Brian H Roberts

The United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA) has developed a set of principles of effective governance for sustainable development. The essential purpose of these voluntary principles is to provide interested countries with practical, expert guidance on a broad range of governance challenges associated with the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. CEPA has identified 62 commonly used strategies to assist with the operationalization of these principles. This guidance note addresses strengthening urban governance, which is associated with the principle of subsidiarity and can contribute to strengthening the inclusiveness of institutions. It is part of a series of notes prepared by renowned experts under the overall direction of the CEPA Secretariat in the Division for Public Institutions and Digital Government of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Funding for the sub-series on the principle of subsidiarity was generously provided by the United Nations Project Office on Governance. In reading this guidance note, individuals in government ministries and agencies who are less familiar with the topic will be able to understand the fundamentals. Those who have perhaps taken initial steps in this area with limited follow-through or impact will be able to identify how to adjust elements of their practice to achieve better results and to better embed and institutionalize the strategy in their organizations. Those who are more advanced in strengthening urban governance will be able to recognize the practices that contribute to its success.

The Asia-Pacific region is home to over 4.5 billion people. The region continues to exhibit strong economic growth, challenging the way cities, communities and regions are managed for a sustainable economic, social, cultural and environmental future. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of collaborative urban governance, which is of increasing interest to governments worldwide in helping to improve the development, operation and management of cities. The paper provides strong evidence that traditional forms of urban governance, based on formalised structures and institutional arrangements, are not performing well. The challenge of silo mentalities in many public agencies, organisations and institutions, is resulting in a ‘culture’ associated with a general lack of trust, cooperation and information sharing. Extensive duplication of effort in the processes of government, resource wastage, a reluctance to innovate, a risk averse and secrecy governance culture, and resistance to change management feature strongly. The paper highlights the inefficiencies of current urban governance systems that result in lost opportunities to leverage resources and capital, and increase transaction costs to business and governments in cities. The poor are marginalised and their interests excluded, while other important groups and commercial interests are unable to participate in and contribute to the sustainable development of cities. The paper utilises case studies and assessment tools to highlight how collaborative urban governance is a way forward for The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) agenda to improve the management and development of cities in the region. In doing so, it makes a significant contribution to the post-Rio+20 sustainable development framework and Habitat III.

This tool kit provides a framework and tools for conducting rapid assessments of city economies to prepare city economic development plans (CEDPs) in Asian cities. An analytical framework is presented, which guides the reader through a series of steps for three analytical and assessment processes. These are designed to prepare economic profiles; evaluate future economic development options and pathways; and prepare strategies, action plans, and prioritize investment activities in support of city economic development. The steps in each process are linked to tools that assist the user in collecting and analyzing data and information for a range of studies, and they are also linked to assessment techniques used to prepare a CEDP and related plans. Many of these tools refer to websites where one can find more detailed manuals, guidelines, references, case studies, and video presentations for conducting planning, development, and assessment studies on local economic development. The tool...

Secondary cities are a subject of renewed interest to international development organizations and finance agencies. Secondary cities vary in size from a few hundred thousand to over five million in countries like China. Cities Alliance is currently undertaking an investigation for a book on systems of secondary cities and the role they play in supporting the development of regions and countries. The paper presents research by the authors which investigates trends, influences, and challenges, including the forces of New Economic Geography facing the development of secondary cities in the development of regions using a systems analysis approach. This paper draws on the findings of 16 case studies examining systems of cities and has a particular focus on urban land governance systems. The paper outlines how some aspects of urban land governance systems can be improved to support the development of secondary cities, drawing on the learning experience gained from the case studies. The pa...

The term secondary city is commonly used to describe a level of urban settlement below the primate or primary city. 1 Although population size still has a considerable influence on the importance and classification of secondary cities, recent studies point the need for a redefinition of the term, merging the traditional hierarchical definition with a systems and functional approach to city classification (Roberts 2014). Worldwide, there are over 4,000 secondary cities, ranging in size from 100,000 to 500,000 people (UN-Habitat 1996), and in the case of China, to 3 million people. 2 Secondary cities are an important intermediary level of urban settlement within the city system. Collectively, secondary cities contain about 1.3 billion people or 16.5% of the world's population. The largest numbers of secondary cities are in Asia (Roberts 2014). The performance of national and global economies depends on a wellfunctioning system of secondary cities. Through these cities pass many of the resources, goods, and services needed in large cities and rural and

For regions to maintain competitive advantage in future local business and government need to capitalise, reinvent, and build upon core competencies. They also need to develop strategic architecture that enables local businesses and government to constantly reposition the region to develop and capture new business in global and national markets. Strategic Architecture is the unique combination of infrastructure, technologies, knowledge, human capital and natural resources that regions develop to support key industries to develop and trade in highly competitive domestic and international markets. Regions that have successfully cultivated competitive strategic architecture have a consistent record of economic success. For the FNQ economy to remain successful, local business, government andthe local community will need to work out ways to enhance regional competitiveness. The FNQ region has many strategic advantages in terms of location to Asian markets, communications, resources, environment and quality of life. These will not be sufficient to maintain competitive advantage in future. Future competitiveness will depend upon the region maintaining its competencies, the quality of assets, business efficiency; the management of risk and uniqueness of products and services offered to investors, developers and visitors. These features are called 'value factors' and they are important to the future economic competitiveness of the region. Understanding, quantifying and monitoring these value factors is important for long term strategic planning, infrastructure and business development in the region. Much of this book is concerned with measuring value factors that contribute to the competitiveness of the FNQ economy. An extensive survey of 206 industries, focus groups and discussions with key decision makers have been used to quantify value factors that are important to the development of the economy. These factors will become the benchmarks, which will be used for the ongoing monitoring of economic activity, the formulation of economic strategies and new initiatives to support the development of the region’s economy.

Secondary cities comprise over 16% of the world's population. They play an important role in the development and operations of countries as intermediary hubs and logistics centres within national industry supply chains and production systems. They serve around 22% of the world's population living in metropolitan regions and 62% of those in smaller regional cities, towns and rural areas. As such, they have a key role to play in supporting post-COVID-19 recovery efforts. Secondary cities have, until recent years, been a neglected area of public policy and investment, especially in emerging economies. This book includes a series of vignettes presented as chapters by authors with significant knowledge and experience of disaster recovery. It provides
different perspectives on what can be done to support the sustainable and regenerative development of secondary cities in developing countries post COVID-19 do to support the sustainable and regenerative development of secondary cities in developing countries post COVID-19. These perspectives cover topics in economic and community development, infrastructure, finance, local government, logistics and governance. The book provides policy and planning recommendations, as well as practical initiatives and approaches that secondary cities can use. The book is intended for leaders and policymakers responsible for the development of secondary cities, but it will be of interest to other readers involved in urban and regional development recovery efforts post-COVID-19.

Systems of secondary cities play a vital intermediary role as economic, administrative and logistics hubs within national and global systems of cities. They have three basic spatial typologies: regional hubs, metropolitan clusters, and corridors. The pattern, rate of development, and role of systems of secondary cities are changing rapidly in response to urbanization, globalization, structural economic change, new technologies, and the rapid development of transport and communications systems. These changes have resulted in a growing gap and inequities in sub-national regional economic development, income, wealth, investment, and employment opportunities within systems of secondary cities. Closing the gap has become a significant challenge for governments. Much of the literature on the development of secondary cities tended to focus on enhancing the competitiveness of infrastructure, industry clusters, and enabling environments; however, there has been a tendency to overlook the importance of external factors: connectivity, networks, and collaboration, which significantly affect the performance of systems of secondary cities. This book seeks to address this knowledge gap. It examines ways secondary cities can work more collaboratively to improve their development prospects, lift prosperity, and leverage public resources to support equitable and sustainable sub-national economic growth and development. It outlines ways governments and other stakeholders within systems of secondary cities can invest strategically in public goods and services, improve connectivity, develop networks, and leverage common user facilities, infrastructure, and resources at different geographic levels to support inclusive, equitable, and sustainable development.

This paper explores the dynamics of change and development in rural-urban environments. Urbanization in the context of rural and regional environments can be grouped into two categories: rural urbanization and rurbanization. Rural urbanization is a product of a range of push and pull-factors that result in people from rural-regional areas moving to cities and small and intermediate towns. Many have little choice but to live in small scattered urban settlements in peri-urban areas of cities and towns, or along urban transportation corridors. Rurbanization is a counter-cyclical process to rural urbanization, comprising a small but increasing flow of urban wealthy and diaspora who are buying back and developing in predominantly rural regional towns. This paper commences with a series of definitions that set the context for the discussion of the dynamics and chance in the geography and function of small and intermediate towns. It discusses some current and emerging factors driving people from the land to Small and intermediary towns. Factors like expatriate, foreign and company land grabs and purchases, technological changes in agriculture production, logistics, quality assurance and markets; rural debt, impacts of remittances on local economies; climate change impacts, and the dynamics of labour markets are transforming the landscapes of rural areas in all countries. Small and intermediary cities offer opportunities for subsistence living for a growing marginalized population in the transition from rural to urban living. How to manage development these towns, which are the front line of rural-urban migration, in rapidly urbanizing economies is proving to challenge. Many are becoming poverty traps for people leaving the land either by choice or force. Most cannot go back, nor do not have the capacity or desire to migrate to larger cities. The paper will explore what national and local governments policy responses could be to improve the sustainability of rural urbanization and development in small and intermediate towns, with a focus on developing economies.

AsiaÊs future is urban. It is in developing sustainable cities. Urbanization is both driven by and supports economic growth. The economy of the PRC is doubling in size every 10 years; India is doubling in size every 13 years. The spatial patterns of land use in Asia are changing rapidly with growing con-centrations of people and economic activity. Over the next 25 years to 2030, AsiaÊs urban population is set to increase by about 1,100 million people or 70%. While the precise figures of urban and economic growth may be debat-able, the scale of the transformation makes any imprecision irrelevant. The challenge for urban governance in Asia is to accommodate rapidly increasing populations while facilitating improvements in the welfare of cit-iesÊ inhabitants·raising living standards, services, and urban amenity over time. A particular challenge is to manage effectively the envelopment of rural areas on the rapidly expanding periphery of cities while developing synergies between urban a...

A search on the Internet on the topic of good practice in sustainable urban development will yield more than 9 million hits. Literally, hundreds of exam-ples of good practices are to be found, illustrating ways that local govern-ments, businesses, and communities have gone about improving develop-ment practices and achieved more sustainable development outcomes. There are also many databases of good practice in sustainable urban and regional development. These include the United Nations (UN)-HABITAT Database of Best Practice, 1 Better e-Europe practices, 2 MOST 3 , EPA Gateway to Inter-national Best Practices & Innovations 4 , and many others. However, many examples of best practice included in these databases can no longer be con-sidered best practice because practices are constantly changing. In putting together the ideas for this book, the Asian Development Bank and Cities Alliance felt it would be useful to provide small case studies (vignettes) of cities considered global leade...

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides the protocol by which investors from developed countries can invest in greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction projects in developing countries under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in return for carbon emission reduction (CER) credits.. Much of the focus of the CDM has been on energy-efficient supply-side (EESS) reduction projects involving the cleaner generation of electricity. EE demand-side (EEDS) projects, which aim to reduce energy demand, have received less attention. More than 90% of CERs issued to date have been purchased by EESS projects. This paper examines issues related to and potential ways of broadening the application of EEDS CDM and programmatic CDM projects to help reduce GHG emissions in Asian cities. Since many such projects are currently not financially viable, the paper discusses a proposal for international development banks and official development agencies to support a financial mechani...

The Far North Queensland Region is Australia's Northern Gateway. During the 1980's the region experienced an unprecedented period of development which peaked in 1994. Since then it has experienced the inertia of economic growth and is seeking ways to rekindle the development momentum. The paper briefly traces some of the reasons for the slowdown in economic activity. It suggests the region must develop a new kind of architecture to support the development of an innovative cluster industries that will drive future economic development. These industries will be borne out the many competencies, skills and endowed resources the region possesses.

Secondary cities have become the subject of renewed interest by scholars and international development organizations. This report, for Cities Alliance, investigates the role played by secondary cities in the development of global regions and nations. It includes a literature review and redefinition of the term “secondary city” in the context of the role such cities play in global and national urban systems. Secondary cities are no longer defined by population size. Today, functionality and connectivity with global and national systems of cities has a significant influence on the way secondary cities are defined. The book discusses trends, influences and challenges, including the forces of New Economic Geography (NEG) facing the development of secondary cities in developing regions using a systems analysis perspective under the headings of urban governance, economic, development, social and environmental systems. Fifteen regional case studies are presented to illustrate the way count...

Secondary cities have become the subject of renewed interest to international development organizations and finance agencies. Secondary cities vary in size from a few hundred thousand to over five million in countries like China. Cities Alliance is currently undertaking an investigation for a book on systems of secondary cities and the role they play in supporting the development of regions and nations. The research by the authors investigates trends, influences, and challenges, including the forces of New Economic Geography facing the development of secondary cities in the development of regions using a systems analysis approach. This paper examines causational factors leading to the underperformance and unrealized development potential of secondary cities in developing regions drawing on 16 case studies, with a specific focus on urban land governance systems. Inland secondary cities, in particular, are performing poorly in attracting investment, creating jobs and reducing the leve...

ABSTRACT The second edition of this book is completely reedited making the book even more valuable for graduate students, reflecting recent advances and adding insightful new material. The book is about the analysis of regional economic performance and change, and how analysis integrates with strategies for local and regional economic development policy and planning. First, the book provides the reader with an overview of key theoretical and conceptual contexts within which the economic development process takes place. However, the deliberate emphasis is to provide the reader with an account of quantitative and qualitative approaches to regional economic analysis and of old and new strategic frameworks for formulating regional economic development planning. The second edition brings to the present its original thesis about the need for regions to be fast and flexible, but also to be proactive in order to be prepared to experience increasingly greater shocks while having less time to adjust their economic development to achieve sustainability. This is underscored by events that have occurred since 2001: 9/11 terrorist attacks, continuing rapid advances in technology, the rise China and India, the Tsunami, and all the known on-going and unforeseen risks and challenges that confront nations around the globe and the regions and localities within them. The book presents strategies and the traditional and expanded methods used to create and implement them.

Keyword identification in one of two simultaneous sentences is improved when the sentences differ in F0, particularly when they are almost continuously voiced. Sentences of this kind were recorded, monotonised using PSOLA, and re-synthesised to give a range of harmonic ∆F0s (0, 1, 3, and 10 semitones). They were additionally re-synthesised by LPC with the LPC residual frequency shifted by

... One response to these challenges has been a dramatic proliferation of regional development policies based on regional clusters of firms and industries. ... Historical investigation, in fact, suggests that economies tend to develop through the emergence of regional clusters. ...

ABSTRACT Much is known about the macro-impacts of business activities on national and regional economies; however, comparatively little is known at the micro level about the impact spatial agglomeration of corporate wealth and performance has on urban systems. This paper reports on a collaborative research project between the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute and Dun and Bradstreet, an international financial credit agency, to analyse the spatial implications of corporate structure in metropolitan regions. This paper analyses spatial patterns of medium to large businesses in three Australian State capital cities at the postcode level in order to assess the agglomeration of corporate capital, sales, and performance. The research indicates that ratio analysis can provide a useful insight into the competitiveness of metropolitan regions and the control corporate headquarters have over decision making and investment processes. The findings of this research are of special interest to capital markets, business and urban researchers in the Asia Pacific Region.

When a partial of a periodic complex is mistuned, its change in pitch is greater than expected. Two experiments examined whether these partial-pitch shifts are related to the computation of global pitch. In experiment 1, stimuli were either harmonic or frequency-shifted (25% of F0) complexes. One partial was mistuned by +/- 4% and played with leading and lagging portions of 500 ms each, relative to the other components (1 s), in both monaural and dichotic contexts. Subjects indicated whether the mistuned partial was higher or lower in pitch when concurrent with the other components. Responses were positively correlated with the direction of mistuning in all conditions. In experiment 2, stimuli from each condition were compared with synchronous equivalents. Subjects matched a pure tone to the pitch of the mistuned partial (component 4). The results showed that partial-pitch shifts are not reduced in size by asynchrony. Similar asynchronies are known to produce a near-exclusion of a mistuned partial from the global-pitch computation. This mismatch indicates that global and partial pitch are derived from different processes. The similarity of the partial-pitch shifts observed for harmonic and frequency-shifted stimuli suggests that they arise from a grouping mechanism that is sensitive to spectral regularity.

... Following international best practice, there is a need for a change in planning policy away from segregated ... Applying industrial ecology is difficult, since it involves change. Communities do not easily accept change, especially if there are issues of public health and safety and ...

ABSTRACT Foreign investment has played a major role in the development of tourism in the Cairns - Far North Queensland region of Australia, one of the nation's most internationalised regional economies. As the owner of a significant number of hotels and tourism operations, the Daikyo Corporation from Japan is the major foreign player, contributing substantially to employment and regional production. In this paper we use input - output analysis to estimate the contribution of Daikyo to the regional economy, which is shown to be positive and considerably greater in its export-to-import ratio effects, than is the case for the total industry sector.

... The green issues, and subsequently the “brown” environmental issues of urban areas, have received ... A multisector approach involves building into a project various subprojects and programs to ... by a dotted line) Versus a Traditional Approach to Project Development (the solid ...

ABSTRACT Improving the management of risk in local economies is important in ensuring the sustainability of economic development. As regional economies become more integrated into the global economy, their exposure to risks increases and the management of these can become more difficult. Societies face increasingly exacting choices about which risks to manage, how to measure the level of risks, who determines acceptable levels of risk exposure to communities and the most appropriate strategies to manage risk. These are demanding questions to answer as risks, by their very nature, are difficult to predict or fully understand. This paper elucidates the application of a risk evaluation technique, multi-sector risk analysis or MSRA, to measure and analyse risks, which have the potential to impact on sectors of local and regional economies. The technique enables local governments and communities to assess the perceived impact and likelihood of risks facing an economy and to decide which risks need to be managed. Two case studies of risk analysis for the Cairns and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) regional economies are presented using MSRA. The results show how these mainly urban regions have very different regional economic risk profiles and exposure to endogenous and exogenous risk. A framework for developing sector industry risk management strategies and plans is then presented, developed from the ACT case study.

... Enterprise Research Incubator Innovation Technology ... A university provides a catalyst for future scientists and researchers to develop their ideas and thinking in a ... States and elsewhere suggests that while universities do play a direct role in supporting high-tech research, they ...

En la actualidad, existe un renovado interés en las ciudades secundarias por parte de
académicos y organizaciones internacionales de desarrollo. Este estudio, elaborado
para la Cities Alliance, investiga el papel que estas ciudades han desempeñado en el
desarrollo de las naciones y las regiones globales. Incluye una reseña de la literatura
sobre las “ciudades secundarias” y una nueva definición de este término en el contexto
del papel que ellas desempeñan en los sistemas globales y nacionales. Las ciudades
secundarias ya no se definen por el tamaño de su población. Hoy en día, la funcionalidad
y la conectividad con los sistemas nacionales y globales de ciudades tienen una influencia
significativa en la definición de las ciudades secundarias. Este libro discute las tendencias,
influencias y desafíos que afronta el desarrollo de las ciudades secundarias en las
regiones en desarrollo, incluyendo la Nueva Geografía Económica (NGE), mediante
una perspectiva de análisis sistémico que abarca los sistemas de gobierno, económicos,
de desarrollo, sociales y medioambientales. Se presentan diecinueve estudios de caso
regionales para ilustrar la forma en que los países de las regiones en desarrollo abordan
la urbanización, la descentralización y otros procesos para impulsar el desarrollo de las
ciudades secundarias. También se discute la contribución de las agencias y organizaciones
internacionales al desarrollo de los sistemas de ciudades secundarias.

This tool kit provides a framework and tools for conducting rapid assessments to prepare city economic development plans in Asian cities. An analytical framework guides the reader through a series of steps for three analytical and assessment processes. These are designed to prepare economic profiles; evaluate future economic development options and pathways; and prepare strategies, action plans, and prioritize investment activities in support of city economic development. The steps in each process are linked to tools that assist the user in collecting and analyzing data and information for a range of studies, and they are also linked to assessment techniques used to prepare city economic development plans (CEDPs).

This tool kit was prepared for ADB staff involved in urban sector projects, however it is expected to be very useful to government officials, investors, developers, local community leaders, and international development assistance agencies involved in activities designed to support city economic development. The tool kit is not only for economic studies of cities; it can be adapted easily to support studies involving the development of rural and regional economies.

Industrial revolutions have had a profound impact on shaping the way we produce things, where we live, and our progress towards more equitable and prosperous societies. The first and second industrial revolutions were driving forces in the shaping of modern-day society.  Those revolutions witnessed significant changes over two and a half centuries – in ideology, social hierarchy, manufacturing and distribution, international relations, trade linkages and, most notably, technological advancements.  Unlike the two former industrial revolutions, the emerging Third Industrial Revolution will also have significant effects – changing almost every aspect of our society, especially in the way we live and plan.  This working paper provides a brief overview of the dimensions of the Third Industrial Revolution (TIR), postulates the implications it may have on urban and regional planning, and suggests strategies for cities and regions to manage and benefit from its potential impacts.

The third Industrial  revolution will have a significant effect on the way we plan and develop cities and regions.  This powerpoint presentation outlines the scope of a research project funded by Urban Frontiers (www.urban frontiers.com.au) to investigate the dimensions and metrics of the third Industrial revolution and the implications for the  planning ( land use, infrastructure, environmental, economic, social and governance) of cities and regions.

Secondary systems of cities in Africa (SSCA) have become the subject of renewed interest by scholars and international development organisations. This book explores the role played by secondary cities in the development of African countries and regions. It includes a review and discusses trends, influences, and challenges, including the forces of New Economic Geography, facing the development of secondary cities in Africa. Using a systems approach, it examines urban governance, economic, development, social, and environmental factors that
have shaped the development of secondary cities. Eight country and city case studies illustrate how they have approached urbanisation, decentralisation, and other processes supporting secondary city development. Case studies include Cape Coast in Ghana, Dire Dawa in Ethiopia, Gabès in Tunisia, Huambo in Angola, Ibadan in Nigeria, Mombasa in Kenya, Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth) in South Africa, and Touba‑Mbacké in Senegal. These case studies provide insights and knowledge about the challenges facing the development of secondary cities within the selected countries. Learning outcomes are presented for each country case study, followed by an outline of opportunities open to secondary cities in Africa to become more competitive, dynamic, and liveable. The roles that international development assistance agencies and organisations can play to support the development of secondary systems of cities are discussed. The book concludes with a call for a new urban age agenda for
the management and development of African secondary cities. This is focused on the need for improved urban governance, management, planning and economic development, and for enhancing connectivity and logistic systems to build collaborative partnerships between secondary cities and create a strong network of national systems of cities across the continent.

The book comprises a collection of vignettes outlining ideas and arguments about how secondary and intermediary cities can recover from the impacts of COVID-19 and adopt a pathway towards more sustainable and regenerative development. It explores nine key sub-themes to the recovery, based on the evidence and opinions of experts in each field. It provides policy and planning recommendations, as well as practical initiatives and approaches that secondary cities can use.

本书试图为次级城市系统的发展方式建立一种新的思考模式。本书挑战了有关该主题的许多传 统思想，并呼吁政府改变对待国家、地区和地方发展政策和规划的方式，以支持更公平的地区 经济发展。它认为政府对于城市体系发展的支持需要采取系统的，扁平的方式。如果要使城 市体系更具韧性，繁荣并更加公平地发展，我们就必须引入一种新型的“战略架构”以支持 城市间合作发展并建立经济联系，从而为开拓新市场创造更多机会。
Connecting Systems of Secondary Cities seeks to pave a new way of thinking on approaches to the development of systems of secondary cities. It challenges much of the traditional thinking on the subject, and it calls for change in the way governments approach national, regional, and  local  development  policy  and  planning  to  support  more  equitable  regional  economic  development. It argues the need for a systemic and less structured hierarchical approach to the way governments support the development of systems of cities. If systems of cities are to be more resilient, prosper, and develop more equitably, a new kind of ‘strategic architecture’ must be introduced to support their development and link their economies in order to create more opportunities for the development of new markets.

Systems of secondary cities play a vital intermediary role as economic, administrative and logistics hubs within national and global systems of cities. They have three basic spatial typologies: regional hubs, metropolitan clusters, and corridors. The pattern, rate of development, and role of systems of secondary cities are changing rapidly in response to urbanisation, globalisation, structural economic change, new technologies, and the rapid development of transport and communications systems. These changes have resulted in a growing gap and inequities in sub-national regional economic development, income, wealth, investment, and employment opportunities within systems of secondary cities. Closing the gap has become a significant challenge for governments. Much of the literature on the development of secondary cities has tended to focus on enhancing the competitiveness of infrastructure, industry clusters, and enabling environments; however, there has been a tendency to overlook the importance of external factors: connectivity, networks, and collaboration, which significantly affect the performance of systems of secondary cities. This book seeks to address this knowledge gap. It examines ways secondary cities can work more collaboratively to improve their development prospects, lift prosperity, and leverage public resources to support equitable and sustainable sub-national economic growth and development. It outlines ways governments and other stakeholders within systems of secondary cities can invest strategically in public goods and services, improve connectivity, develop networks, and leverage common user facilities, infrastructure, and resources at different geographic levels to support inclusive, equitable, and sustainable development.

This dissertation involves a planning study of Ahuriri, Napier, New Zealand.  It was established as a Port and became the first area of European settlement in Napier. The area developed rapidly in the 19th Century as a port.  It was settled progressively on reclaimed land with the establishment of a wide range of mixed residential, industrial, and commercial uses.  In 1931, much of the area was raised and damaged severely by the Hawkes Bay Earthquake, leading to the relocation of most inner harbour port activities to a new deeper water port under construction to the east at Bluff Hill.  The area developed the centre of the region’s wool and tobacco industry. By the mid-1960s, the area began to decline due to neglect, lack of planning and investment in redevelopment, and the uncertainty of the Port of Napier’s development as a container port.  Many large industries had no room for expansion and chose to locate elsewhere in the region.  Residents began expressing concern about the area's decline, the loss of heritage, and the lack of planning to revitalize its character and potential as a desirable residential area. This study, undertaken as part completion of a Diploma of Town Planning, was conducted by the Author to identify options and a strategy for the revitalization and development of Ahuriri.  The Study outlines briefly the history, development, problems, and issues facing the area and recommends a set of goals, objects, policies, and strategies (including options) for its revitalization. Recommendations are made for consideration by the Napier City Council to proceed with a new type of Local Area Development plan.

This thesis is concerned with improving the quality of urban street space. It has been written with the strong conviction that the deteriorating quality of the street is the result of the absence of any coherent theory in environmental design beyond one single building and a correspondingly inadequate spatial language related to behaviour to make a meaningful environment. There is a great deal of superstition amongst designers as to the effective value of analysis of street design upon behaviour, with the unfortunate result that few designers have tried to understand this process analytically. Any attempt to understand the meaning of streets and their role in human interaction requires some conception of the nature of the relationship between man and his environment (as well as some comprehension of the specific roles played by the structure of the street in this relationship. The lack of ability by designers to grasp this fundamental relationship has been responsible for the growing desert of derelict, unoccupied open space that has descended upon our cities, leaving the credibility of the entire design profession in doubt.
Modern contemporary architecture has removed many public settings that are important to social interaction and contact at a daily personal level. Most of these settings or places are known and claimed in street-scale open spaces - spatial enclaves - defined by forms that give people meaning. With its freestanding functional carriageway, undifferentiated public space and divorced relationship with form, the contemporary street have made it difficult for individuals to lay claim to space to satisfy various behavioural needs. This lack of ability to claim space has, I believe, resulted in the loss of quality in contemporary environments. If there is to be any improvement in the environmental quality of the street, we begin to discover those qualities of space that define settings that have the potential to be claimed by people of different ages to satisfy diverse needs at various times.
This study aims to improve understanding of the often-elusive interaction of the street environment and the human activities it houses. Such an understanding, it is hoped, will help to guide attempts to humanise growth and enlighten new attitudes to design analysis. By necessity, the study will examine 'man-environment' relationships, drawing from this human need for space and addressing various approaches to how space is claimed. From this analysis, a space 'claim' model will be developed to be tested in two case studies. The findings drawn from the analysis and case studies are used to develop some proposals for restructuring urban space to encourage greater potentialities of adapting street settings to behavioural needs.

In England, there is an inherent love of the countryside by its people, particularly by its poets and authors.  However, over the past 50 years, the countryside has changed dramatically. Open fields replace the hedgerows and enclosures fields of the Georgian eras, and giant tractors and machinery do what eight men once did.  Throughout the villages of England, a new social structure is replacing older patterns of rural life.  A new type of village is emerging, with new houses and people, many of whom work in cities but desire the rural-urban (rurban) way of life of the village.  But somehow these new additions to villages lack the qualities of the village of the past.  The new village developments are beginning to have a sameness about them.  This study investigates ways of removing that sameness in the urban design of expanded village developments.  It begins with a study of the mechanisms that have defined and changed the form of the rural-urban environment.  The examination reveals, that despite the change in the rural environment, there are definite principles that give the villages of England their unique quality. It is these principles that the study seeks to promote in the design of new village form.  The study outlines what changes will be needed if the design and development of new or within existing villages are to be improved.  A case study of small Oxfordshire village, Little Milton, is presented to see how the form of a proposed new development in this village can be improved through public participation in the development process.