EDC Course Lect 11-15

Biasing Scheme for BJT – Lecture 11
• Biasing is the process of connecting DC sources

of proper magnitude in correct polarity along
with suitable magnitude of Resistances so that
the Transistor Circuit can work in Active region
as Amplifier satisfactorily.
• This is known as DC Biasing. With DC biasing we
determine an operating point (or Q-Point) in
such a way that it lies in the middle of the
active region such that for all the variations of
AC input signal it should remain in active region
and not driven to cut-off or saturation.
Biasing scheme for 3 different Operating Modes
• The input output terminals and the polarity of

the DC biases on the input and output sides
for the 3 different modes of operation are as
shown in the figure above
Problems with Biasing of BJT
• There are two inherent difficulties with BJT:
1. The β of two different transistors (of same specification
but) produced in two different batches is not same and
varies considerably. For example as per the data sheet of
2N3904 the β may vary from 100 to 300 at 25°C.
2. The β of a transistor varies significantly with temperature
i.e. it increases with increase in temperature.
Due to these two factors the Q-Point doesn’t remain fixed.
This change in Q-Point results in unfaithful amplification
operation of the BJT. Hence, we have been forced to
develop such biasing schemes which can stabilize the
operating point as far as possible with the change in
temperature or with the replacement of transistor.
Phenomena of Thermal Runway in BJT
• In order to avoid this phenomena of Thermal Runway

and to achieve stabilization of operating point we need
to provide some type of feedback mechanism in the
biasing. This results in different biasing techniques as
described later.
Determination of Operating Point – Lecture 12
• In order to achieve faithful operation of
Transistor as an Amplifier we first bias it with DC
sources suitably and find a particular operating
point of output voltage and current (VCE and IC).
• Then we apply the input AC signal at this
operating point such that the variation in input
signal is amplified and produced as a variation
in the operating point voltage and current.
• The operating point is chosen in such a way that
for all the points of input AC variation the
transistor must remain in active region.
BJT: Load Line
• The load line is a straight line which comprises

of all the points of output voltage and current
(VCE and IC) corresponding to the variation in
input signal
BJT: Load Line
• The KVL in the output loop gives the equation

of the load line and the 2 extreme end points
are evaluated to draw the load line as shown
BJT: DC & AC load line and Q-point
BJT: DC & AC load line and Q-point
• The DC load line comprises of the points of output
side corresponding to the variation in DC bias of
input side, whereas the AC load line comprises of
the points of the output side corresponding to the
variation in AC signal at the input side.
• The AC load line has a steeper slope as compared
to the DC load line as the equivalent resistance in
case of AC is lower than in case of DC.
• The 2 load lines intersect at the operating point
known as (Q-point)
Numerical
Bias Stability & Bias Stabilization – Lecture 14
• As explained earlier the Transistor Operating
Point gets destabilized due to change in
temperature or replacement of transistor.
• However, for the faithful working as an amplifier
it is desirable that the operating point should
remain stable.
• The stability of the bias is measured as stability
factor the ratio of change in collector current IC to
the change in leakage current ICBO or ICO.
• It is desirable that the stability factor should be as
small as possible as explained later.
Different Biasing Techniques – Lecture 13
1. Base Bias or Fixed Bias:
2. Emitter Feedback Bias
2. Emitter Feedback Bias
• It is clearly observed that Emitter feedback

bias results in better bias stabilization if
• RE >> RB and RE >> RB/ β
Numerical Emitter Feedback Bias
3. Collector Feedback Bias
4. Voltage Divider Bias or Self Bias
Numerical Voltage Divider Bias
UNIT – III
Practical Applications of BJT

• BJT as an Amplifier and as a Switch – Lecture 15
BJT: As an Amplifier
• In CE mode the BJT acts as an amplifier in the

active region
BJT: As a Switch
• Here output takes only 2 values Vcc or 0

(corresponding to logic 1 & 0) when the transistor is
driven to cutoff and saturation states respectively
Numerical

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Biasing Scheme for BJT – Lecture 11

• Biasing is the process of connecting DC sources

• The input output terminals and the polarity of

• In order to avoid this phenomena of Thermal Runway

• The load line is a straight line which comprises

• The KVL in the output loop gives the equation

• It is clearly observed that Emitter feedback

Practical Applications of BJT

• In CE mode the BJT acts as an amplifier in the

• Here output takes only 2 values Vcc or 0

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