Physical Science - Big Bang

HOW DOES THE UNIVERSE BEGAN?
BIG BANG
THEORY
QUESTIONS BASED ON THE VIDEO:
1.What are the two gases formed after the Big Bang?
2.What happened after the denser regions of gas
collapsed?
3.Can you imagine a scenario without gravity and the
sun? Provide some reasons.
KEY POINTS
LIGHT ELEMENTS (H, He, Li, Be)-----formed in
an early universe (BIG BANG nucleosynthesis)
Continuous expansion of universe---decrease
temperature (needed for collisions of particles)
Cooler temperature in the universe—protons and
neutrons no longer make new elements
Proton + neutron = DEUTERON (isotope of
HYDROGEN formed)
 2 deuteron (2 protons + 2 neutrons) = HELIUM
Helium ( 2 protons + 2 neutrons) + Triton (1
proton + 2 neutrons) =3 protons & 4 neutrons
LITHIUM
Helium + Helium = BERYLLIUM
3 KEY OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCES THAT
SUPPORT THE BIG BANG MODEL
• HUBBLE OR COSMIC EXPANSION (Edwin

Hubble in 1929)
• COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
• PRIMORDIAL 0R BIG BANG
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
LET’ PLAY
FIND MY PAIR!
And tell us about that element

Proton + neutron = DEUTERON (isotope of
HYDROGEN formed)
 2 deuteron (2 protons + 2 neutrons) = HELIUM
Helium ( 2 protons + 2 neutrons) + Triton (1
proton + 2 neutrons) =3 protons & 4 neutrons
LITHIUM
Helium + Helium = BERYLLIUM
THE FORMATION OF HEAVIER
ELEMENTS DURING STAR
FORMATION AND EVOLUTION
(STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS)
OBJECTIVES
• Define stellar nucleosynthesis, and

• Give evidence for and describe the
formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution.
Million years after the big bang
explosion
A vast cloud of gas and dust
NEBULA
Collapsed due to gravity

A hundred thousand years later….
PROTOSTAR
Gravity pulled the clouds together

Pressure and temperature rise
The protostar becomes hot enough for nuclear

fusion to occur
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
process by which elements are formed within the stars as a
result of nuclear fusion
NUCLEAR FUSION
The process by which multiple nuclei joined together to form
a heavier nucleus.
OVERVIEW OF THE
BIG BANG & STELLAR
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
BIG BANG
The role of neutrinos in Big Bang

Nucleosynthesis is that they act as catalysts for
nuclear reactions
Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium
The cosmic microwave background radiation
provide evidence for Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
by containing the remnants of primordial
nucleosynthesis
BIG BANG
The Big Bang theory explain the abundance of light

elements in the universe by suggesting they were
formed during the rapid expansion and cooling of
the early universe
Hydrogen the most abundant element in the
universe according to the Big Bang theory Because it
is the simplest element
BIG BANG
The theory of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis explain the

production of helium in the early universe By
proposing that helium was formed through the
fusion of hydrogen during the early stages of the
universe
process by which elements are formed within the stars as a
result of nuclear fusion
NUCLEAR FUSION
The process by which multiple nuclei joined together to form
a heavier nucleus.
The first fusion process occurs in the hydrogen core of
the stars such as the SUN with a temperature of less than
15 million Kelvin
 Stellar nucleosynthesis considered important in the

formation of heavier elements because it occurs in
stars, which are abundant in the universe.
Nuclear fusion contribute to stellar nucleosynthesis
By converting hydrogen into helium and releasing
energy
 Stars undergo nuclear fusion reactions to generate

light and heat
Heavy elements in stars considered evidence for
stellar nucleosynthesis because heavy elements are
created through fusion reactions in stars
Stellar nucleosynthesis occurs primarily in the cores
of massive stars during their main sequence stage
OVERVIEW OF THE
POLARITY OF
MOLECULES
POLARITY
-equal or unequal sharing of electrons among
the atoms of a molecule
Polar Molecule
-there is unequal or asymmetrical distribution of
electrons among the atoms of a molecule
NONPOLAR MOLECULE
-there is equal or symmetrical distribution of
electrons among the atoms in a molecule
O² (OXYGEN GAS)
The star has become a red giant.
 Majority of helium in the core
has been converted
to carbon----rate of fusion decreases
 Low-mass star (less than twice the Sun)

-no enough mass for a carbon fusion to
occur
 The star’s fuel-depleted
 Outer material of the star--- blown
off into space
 Hot and inert carbon core-remains

-formed from carbon fusion
-formed from oxygen fusion

-formed from neon fusion
-formed from magnesium fusion

-formed from silicon fusion
The star becomes a multiple-shell

red giant.
SUPERNOVA
Core no longer resist gravity-star is doomed

Gravity squeezes the core-star explodes and releases a
large amount of energy resists
SYNTHETIC ELEMENTS
• Technetium, atomic number 43

• Promethium, atomic number 61
• Astatine, atomic number 85
• Francium, atomic number 87
• Neptunium, atomic number 93
• Plutonium, atomic number 94
• Stellar nucleosynthesis- is the process by
which elements are formed within stars.
• Protostar- is a stellar core formed when the

fragments of a collapsed molecular cloud
contract.
• Main sequence star- is formed when gravitational
equilibrium is reached during the hydrogen fusion in a
protostar.
• Red giant- is a star that has used up its hydrogen supply in

the core and switched into the thermonuclear fusion of
hydrogen in the shell surrounding the core.
• Supernova- is a star that blows apart and releases a large

amount of energy.

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HOW DOES THE UNIVERSE BEGAN?

• HUBBLE OR COSMIC EXPANSION (Edwin

And tell us about that element

• Define stellar nucleosynthesis, and

Collapsed due to gravity

Gravity pulled the clouds together

The protostar becomes hot enough for nuclear

The role of neutrinos in Big Bang

The Big Bang theory explain the abundance of light

The theory of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis explain the

 Stellar nucleosynthesis considered important in the

 Stars undergo nuclear fusion reactions to generate

 Low-mass star (less than twice the Sun)

 Hot and inert carbon core-remains

-formed from oxygen fusion

-formed from magnesium fusion

The star becomes a multiple-shell

Core no longer resist gravity-star is doomed

• Technetium, atomic number 43

• Protostar- is a stellar core formed when the

• Red giant- is a star that has used up its hydrogen supply in

• Supernova- is a star that blows apart and releases a large

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