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This article offers a biography of the Abbot of Montearagón, Don Alonso de Aragón (ca. 1516-1552). He was the illegitimate grandson of Ferdinand the Catholic and, consequently, a cousin of emperor Charles V. After studying at University... more
This article offers a biography of the Abbot of Montearagón, Don Alonso de Aragón (ca. 1516-1552). He was the illegitimate grandson of Ferdinand the Catholic and, consequently, a cousin of emperor Charles V. After studying at University of Alcalá, he spent his life in imperial service as courtier. He was rewarded with various ecclesiastical benefices, culminating his cursus honorum with the abbey of Montearagón. His most outstanding action was his embassy to Poland-Lithuania in 1544. The explanation for his career is not only to be found in his lineage, but also in the network of power in which he was embedded. For this reason, his main supporters have been traced, among whom his nephews, the Marquises of Llombay, who belonged to the house of Empress Isabella, stand out. In order to carry out the research, documentation from different archives has been consulted, of which it must be highlighted the files about his mission in Poland and two inquisitorial lawsuits that followed his death. All this shows an important network of contacts, not only familiar, but also court and ecclesiastical contacts, which did not always prove to be a solid support to him. Despite living outside Spain for a long time, he was regarded as an intermediary or broker in the kingdom of Aragon and managed to influence various political appointments. It is worth mentioning the presence of two important humanists in his small household, Gonzalo de Illescas and Diego Gracián de Alderete. He had foreign correspondents, too, in a continuous circulation on a European scale that helps to understand a nomadic court career in the service of the emperor.
This paper analyses the embassy carried out by the comendador Juan de Lanuza (ca. 1480-1535) at the Flemish court of Prince Charles between 1513 and 1517. Sent by Ferdinand the Catholic, his mission was to represent the king as well as to... more
This paper analyses the embassy carried out by the comendador Juan de Lanuza (ca. 1480-1535) at the Flemish court of Prince Charles between 1513 and 1517. Sent by Ferdinand the Catholic, his mission was to represent the king as well as to keep him informed and gain support for royal policies. There he was able to win over the prince’s main advisors, the faction of Guillaume de Croy, Lord of Chièvres, and to enter his circle of confidence. This would explain his promotion to Viceroy of Aragon in 1520.
This article analyses the relationships maintained by Charles V and his court with part of his family, the lineage of Aragon between the death of Ferdinand the Catholic and the imperial election (1516-1519). The diffe- rent members of... more
This article analyses the relationships maintained by Charles V and his court with part of his family, the lineage of Aragon between the death of Ferdinand the Catholic and the imperial election (1516-1519). The diffe- rent members of this family made up a very powerful group, possessing the main lordships, dioceses and abbeys in the Crown of Aragon. For this reason, they were viewed with distrust. The policy followed with part of them was directly the erosion of their position in three different manners. These were the reduction of their patrimony, mainly ecclesiastical, the political cornering and the attack by judicial ways. This led to different responses, from inaction to outright disobedience of royal orders.


El presente artículo analiza las relaciones mantenidas por Carlos V y su entorno cortesano con los miembros de su familia, el linaje de los Aragón, entre la muerte de Fernando el Católico y la elección imperial (1516-1519). Los distintos miembros de esta familia conformaron un conjunto muy poderoso, poseyendo los principales señoríos, diócesis y abadiados en la Corona de Aragón. Por ello mismo, fueron vistos con desconfianza. La política seguida con buena parte de ellos fue la erosión directa de su posición de predominio mediante tres formas distintas. Estas fueron la reducción de su patrimonio, principalmente el eclesiástico, el arrinconamiento político y el ataque por la vía judi- cial. Esto acarreó distintas respuestas, desde la inacción a la desobe- diencia abierta de las órdenes reales.
El siglo XV en Valencia ha sido conocido normalmente como el siglo de los Borja. Así fue, el predominio de esta familia y la patrimonialización llevada a cabo de la diócesis, para la que llegaron a lograr que fuera elevada a metropolitana... more
El siglo XV en Valencia ha sido conocido normalmente como el siglo de los Borja. Así fue, el predominio de esta familia y la patrimonialización llevada a cabo de la diócesis, para la que llegaron a lograr que fuera elevada a metropolitana así lo demuestra. Ahora bien, a partir de 1511 esta situación cambió ya que, a excepción de la infructuosa elección de 1520 de un canónigo de este linaje, ya no volvieron a poseer esta diócesis. Nuestra propuesta pretende observar el comportamiento del cabildo valentino en los primeros momentos del siglo XVI para ver cuál era la conducta del mismo y si estaba requerido de una reforma en profundidad, de lo que parecen hallarse indicios.
Se trata en este artículo la caída en desgracia de la familia de los Aragón, descendientes de reyes, a comienzos del reinado de Carlos V. Asimismo, se ven indicios de su rehabilitación en la gracia regia a partir de la década de 1530, en... more
Se trata en este artículo la caída en desgracia de la familia de los Aragón, descendientes de reyes, a comienzos del reinado de Carlos V. Asimismo, se ven indicios de su rehabilitación en la gracia regia a partir de la década de 1530, en una nueva coyuntura de la monarquía.
The noblewomen who played the lovers’ role of relevant political personalities have hardly been treated by Hispanic historiography. This work deals with kinship relationships maintained by Doña Ana de Gurrea (ca. 1475-1528), concubine for... more
The noblewomen who played the lovers’ role of relevant political personalities have hardly been treated by Hispanic historiography. This work deals with kinship relationships maintained by Doña Ana de Gurrea (ca. 1475-1528), concubine for almost two decades of the Archbishop of Zaragoza, Don Alonso de Aragón. Unlike other similar characters of the European Renaissance, her political influence was almost non-existent as well as she has not interest in increasing the positions of Gurrea family. However, she lived focused on raising her 4 children and grandchildren. Through the use of various archival sources, the relationships of this noblewoman with her family are reconstructed. She is a fundamental figure to understand the social relations generated by this peculiar family that she had with the prelate and confirm the need for future research on this topic.

Las nobles que tuvieron el rol de amantes de personalidades políticas relevantes apenas han sido tratadas por la historiografía hispana. El presente trabajo aborda las relaciones familiares que sostuvo doña Ana de Gurrea (ca. 1475-1528), concubina durante casi dos decenios del arzobispo de Zaragoza don Alonso de Aragón. A diferencia de otros personajes similares del renacimiento europeo, su incidencia política fue casi inexistente así como el nulo interés en acrecentar las posiciones de su familia de origen. Sin embargo, vivió volcada en el cuidado de sus 4 hijos y la atención a sus nietos. Mediante el empleo de variadas fuentes archivísticas, se reconstruyen las relaciones de esta noble con su familia. Se trata de una figura fundamental para conocer las relaciones sociales generadas por esta peculiar familia y constatar la necesidad de futuras investigaciones sobre este tema.
At the beginning of 16th century the situation in the kingdom of Seville was deeply turbulent. Ferdinand the Catholic decided to marry Dona Ana of Aragon to Guzman family, Dukes of Medina Sidonia in order to solve nobility conflicts and... more
At the beginning of 16th century the situation in the kingdom of Seville was deeply turbulent. Ferdinand the Catholic decided to marry Dona Ana of Aragon to Guzman family, Dukes of Medina Sidonia in order to solve nobility conflicts and endow his granddaughter with a patrimony according to her royal blood. The marriage to the V Duke Don Juan Alonso took place in 1515. Due to his intellectual disability, the marriage was considered invalid at some uncertain moment. After that, Dona Ana married her brother-in-law, the V Duke’s brother. This resulted in a series of problems to find out the validity of this second marriage. The good relations with the imperial family facilitated the process that was undoubtedly irregular. Thus they were able to erase any justified suspicion of illegitimacy that hung over the ducal family.

A comienzos del siglo XVI la situación en el reino de Sevilla era profundamente turbulenta. Con el fin de solucionar los conflictos nobiliarios existentes y dotar a su nieta de un patrimonio acorde a su sangre, Fernando el Católico decidió casar a doña Ana de Aragón con los duques de Medina Sidonia. El matrimonio con el V duque don Juan Alonso tuvo lugar en 1515; por el severo retraso cognitivo del contrayente, este acabó teniéndose por inválido en algún momento incierto. Doña Ana, libre así, se casó con el que había sido su cuñado. Esto dio lugar a una serie de problemas por averiguar la validez de este segundo matrimonio. Las buenas relaciones con la familia imperial facilitaron el proceso que sin duda fue irregular. Así se consiguieron borrar las sospechas de ilegitimidad que planeaban sobre la familia, plenamente justificadas.
This paper describes the religiosity of the Duchess of Medina Sidonia Dona Ana de Aragón (ca. 1502-1556). Married to V and VI dukes, she directed not only the ducal house’s politics but also its spiritual drives. This resulted in a policy... more
This paper describes the religiosity of the Duchess of Medina Sidonia Dona Ana de Aragón (ca. 1502-1556). Married to V and VI dukes, she directed not only the ducal house’s politics but also its spiritual drives. This resulted in a policy of sponsoring reli- gious orders, especially Dominican and Carthusian. She worked constantly to obtain ecclesiastical improvements and privileges of the Holy See, which would facilitate the salvation of the family and their servants; likewise, we also try to identify what were the personal devotions of Dona Ana de Aragón. All this indicates that we are faced with a somewhat different model of religiosity than observed so far in the southern Hispanic region, perhaps because of her Aragonese origins.
The diocesan government of the archbishop of Zaragoza, Don Alonso de Aragón, between 1478 and 1520, remains unknown today. Although he was undoubtedly a person unconcerned with matters of a religious nature, until now it has not been... more
The diocesan government of the archbishop of Zaragoza, Don Alonso de Aragón, between 1478 and 1520, remains unknown today. Although he was undoubtedly a person unconcerned with matters of a religious nature, until now it has not been known to specify that. In order to clear it up, it is proposed to know two important aspects of his pontificate. Firstly, what was the building policy he developed and the degree of involvement he had in it. Secondly, it is to know what was its role in the implementation of the reform of the clergy, which was of great importance in the unification of the Franciscans of the observance and conventuals. In this conflictive process, was evident the control that monarchy imposed on the Aragonese Church during the dawn of modernity.
The present work analyzes the social ascent of the knight Pedro Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (†1487) by means of his biography. Born in Castile, he joined the court of the king of Navarre John II, later also king of Aragon. Although he was... more
The present work analyzes the social ascent of the knight Pedro Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (†1487) by means of his biography. Born in Castile, he joined the court of the king of Navarre John II, later also king of Aragon. Although he was assigned for domestic service, he began to move in the 1450s between Naples, Navarre and Castile as emissary. Because of the success in his mis- sions, he earned prestige among the leading nobles of his time and above all, the absolute confi- dence of his lord, John II. He received tenures, lordships, a favorable marriage for himself and his daughters and was elevated to the ricahombría in Aragon. In his last stages, he joined the service of the future Ferdinand the Catholic, who chose him as the ideal person to act as guar- dian of his bastard son, don Alonso of Aragon, archbishop of Zaragoza.
This paper explores the personal devotions of archbishop don Alonso de Aragón, bastard son of Ferdinand the Catholic
The present work presents a biography of Don Felipe de Aragón y Navarra (ca. 1455- 1488), who was Grand Master of Montesa. He was the first bastard son of the Prince of Viana. His case is a very good model of how the Aragonese Trastámara... more
The present work presents a biography of Don Felipe de Aragón y Navarra (ca. 1455- 1488), who was Grand Master of Montesa. He was the first bastard son of the Prince of Viana. His case is a very good model of how the Aragonese Trastámara placed their illegitimate offspring at dawn of Early Modern Age. Don Felipe was directed into Church from his youth. He obtained the archbishopric of Palermo in 1476, which resigned in 1484 in order to become Order of Montesa’s Grand Master. His condition of ecclesiastical did not prevent him from taking part in the great conflicts of his time; indeed he died during Granada War. The study of his person allows understanding the relationships of the monarchy with the Church, Rome, the court and the royal family itself.
This chapter of the book analyzes what was the fate of the bastard daughters of the royal family of Aragon between 1468 and 1515. This was completely different from that of men, since instead of going to the Church, they were destined for... more
This chapter of the book analyzes what was the fate of the bastard daughters of the royal family of Aragon between 1468 and 1515. This was completely different from that of men, since instead of going to the Church, they were destined for marriage.
This article studies the socioeconomic rise of the first known lover of Ferdinand the Catholic, Aldonza Iborra. She was the mother of his first bastard son, the future Archbishop of Zaragoza don Alonso de Aragón. Thanks to this she was... more
This article studies the socioeconomic rise of the first known lover of Ferdinand the Catholic, Aldonza Iborra. She was the mother of his first bastard son, the future Archbishop of Zaragoza don Alonso de Aragón. Thanks to this she was able to enjoy a series of very beneficial marriages organized by the king with different noblemen and courtiers.
This book chapter aim to focus attention on two different characters: Don Alonso de Aragón (1478-1520) and his son Don Juan de Aragón (1520-1530). These were illegitimate children of royal blood, both of them were archbishops of Zaragoza.... more
This book chapter aim to focus attention on two different characters: Don Alonso de Aragón (1478-1520) and his son Don Juan de Aragón (1520-1530). These were illegitimate children of royal blood, both of them were archbishops of Zaragoza. They had points in common: crafty politicians, worldly lifestyle and not at all chaste. We compare their careers and the reasons why when the first one’s attitude was approved, was the opposite with the second one.
Nowadays, the knowledge about Ferdinand the Catholic is quite limited, especially on his last days and his death. According to the main historians, the obit of the king was caused by the massive use of aphrodisiacs due to the desire of... more
Nowadays, the knowledge about Ferdinand the Catholic is quite limited, especially on his last days and his death. According to the main historians, the obit of the king was caused by the massive use of aphrodisiacs due to the desire of fathering an heir with Germaine of Foix. The works of Pedro Mártir de Anglería offers much more data about the evolution of Ferdinand's disease that was never kept in mind. A systematic reading of the Epistolario letters of the lombard humanist has been carried out in order to describe a medical condition. Based on it, the thesis of abuse of aphrodisiacs has to be discard completly. As the oedemas and dyspnoea are the principal sytoms, a new hypothesis about the death of the Catholic King is offered: the heart failure
This book chapter explains the relationship between Charles V and doña María Esperanza de Aragón, youngest bastard daughter of Ferdinand the Catholic. She was abbess of Madrigal de las Altas Torres; in 1537 his nephew the Emperor chose... more
This book chapter explains the relationship between Charles V and doña María Esperanza de Aragón, youngest bastard daughter of Ferdinand the Catholic. She was abbess of Madrigal de las Altas Torres; in 1537 his nephew the Emperor chose her to promote as abbess of Las Huelgas. We explain the attempts to reform the monastery of doña María Esperanza, boycotted and favored by different characters of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the court.
This communications presents Monarchy's different ways to employ the sons and daughthers of Alonso of Aragon, archbishop of Zaragoza, for its political targets. Those children played outstanding roles in the complex power networks... more
This communications presents Monarchy's different ways to employ the sons and daughthers of Alonso of Aragon, archbishop of Zaragoza, for its political targets. Those children played outstanding roles in the complex power networks developed by Ferdinand the Catholic. Don Alonso had five known children and everyone of them had an important paper in politics. Two of them became archbishops of Zaragoza, one daugther married to de Duke of Gandía, other one to the Duke of Medina Sidonia. The last son was ambassador of Charles V.
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Ana of Aragón (ca. 1500-1556) was a daughter of Alonso of Aragon, archbishop of Zaragoza. His grandfather, the king Ferdinand the Catholic, achieved a very good marriage for her, with the V duke of Medina Sidonia in 1515. Few years later,... more
Ana of Aragón (ca. 1500-1556) was a daughter of Alonso of Aragon, archbishop of Zaragoza. His grandfather, the king Ferdinand the Catholic, achieved a very good marriage for her, with the V duke of Medina Sidonia in 1515. Few years later, she married with the VI duke. The couple had to suffer the attacks of Pedro Giron, who wanted their patrimonial states. Initially she was just a piece in the political game of the king Ferdinand; she turned into a very important person for the imperial family and its politics.
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This communication presents the intervention of Alonso of Aragon, archbishop of Zaragoza (ca. 1469–1520), in the conquest of Navarre. He was the viceroy of Aragon and its commander in chief, because of that he was the main character of... more
This communication presents the intervention of Alonso of Aragon, archbishop of Zaragoza (ca. 1469–1520), in the conquest of Navarre. He was the viceroy of Aragon and its commander in chief, because of that he was the main character of the military intervention. Specially, he surrendered the city of Tudela, the last stand of the loyal side to the king John III Albret. It pretends to explain the negotiations, how were the troops recruited and how was the campaign financed.

La presente comunicación pretende abordar la actuación que tuvo el arzobispo de Zaragoza don Alonso de Aragón (ca. 1469–1520) en la conquista de Navarra. Como lugarteniente general de Aragón y capitán general de sus tropas, tuvo una especial importancia en la rendición del sur del reino navarro, especialmente la ciudad de Tudela, última villa de importancia en someterse a Fernando el Católico. Se presta atención a las tropas reclutadas y las conversaciones mantenidas, pero también a cómo se financió la campaña.
This work aims to explain why around 1520 were the «Comunidades» in Castile, and «Germanía» in Valencia, Mallorca and Catalonia, but not in the Kingdom of Aragon
The present article tries to analyze which were the border relations between the kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon from the end of the 15th century until the moments before the Navarre War. For this, the research has focused on two... more
The present article tries to analyze which were the border relations between the kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon from the end of the 15th century until the moments before the Navarre War. For this, the research has focused on two fundamental phenomena. The first of them, the commercial problems suffered by the habitants on both sides of the border, affected by the so-called «marcas» The second of these, the territorial conflicts, within which the significance of what was called the War of Sangüesa, which took place in 1509. Through these two sketches, it is intended to draw up an overview of the policies followed by the authorities of Navarra and Aragón and if they differed in anything from those of their lords.

El presente artículo pretende analizar cuáles fueron las relaciones fronterizas entre los reinos de Navarra y Aragón desde finales del siglo xv hasta los momentos previos a la Guerra de Navarra. Para ello, la investigación se ha centrado en dos fenómenos fundamentales. El primero de ellos, los problemas comerciales que sufrieron los regnícolas de ambos lados de la raya, afectados por las denominadas «marcas». El segundo de ellos, los conflictos territoriales, dentro de los cuales tuvo especial significación la que en su momento fue denominada como guerra de Sangüesa, acaecida en 1509. Mediante estos dos esbozos, se pretende trazar una panorámica de cuáles fueron las políticas seguidas por las autoridades de Navarra y Aragón y si estas difirieron en algo de las de sus señores.
The Trastamara royal house is famous for its plentiful of illegitimate offspring. The XV century in Europe is known as “the age of the bastards”, because in this time there were a lot of illegitimate children ocuppying the main power... more
The Trastamara royal house is famous for its plentiful of illegitimate offspring. The
XV century in Europe is known as “the age of the bastards”, because in this time there were a lot of illegitimate children ocuppying the main power posts. This paper aims to show the main ideas about the bastard children of king John II, Charles the prince of Viana and Ferdinand the Catholic. The objective is to establish the characteristics between those royal bastards, because they have not been studied. Our study appears that normally men were destined for religious life and the women to marriage with members of the high nobility.
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This paper explains two very important cases of corruption under de ruling of Ferdinand the Catholic in the Crown of Aragon. First of them was the case of the viceroy of Sicily, Gaspar de Espés and how he exhausted the royal money. The... more
This paper explains two very important cases of corruption under de ruling of Ferdinand the Catholic in the Crown of Aragon. First of them was the case of the viceroy of Sicily, Gaspar de Espés and how he exhausted the royal money. The second case is an approach to the biggest corrupt incident but normally poorly described in the «Diputación» of Aragon.
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This paper aims to evaluate the role of the archbishop don Alonso de Aragón as writers and press benefactor at the end of the Middle Age.
The bishop of Huesca Juan Alonso of Aragon and Navarre (1459–1526) had been praised by historiography until Durán Gudiol proposed a possible mental deficiency as a key to explain the stagnation of his ecclesiastical career. Through of a... more
The bishop of Huesca Juan Alonso of Aragon and Navarre (1459–1526) had been praised by historiography until Durán Gudiol proposed a possible mental deficiency as a key to explain the stagnation of his ecclesiastical career. Through of a severe conductive conflict that took place between 1491 and 1495, as well as dismantling the main qualities attributed to him, it is confirmed the scarce capacity for public life that this prelate had, very possibly due to his limited intelligence. This raises an important problem as it was what position should be granted to a royal blood person, nephew of Ferdinand the Catholic, but who lacked skills. The solution was ostracize him for 40 years from the political, ecclesiastical and family circles.

El obispo de Huesca Juan Alonso de Aragón y Navarra (1459–1526) fue una figura elogiada por la historiografía hasta que Durán Gudiol propuso una posible deficiencia mental como clave para explicar el estancamiento de su carrera eclesiástica. Mediante un conflicto conductual severo que tuvo lugar entre 1491 y 1495, así como desmontando las principales cualidades atribuidas a su persona, se confirma la escasa capacidad para la vida pública que tuvo el prelado, muy posiblemente fruto de su limitada inteligencia. Se plantea así un problema bastante importante como fue qué papel otorgar a un miembro de sangre real, sobrino de Fernando el Católico, pero sin aptitudes. La solución fue marginarlo durante 40 años de los círculos cortesano, político, eclesiástico, y en última instancia, familiar.
Research Interests:
The biography of Fernando Sánchez de Castro (Jaime I’s bastard son) is written based on Medieval and Modern chronicles. In it the importance of the historical figure relies on three key moments in his life, namely his journey to Sicily,... more
The biography of Fernando Sánchez de Castro (Jaime I’s bastard son) is written based on Medieval and Modern chronicles. In it the importance of the historical figure relies on three key moments in his life, namely his journey to Sicily, his expedition to the Holy Lands, and his rebellion against King Jaime I and Prince Pedro. The biography constitutes an attempt to address the influence that Manfred of Sicily and Charles of Anjou had on Sán- chez de Castro’s decisions.
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Review of Álvaro Fernández de Córdova, El roble y la corona. El ascenso de Julio II y la monarquía hispánica (1471-1504), Granada, Universidad de Granada, 2021, pp. 651
Review of José Ignacio Gómez Zorraquino, El control del espacio de culto. El linaje de los Cortés y la iglesia parroquial de San Lorenzo de Huesca (siglos XVI-XVII), Huesca, Colección de Estudios Altoaragoneses, 2021, pp. 236.
Manuel Gómez de Valenzuela, Cárceles, penas, verdugos y tormento en el derecho penal histórico aragonés, Zaragoza, Institución Fernando el Católico, 2019, 160 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9911- 571-9.
Jaime Elipe, “Gonzalo Pasamar y Roberto Ceamanos, Historiografía, historia contemporánea e historia del presente. Síntesis, Madrid, 2020, 281 págs.”, Historiografias, 21 (enero-junio 2021), pp. 173-175.
Review of Ernest Belenguer, Los Trastámara. El primer linaje real de poder político en España, Barcelona, Pasado y Presente, 2019, 606 pp.
Review of Manuel Rivero Rodríguez, El conde duque de Olivares. La búsqueda de la privanza perfecta, Madrid, Polifemo, 2017, 326 pp.
Es reseña de la obra de Postigo Vidal, Juan, La vida fragmentada. Experiencias y tensiones cotidianas en Zaragoza (siglos XVII y XVIII), Zaragoza, Institución Fernando el Católico, 2015, 370 págs.
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Review of the book Daniel Aznar, Guillaume Hanotin y Niels F. May (eds.), À la place du roi. Vice–rois, governeurs et ambassadeurs dans les monarchies française et espagnole (XVIe–XVIIIe siècles), Casa de Velázquez, Madrid, 2014.
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Research Interests:
Review of Isabel Extravís Hernández, Jerónimo Zurita (1512-1580). Un esbozo biográfico, Institución Fernando el Católico, Zaragoza, 2014.
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This work aims to show the relationship between Church and Monarchy during the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic though the biography of his bastard son, archbishop Don Alonso of Aragon. It is detailed too, how worked the first steps of the... more
This work aims to show the relationship between Church and Monarchy during the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic though the biography of his bastard son, archbishop Don Alonso of Aragon. It is detailed too, how worked the first steps of the viceroyal power in the Crown of Aragon, by means of Don Alonso’ political actions.
Reseña de una obra que aborda la imagen de Fernando el Católico transmitida a lo largo de la historia desde un enfoque multidisciplinar: emblemática, literatura, pensamiento político, arte, etc.
Research Interests:
Shai Cohen, El poder de la palabra: la sátira política contra el conde-duque de Olivares, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 2019, pp.181