Galina Paramei
Liverpool Hope University, Psychology, Faculty Member
Abstract: The aim was to reconstruct a uniform color space that could accommodate normal and abnormal variations in color vision. Color-dissimilarity data were collected from normal trichromats and red-green deficients, using lights... more
Abstract: The aim was to reconstruct a uniform color space that could accommodate normal and abnormal variations in color vision. Color-dissimilarity data were collected from normal trichromats and red-green deficients, using lights varying in spectral composition and luminance. The data were analyzed with an individual-differences multidimensional scaling program and resulted in a 3D group configuration. In addition, differences in saturation required a hemispherical representation for the “color plane,” with a 4th dimension ...
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The controversial status of goluboi as a basic color term is discussed. Fuzzy logic alone cannot reliably attribute basic status to goluboi. Recent linguistic studies support a single basic blue category. Psychophysical data on... more
The controversial status of goluboi as a basic color term is discussed. Fuzzy logic alone cannot reliably attribute basic status to goluboi. Recent linguistic studies support a single basic blue category. Psychophysical data on color-space distances and color naming are currently ambiguous in this regard.
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We investigated Gestalt perception in the intact visual field (VF) of hemianopia patients. Three patients and matched controls performed a Yes-No figure detection task. Gabor patches of one orientation, making up the outline of a square,... more
We investigated Gestalt perception in the intact visual field (VF) of hemianopia patients. Three patients and matched controls performed a Yes-No figure detection task. Gabor patches of one orientation, making up the outline of a square, were embedded in randomly oriented “background” Gabor patches. Continuity of the square outline was modified by changing the orientation of 4 to 12 out of 16 Gabor patches. In addition, background density (BD) varied from low to high. Figure detection in the intact visual field was impaired in a patient with a temporal-parietal lesion but not in a patient with an occipital lesion. Both patients had frequent false positives when only the background elements or fragmented squares were presented. ‘Pathological completion’ occurred more frequently (i) for higher BDs, (ii) when the fragment ends faced the blind VF, and (iii) for central compared to peripheral presentation. The patient with an optical tract lesion had almost normal figure detection at low BD but impaired performance at higher BDs; no ‘pathological completion’ was observed. Our findings indicate that crowding engenders contour integration deficits in the “intact” VF of hemianopia patients. We attribute the deficits to malfunction of the cortical stage of processing in the visual system.
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In the paper data of experimental verification of "spherical theory of perception" (E. N. Sokolov) are summed on the material of colour perception study. The results of psychophysical experiments with subjects having different forms of... more
In the paper data of experimental verification of "spherical theory of perception" (E. N. Sokolov) are summed on the material of colour perception study. The results of psychophysical experiments with subjects having different forms of colour perception (normal trichromats, colour anomalies) and neurophysiological experiments on animals (carp) are considered within single psychophysiological system--spherical model of colour discrimination. Neuron-like elements of the model reflect the activity of light-sensitive cells of the visual system and at the same time reproduce some rules of subjective colours discrimination at the psychophysical level. Advantages of spherical model are considered allowing to analyze human individual colour functions in norm and pathology and giving the opportunity of strictly quantitative approach to description of neuronal mechanisms of colour vision. From the position of spherical model of colour discrimination neuronal structure of colour analyzer is discussed, which includes layers of photoreceptors, ++predetectors (colour-opponent and achromatic cells) and colour-selective detectors.
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Research Interests: Mathematics, Medicine, Color Perception, Space perception, Humans, and 15 moreLighting, Male, Color Vision, Adult, Colour naming, Nonlinearity, Chromaticity, Geometrical Model, Luminance, Hue, Brightness, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Trichromacy, and Color Vision Defects
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Research Interests: Physics, Optics, Medicine, Color Perception, Humans, and 15 moreComputer Simulation, Color, Cues, Female, Color Vision, Young Adult, Optical physics, Color Space, Optometry and Ophthalmology, Chromaticity, Electrical And Electronic Engineering, Monochromatic Color, Luminance, Hue, and Chromatic Scale
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This idea for this book originated in a conference workshop," Anthropology of colour: Colour as a phenomenon of culture" at the 7th Biennial Conference of the European Association of... more
This idea for this book originated in a conference workshop," Anthropology of colour: Colour as a phenomenon of culture" at the 7th Biennial Conference of the European Association of Social Anthropologists in August, 2002. The workshop was initiated and organized by Liudmila Samarina and Galina Yavorska (the latter, unfortunately, was unable to participate) and carried out with the very active support of Robert MacLaury and Galina Paramei. There were seven one-hour talks and a very fruitful and interdisciplinary discussion ensued. As a ...
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We studied discrimination of briefly presented upright vs. inverted emotional facial expressions (FEs), hypothesising that inversion would disrupt holistic FE processing and hence decoding emotions. Stimuli were photographs of seven... more
We studied discrimination of briefly presented upright vs. inverted emotional facial expressions (FEs), hypothesising that inversion would disrupt holistic FE processing and hence decoding emotions. Stimuli were photographs of seven emotion prototypes, of a male and female poser (Ekman & Friesen, 1976), and eight intermediate morphs. Subjects made Same/Different judgements on pairs of upright or inverted FEs, presented for 500 ms. %Same judgements were taken as an index of pairwise perceptual similarity and analysed with multidimensional scaling. The outcome was a 4D ‘emotion expression space’, with Happy– Sad, Surprise/Fear, Disgust and Anger dimensions. Inverting FEs caused minor changes in the structure or dimensional salience, but solutions for the two posers differed substantially more. The findings imply that briefly presented FEs are processed as patterns of lightness and texture. However, upright and inverted FEs with elements of Happiness were processed categorically, indicating that mouth curvature – conveying Happiness – is processed very early.
Research Interests: Psychology, Perception, Anger, Surprise, Happiness, and 3 moreFacial expression, Disgust, and Sadness
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Image aesthetic pleasure (AP) is conjectured to be related to image visual complexity (VC). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether (a) two image attributes, AP and VC, are reflected in eye-movement parameters; and (b)... more
Image aesthetic pleasure (AP) is conjectured to be related to image visual complexity (VC). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether (a) two image attributes, AP and VC, are reflected in eye-movement parameters; and (b) subjective measures of AP and VC are related. Participants ( N = 26) explored car front images ( M = 50) while their eye movements were recorded. Following image exposure (10 seconds), its VC and AP were rated. Fixation count was found to positively correlate with the subjective VC and its objective proxy, JPEG compression size, suggesting that this eye-movement parameter can be considered an objective behavioral measure of VC. AP, in comparison, positively correlated with average dwelling time. Subjective measures of AP and VC were related too, following an inverted U-shape function best-fit by a quadratic equation. In addition, AP was found to be modulated by car prestige. Our findings reveal a close relationship between subjective and objective measures of complexity and aesthetic appraisal, which is interpreted within a prototype-based theory framework.
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Gamma-band responses (GBRs) are associated with Gestalt perception processes. In the present EEG study, we investigated the effects of perceptual grouping on the visual GBR in the perimetrically intact visual field of patients with... more
Gamma-band responses (GBRs) are associated with Gestalt perception processes. In the present EEG study, we investigated the effects of perceptual grouping on the visual GBR in the perimetrically intact visual field of patients with homonymous hemianopia and compared them to healthy participants. All observers were presented either random arrays of Gabor elements or arrays with an embedded circular arrangement. For the hemianopic patients, the circle was presented in their intact hemifield only. For controls, the hemifield for the circle presentation was counterbalanced across subjects. The participants were instructed to detect the circle by pressing a corresponding button. A wavelet transform based on Morlet wavelets was employed for the calculation of oscillatory GBRs. The early evoked GBR exhibited a larger amplitude and shorter latency for the healthy group compared to hemianopic patients and was associated with behavioral measures. The late total GBR between 200 and 400ms after stimulus onset was significantly increased for Gestalt-like patterns in healthy participants. This effect was not manifested in patients. The present findings indicate deficits in the early and late visual processing of Gestalt patterns even in the intact hemifield of hemianopic patients compared to healthy participants.
Research Interests: Cognitive Science, Perception, Audiology, Gestalt Psychology, Electroencephalography, and 15 moreMedicine, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Form perception, Female, Male, Oscillations, Gamma Band, Aged, Middle Aged, Perceptual grouping, Neuropsychologia, Hemianopsia, Neurosciences, and Contour Integration
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Psychophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Multidimensional Scaling, and 15 moreAttention, Medicine, Spatial Representation, Color Perception, Humans, Discrimination Learning, Female, Male, Color Vision, Reaction Time, Phenotype, Color Space, Adult, Temporal Difference, and Color Vision Defects
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An experimental procedure based on the color-naming method introduced by Boynton, Schafer, and Neun (1964) was used to study the color appearance of equiluminant spectral stimuli in observers with congenital red-green color deficiencies,... more
An experimental procedure based on the color-naming method introduced by Boynton, Schafer, and Neun (1964) was used to study the color appearance of equiluminant spectral stimuli in observers with congenital red-green color deficiencies, as well as in normal trichromats Subjects' responses (choice of one or more labels from the set red, yellow, green, blue, and white) were converted to numeric scores, which were used to estimate subjective differences between pairs of colors Individual subjects' matrices were processed by means of multidimensional scaling As in the direct rating of color dissimilarities in normal trichromats (Sokolov & Izmatlov, 1983) and color-deficient observers (Paramei Izmatlov, & Sokolov, 1991), these indirectly obtained measures yielded a color space in which three dimensions appear to be necessary and sufficient The dimensions are interpreted as evidence for red-green, blue-yellow, and achromatic (saturation) subsystems Based on the color-naming technique, three-dimensional spaces were reconstructed for the color-deficient observers These results were compared with those obtained by Helm (1964) It is argued that retaining more than one (blue-yellow) dimension in the color spaces of such observers provides additional information indicating preservation of residual red-green discrimination accompanied by finer discrimination of chroma than in normal trichromats The spherical model of color discrimination developed for normal trichromats (Izmatlov & Sokolov, 1991) is shown to be valid for color-deficient subjects as well and may be useful as a framework for differentiating protan and deutan types of color deficiency Colornaming functions, which seem not to reveal a differentiation between protans and deutans, provide results from which this differentiation can be extracted in reconstructed color spaces
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Contemporary Italian blu is unanimously glossed as “dark blue”. In comparison, azzurro is referred to as either “light blue” or “medium blue” in different studies. We explored diatopic variation (linguistic variation on a geographical... more
Contemporary Italian blu is unanimously glossed as “dark blue”. In comparison, azzurro is referred to as either “light blue” or “medium blue” in different studies. We explored diatopic variation (linguistic variation on a geographical level) in the denotata of blu, azzurro and celeste “sky blue” in a psycholinguistic experiment conducted in Verona (Veneto region) and Alghero (Sardinia). Participants named Munsell chips of the BLUE area. For each blue term, a referential volume of naming-consensus colours was fitted by a convex hull visualized in CIELAB space. The referential extents of azzurro and celeste were found to differ markedly between the two regions: Verona participants used azzurro to denote “medium-and-light blue”; in contrast, for a similar colour space extent, Alghero participants used predominantly celeste, with azzurro being constrained to darker “medium blue”. The historical factors are discussed behind the more conservative colour naming in Sardinian dialects compared to mainland Contemporary Italian
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In computer-mediated communication, emoticons are conventionally rendered in yellow. Previous studies demonstrated that colors evoke certain affective meanings, and face color modulates perceived emotion. We investigated whether color... more
In computer-mediated communication, emoticons are conventionally rendered in yellow. Previous studies demonstrated that colors evoke certain affective meanings, and face color modulates perceived emotion. We investigated whether color variation affects the recognition of emoticon expressions. Japanese participants were presented with emoticons depicting four basic emotions (Happy, Sad, Angry, Surprised) and a Neutral expression, each rendered in eight colors. Four conditions (E1–E4) were employed in the lab-based experiment; E5, with an additional participant sample, was an online replication of the critical E4. In E1, colored emoticons were categorized in a 5AFC task. In E2–E5, stimulus affective meaning was assessed using visual scales with anchors corresponding to each emotion. The conditions varied in stimulus arrays: E2: light gray emoticons; E3: colored circles; E4 and E5: colored emoticons. The affective meaning of Angry and Sad emoticons was found to be stronger when conferr...
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5. Neurophysiological metric for the Objective Training Assessment of User During Simulated Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery, Gianluca Borghini, Pietro Aricò, Gianluca Di Flumeri, Alfredo Colosimo, Davide Zerbato, Francesco Bovo,... more
5. Neurophysiological metric for the Objective Training Assessment of User During Simulated Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery, Gianluca Borghini, Pietro Aricò, Gianluca Di Flumeri, Alfredo Colosimo, Davide Zerbato, Francesco Bovo, Silvia Storti, Gloria Menegaz, Paolo Fiorini, Fabio Babiloni, 38 annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Orlando, Florida, Aug. 16-20, 2016
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We explored differences between Russian and English languages in incidences of colour names related to food and edible substances. Colour names were elicited in a web-based psycholinguistic experiment with native speakers of Russian... more
We explored differences between Russian and English languages in incidences of colour names related to food and edible substances. Colour names were elicited in a web-based psycholinguistic experiment with native speakers of Russian (N=713; 333 males) and English (N=272, 113 males). Colour samples (N=600) were approximately uniformly distributed in the Munsell Color Solid. An unconstrained colour-naming method was employed. A refined dataset comprised 14,260 responses from Russian and 5,428 responses from English speakers. For each language dataset, we report the inventory of “edible” colour names, their frequency, and derivational productivity. We conclude that, along with the natural environment, the inventory of “edible” terms is language-specific and manifests culture-specific culinary worldview.
Research Interests: Geography and Linguistics
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Research Interests: Psychology, Medicine, Humans, Cerebral Cortex, Form perception, and 15 moreFemale, Male, Reaction Time, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Lesion, Hemianopsia, Visual Field, Reference Values, Contour Integration, Case Control Studies, Functional Laterality, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Gender differences in colour naming were explored using a web-based experiment in English. Each participant named twenty colours selected from 600 Munsell samples, presented one at a time against a neutral background. Colour names and... more
Gender differences in colour naming were explored using a web-based experiment in English. Each participant named twenty colours selected from 600 Munsell samples, presented one at a time against a neutral background. Colour names and typing onset response times were registered. For the eleven basic colour terms, elicitation frequency was comparable for both genders. Females demonstrated more elaborated colour vocabulary, with more descriptors in general and more non-basic monolexemic terms; they also named colours faster than males. The two genders differ in the repertoire of frequent colour terms: a Bayesian synthetic observer revealed that women segment colour space linguistically more densely in the “warm” area whereas men do so in the “cool” area. Current “nurture” and “nature” explanations of why females excel in colour naming behaviour are considered.
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We report a microdiachronic investigation of distributional semantics of two competing Russian colour terms (CTs) for 'brown', buryj (12 th cent.) and koričnevyj (17 th cent.), while using Russian subcorpus of Google Books Ngram. By... more
We report a microdiachronic investigation of distributional semantics of two competing Russian colour terms (CTs) for 'brown', buryj (12 th cent.) and koričnevyj (17 th cent.), while using Russian subcorpus of Google Books Ngram. By conducting time-series analysis (1800-2009) of bigrams containing either of these terms, we estimated frequency of occurrences of the two "Russian browns" and explored changes in the extent of the terms' combinability with nouns signifying objects (N=259). Results provide evidence that in total frequency of use, koričnevyj overtook buryj at the beginning of 1920s and unequivocally prevails from the beginning of 1960s. Furthermore, the perplexity index indicates significant increase in the scope of objects whose denotations collocate with koričnevyj. This is complemented by the observed increase of the Jensen-Shannon divergence between frequency distributions of buryj and koričnevyj, with both phenomena being particularly manifested from 1960s. The obtained estimates of distributional semantics corroborate the status koričnevyj as the basic CT for 'brown' in modern Russian. The present diachronic corpus analysis provides novel insights into linguistic evolution of an emergent basic CTby revealing the process of it gradually supplanting an old term with a similar colour meaning, the timescale of the new term's increase in usage, and significant expansion in its distributional semantics.