young adulthood and the
role of semi-dependent living is fundamentally shaped by the
context of the housing system and welfare regime.

Single parents are increasingly a target group for ‘activation’ though new obligations to seek paid work or engage in education or training. Researchers commonly characterise new activation policies in terms of epochal shifts or unidirectional movements away from understanding single parents as ‘carers’ or mothers. We argue this characterization downplays the degree to which the post-war welfare state viewed single parents as potential workers and the contemporary reforms view them as carers. Drawing on Foucault's concept of problematization and research on neoliberal governmentalities, pre-emptive politics and anticipatory modes of power extend existing characterisations of activation policies for single parents.

Trade-offs between quality and equality are at the forefront of multiple debates in higher education, and one conceptual tool to approach societies’ adjustment in resolving these trade-offs is the welfare regime typology. Relying on the theory of academic capitalism and using research production as a proxy for quality in higher education, this study analyzes how social-democratic welfare regimes resolve the trade-off between comparatively high levels of academic research production, access to higher education and equal citizens’ living conditions. Interviews with 56 system actors suggest that equality is perceived to contribute to academic freedom, public investments in research and the expansion of the academic workforce, those features contributing in turn to academic research production.

Les compromis entre qualité et égalité sont au centre de nombreux débats en éducation et l’un des cadres conceptuels permettant d’appréhender les trajectoires d’ajustement des sociétés dans leur manière d’atteindre ces compromis est celui des types d’États providence. En s’appuyant sur la théorie du capitalisme universitaire et en utilisant la production de recherche comme indicateur de qualité dans l’enseignement supérieur, cette étude examine comment les États sociaux-démocrates atteignent des niveaux de production de recherche importants tout en préservant l’accessibilité à l’enseignement supérieur et l’égalité entre les citoyens. Des entretiens avec 56 acteurs-clés des systèmes d’enseignement supérieur suggèrent que l’égalité sociale contribue à la production de recherche en ce sens qu’elle protège la liberté universitaire, encourage les investissements publics en recherche et augmente le bassin de recrutement de chercheurs universitaires.

This thesis is a critical investigation of the ambivalent relationship between the concept of labour and the concept of value creation in immaterial capitalism. The thesis defines this relationship as the labour-capital relation. The relationship is studied by an examining of the historical developments in the transition from a Fordist to a post-Fordist mode of production and the transition from a passive to an active labour policy. As a result, the thesis finds four breakdowns between: Life- labour, common-private, right-obligation, and work-labour – that all point to a form of discrepancy in the capital-labour relation. The thesis claims that these four breakdowns consequently result in precarious working conditions for workers and a weakened bargaining power for trade unions expressed in failed identity politics. The thesis claims that former attempts to cope with precarity and identity politics fail to understand the flexible and immaterial characteristics of contemporary labour and value production. The aim is to illustrate how attempts that either call for fixed employment and stable income (welfare) or quantify and standardise value (workfare) are insufficient. As a result, the thesis suggests looking at a basic income as a structural stable compromise in-between the four breakdown as respectively a – remuneration, compensation, stratification, and decommodification – that all point to a form of ‘third way’ in the capital-labour relation. The examination of basic income is approached on a macro level and not as a concrete application model. The focus is to propose how contemporary production and a basic income together share a critical potential to understand capital, labour and identity in a new way benefitting trade unions and worker rights. As such, the thesis suggests unions and Danish labour market policy to take in a broader recognition of labour and employment not only perceiving wage as predetermined for value production. One of the thesis’ central insights is to understand how production not only should be understood economically, but socially and politically as well. The thesis has for the same reason methodologically engaged with fiction, i.e. constructing a fictive case, as an alternative methodological approach to cope with the wider socio-political infrastructure not applicable in quantitative and qualitative inquiries. The thesis asserts that working with fiction as a form of paradigmatic case provides a certain particularity and generality that is able to open up and provide a language for discussing, in this case, precarity and identity not only distinctive for categories such as workers or welfare recipients but as immanent within life itself.

This article illustrates the emergence of radical local welfare initiatives as a political response to the imperfect national program in decentralization context in Indonesia. In order to gain further understanding of the topic, it is worth reviewing Kulon Progo Regency's experience which recently embarked on removing class stratification at any in‐patient room in all local government‐owned hospitals through “classless hospital policy” initiatives. Using exploratory case study method, this article aims to review the ideational constructions of healthcare decommodification that is displayed on this initiative. It is concluded that the classless hospital policy reflects how social citizenship was organized through the mechanism of idea contestation which originated in the past community's behavior, combined with the vested interest of political regime for then subduing market logics under state power. This circumstance ultimately has provided the groundwork for encouraging innovative welfare outcome.

The main purpose of this article is twofold: (1) an examination of welfare regimes using a bottom-up approach, which enables a comprehensive analysis of welfare production based on recipients perceptions; and (2) an examination of more than one type of welfare-mix coexisting inside the national level across policy sectors. A classification of welfare regimes is carried out following a bottom-up approach and relying on the basis of the importance of welfare providers to satisfy social risks and promote well-being. Three traditional (e.g., state, market, family) and one alternative welfare provider (e.g., community) are considered. Data is collected through twenty semi-structured interviews in seven marginalised communities of Puerto Rico. The results show five configurations of intra-national welfare-mixes across the following welfare areas: housing, nourishment, health, education, maternity/paternity, disability, work-unemployment and older-age. This paper contributes to the theoretical proposals of intra-national welfare regimes, and alternatives providers in the welfare-mix.

Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study, we conduct a gender comparison of
how young people aged 20–34 in Finland (n¼ 19,941), Spain (n¼ 29,458), Taiwan
(n¼ 47,219), and the United States (n¼ 184,581) participated in full time work,
short-hours or temporary work, education, and homemaking before and after the
Great Recession (GR) beginning 2008. Gender and country patterns varied substantially.
In Finland, the GR was associated with higher proportions of young women
homemaking, perhaps due to public support for home care of children. In Spain and
the United States, higher proportions of both young men and young women were
un- or underemployed post-GR, suggesting downward gender convergence.

We compare labour market protection varieties and evaluate systematically trajectories of change across 21 high-income countries over three decades. Our measures – Principal Com- ponent Analysis and a new multidimensional indicator – deal with the average production worker assumption and allow us to assess countries’ trajectories of change in relation to, and independently from, classic varieties. We find that in 1990 labour market protection varieties retrace mostly Esping-Andersen’s worlds of welfare, and in 2015 the distinction between so- cial democratic and Christian democratic regimes vanishes, while Mediterranean and liberal countries are grouped respectively more tightly. Moreover, despite the persistent difference between Coordinated (CMEs) and Liberal Market Economies (LMEs) in their labour market protection levels, a large majority of CMEs became more similar to LMEs, after their pursuit of liberalization and dualization trajectories. At the opposite, a handful of CMEs experienced an increase in labour market protection following flexicurity, de-dualization and higher pro- tection trajectories. To help conceptualise the space where countries move, worlds of welfare, varieties of capitalism and the ideal typical trajectories developed in the literature are used to interpret labour market liberalization patterns; however, the trajectories we identify do not always conform to classic varieties and appear more varied than previously suggested.

Returns to the parental home represent a dramatic housing career interruption that can have significant social and economic implications. Interaction of individual characteristics with turning point shocks, such as unemployment or partnership dissolution, are key triggering events; however, housing disruptions are further embedded within variegated social, cultural and institutional contexts. Fundamental is the nature of the welfare regime, explaining norms surrounding co-residence as well as the amount and type of resources available. Through analyses using the Eurostat Longitudinal Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the research establishes a foundational understanding of how factors at both the individual as well as institutional and socio-cultural level moderate young adults’ housing interruptions across Europe. The results showed a significant welfare regime effect in outcomes of returned co-residence as well as evidence of differentiations across regimes in how individual...