API Design

All authors in publication order:
Williams, John W. Grimm, Eric C. Blois, Jessica L. Charles, Donald F. Davis, Edward B. Goring, Simon J. Graham, Russell W. Smith, Alison J. Anderson, Michael Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin Ashworth, Allan C. Betancourt, Julio L. Bills, Brian W. Booth, Robert K. Buckland, Philip I. Curry, B. Brandon Giesecke, Thomas Jackson, Stephen T. Latorre, Claudio Nichols, Jonathan Purdum, Timshel Roth, Robert E. Stryker, Michael Takahara, Hikaru

The Neotoma Paleoecology Database is a community-curated data resource that supports interdisciplinary global change research by enabling broad-scale studies of taxon and community diversity, distributions, and dynamics during the large environmental changes of the past. By consolidating many kinds of data into a common repository, Neotoma lowers costs of paleodata management, makes paleoecological data openly available, and offers a high-quality, curated resource. Neotoma’s distributed scientific governance model is flexible and scalable, with many open pathways for participation by new members, data contributors, stewards, and research communities. The Neotoma data model supports, or can be extended to support, any kind of paleoecological or paleoenvironmental data from sedimentary archives. Data additions to Neotoma are growing and now include >3.8 million observations, >17,000 datasets, and >9200 sites. Dataset types currently include fossil pollen, vertebrates, diatoms, ostracodes, macroinvertebrates, plant macrofossils, insects, testate amoebae, geochronological data, and the recently added organic biomarkers, stable isotopes, and specimen-level data. Multiple avenues exist to obtain Neotoma data, including the Explorer map-based interface, an application programming interface, the neotoma R package, and digital object identifiers. As the volume and variety of scientific data grow, community-curated data resources such as Neotoma have become foundational infrastructure for big data science.

In traditional claim management system, Extension of Time (EOT) claims often lead to disputes among key construction stakeholders. This necessitates shifting traditional system to a digital environment for efficient processing. This research, therefore, focuses on utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology for developing a BIM-Based Claims Management System (BIM-CMS) to manage EOT claims. Twenty-nine problematic issues in prevalent EOT claim management process are extracted through an extensive literature review and semi-structured interviews of industry experts. Using Application Programming Interface, a plugin is developed in Autodesk Revit for managing EOT claims. The developed plugin is evaluated by industry's experts, who opined that BIM-CMS can be used to a great extent, as a tool to resolve most of the identified issues. It is also expected to proficiently mitigate potential disputes among contracting parties. The study also highlights barriers to BIM-CMS implementation and proposes corrective measures.

What are the pathways for spreading disinformation on social media platforms? This article addresses this question by collecting, categorising, and situating an extensive body of research on how application programming interfaces (APIs) provided by social media platforms facilitate the spread of disinformation. We first examine the landscape of official social media APIs, then perform quantitative research on the open-source code repositories GitHub and GitLab to understand the usage patterns of these APIs. By inspecting the code repositories, we classify developers' usage of the APIs as official and unofficial, and further develop a four-stage framework characterising pathways for spreading disinformation on social media platforms. We further highlight how the stages in the framework were activated during the 2016 US Presidential Elections, before providing policy recommendations for issues relating to access to APIs, algorithmic content, advertisements, and suggest rapid response to coordinate campaigns, development of collaborative, and participatory approaches as well as government stewardship in the regulation of social media platforms.

Cloud computing offers an innovative business model for organizations to adopt IT services at a reduced cost with  increased reliability and scalability. However organizations are
slow in adopting the cloud model due to the prevalent vendor
lock-in issue and challenges associated with it. While the existing cloud solutions for public and private companies are vendor locked-in by design, their existence is subject to limited possibility to interoperate with other cloud systems. In this paper we have presented a critical review of pertinent business, technical and legal issues associated with vendor lock-in, and how it impacts on the widespread adoption of cloud computing. The paper attempts to reflect on the issues associated with  interoperability and portability, but with a focus on vendor lock-in. Moreover, the paper demonstrates the importance of interoperability, portability and standards applicable to cloud computing environments along with highlighting other  corporate concerns due to the lock-in problem. The outcome of this paper provides a foundation for future analysis and review regarding the impact of vendor neutrality for corporate cloud computing application and services.

Background: Software libraries and frameworks play an important role in software system development. The appropriate usage of their functionalities/components through their APIs, however, is a challenge for developers. Usually, API documentation, when it exists, is insufficient to assist them in their programming tasks. There are few API documentation writers for the many potential readers, resulting in the lack of explanations and examples concerning different scenarios and perspectives. The interaction of developers on the Web, on the other hand, generates content concerning APIs from different perspectives, which can be used to document APIs, also known as crowd documentation. Methods: In this paper, we present a study regarding the knowledge generated by the crowd on the Stack Overflow question-and-answer website. Our main goal is to understand how the crowd can contribute for API documentation on two programming tasks: how to implement a scenario using an API (how-to-do-it), and how to fix domain-independent bugs in an existing code where there was a misunderstanding regarding the usage of an API (debug-corrective). We classified questions available on Stack Overflow by the main concerns of askers, and we used those classified as how-to-do-it and debug-corrective to analyze the coverage of API elements on the discussions related to such questions. Our cases included the well-known and popular Swing and Android APIs. Results: Our main findings showed that the crowd provides more content for debug-corrective tasks than for how-to-do-it tasks, regardless of the API. Android API elements are more discussed by the crowd compared to Swing. Moreover, we observed that some API elements are frequently mentioned together in discussions, and that there is a strong association between API coverage on Stack Overflow and its usage in real software systems. Conclusions: Crowd documentation may not be a complete substitute for official documentation because of its partial coverage, especially for how-to-do-it tasks. However, it can still significantly enhance the existent documentation, especially for the most commonly used API elements, providing code samples and explanations on a large variety of usage nuances. Finally, taking advantage of the high coverage for debug-corrective tasks, a new kind of debugging assistant may be conceived.

Microwave assisted biocatalytic transformation is a green process for chiral drug resolution. Differentimmobilized enzymes such as Novozym 435, Lipozyme TL IM, Lipozyme RM IM, Lipase Amano AS andLipase AYS amino were screened for the kinetic resolution of RS-(±)-ketorolac under microwave irradia-tion. To study kinetics and mechanism, the effect of different parameters on the conversion, initial ratesand enantiomeric excess of substrate were studied. Under microwave synergism, an increase in initialrates up to 1.5-fold was observed. Novozym 435 effectively catalyzed the enantioselective esterificationof RS-(±)-ketorolac, showing excellent conversion (50%) and enantiomeric excess (>99%) in 3 h at 50◦Cand 300 rpm. Based on initial rate and progress curve data, the reaction was found to follow the PingPong bi–bi mechanism with inhibition by n-octanol.

Food Traceability is a customer's and other value chain operator's call, driven by increasing product quality demands and customers' awareness. Traceability in fisheries and aquaculture value chain is related to the geographical origin and location of products, but also to the continuous measurement of products transport and storage conditions. This paper follows the methodology that is being carried out in the ValorMar R&D project in order to conceptualize and design the overall integrated traceability platform architecture and services API.

To investigate the crystallization of ibuprofen [((RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid)] from ethanol and water-ethanol mixtures it is necessary to know the nucleation limits of its solutions. In the absence of crystals, nucleation will seldom occur below the PNT (primary nucleation threshold). If crystals are present, nucleation will seldom occur until below the lower SNT (secondary nucleation threshold). Below the SNT, crystals will still grow with negligible nucleation. PNT and SNT values (expressed as relative supersaturation í µí¼Ž) have been measured at 10, 25, and 40 ∘ C for ibuprofen in ethanol and in a range of mixtures of different ethanol (E)/water (W) ratios. The induction times were determined from observing the times to nucleate for a range of different supersaturated solutions at a given temperature and E/W ratio. As expected, lowering the supersaturation leads to longer induction times. In ethanol, the SNT values are small and thus the secondary metastable zone width (MSZW) is relatively narrow with a 1 h SNT relative supersaturation typically about í µí¼Ž ∼ 0.05. The 1 h PNT values are much larger with values for í µí¼Ž around 0.3. In aqueous ethanolic mixtures at 25 ∘ C, both the PNT and SNT decrease as the water content increases.

Future Internet research yields an increasing number
of frameworks for new protocol stacks. Each of them
defines its own API in order to reduce the networking
know-how an application needs for communicating with
others. Thus, networking functionality, today done by the
applications themselves, is pushed down below the API.
This comprises in particular name-to-address resolution
and the selection of protocols. Within the G-Lab project1,
we aim at developing a common API for demo applications
suitable for the frameworks emerging from [1]–[3].
Our interface outlined in the next section aims at
achieving the following goals: (1) separating application
and networking concerns, and (2) being suitable for any
current and future networking technology. The proposed
API will be implemented for the aforementioned frameworks,
and its functionality will be shown in common
demo applications.

As scalable information technology evolves to a
more cloud-like model, digital assets (code, data and software
environments) increasingly require curation as web-accessible
services. “Service-izing” digital assets consists of encapsulating
assets in software that exposes them to web and mobile applications
via well-defined yet flexible, network accessible, application
programming interfaces (APIs). In this paper, we postulate that
recent advances in cloud computing make cloud platforms as-aservice
(PaaS) ideal for deployment, lifecycle management, and
policy-based control – i.e. API governance – for extant and future
digital assets. Toward this end, we overview API governance as a
PaaS technology and outline some early results generated by our
investigation of a prototype we are developing, called EAGER,
for implementing API governance at scale.

Many countries currently maintain a national data catalog, which provides access to the available datasets – sometimes via an Application Programming Interface (API). These APIs play a crucial role in realizing the benefits of open data as they are the means by which data is discovered and accessed by applications that make use of it. This article proposes semantic APIs as a way of improving access to open data. A semantic API helps to retrieve datasets according to their type (e.g., sensor, climate, finance), and facilitates reasoning about and learning from data. The article examines categories of open datasets from 40 European open data catalogs to gather some insights into types of datasets which should be considered while building semantic APIs for open government data. The results show that the probability of inter-country agreement between open data catalogs is less than 30 percent, and that few categories stand out as candidates for a transnational semantic API. They stress the need for coordination-at the local, regional, and national level-between data providers of Germany, France, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

The article describes the process of developing a chatbot to provide students with information about schedules using the Telegram mobile messenger. During the research, the following tasks have been performed: the analysis of notification systems for their use in the educational process, identification of problems of notifying students about the schedule (dynamic environment, traditional presentation of information, lack of round-the-clock access), substantiation of the choice of mobile technologies and Telegram messenger, determination of the requirements to the software, generalization of the chatbot functioning features, description of the structure, functionality of the program to get information about the schedule using a chatbot. The following tasks have been programmatically implemented: obtaining data from several pages of a spreadsheet (faculty / institute, red / green week, group number, day of the week, period number, discipline name, information about the teacher); presentation of data in a convenient form for the messenger (XML); implementation of the mechanism of convenient presentation of data in the messenger (chatbot). Using Python and the Telegram API, the software has been designed to increase students; immediacy in getting the information about the schedules, minimizing the time spent, and optimizing of planning of student activities and higher education institution functioning.

Abstract Standardisation of Web Real-Time Communications (WebRTC) and Telepresence will likely lead to greatly increased deployment of interactive multimedia applications on the Internet. The resulting high-rate multimedia traffic may cause congestion, but few congestion control solutions have been proposed. We suggest that the congestion control, codec, and application be coupled and engage in a dialogue on the correct response to congestion; and that congestion control consider semantic feedback, not just transport-layer metrics.

The Javadoc paradigm for displaying API documentation to users is quite popular, with similar variants existing for many mainstream languages. However, two user interface design properties of Javadoc may reduce its utility when displaying documentation for APIs that make use of inheritance and parametric polymorphism. First, Javadoc does not show a flattened view of all members of a class or interface, but rather only those defined directly in the type. Second, and as a consequence, any methods whose types contain type parameters of a superclass will always be shown in the context of the superclass. That is, if the method C.m returns type T, subclasses of C will always see this parent signature, even if they instantiate T to a concrete type such as Integer. We show that this situation arises often in some libraries, and present the results of a study that measures the usability consequences of these two Javadoc design decisions. Our results show that a user interface that shows instantiated type parameters for members is preferred over one that presents type parameters in the Javadoc style.

Research into multi-surface systems goes back for more than thirty years, yet these systems have not been taken up in realworld settings. We believe the reason for the lack of adoption is that constructing multi-surface systems is costly and requires specialist knowledge of tasks related to device discovery, crossplatform interoperability, networking, and spatial tracking. These tasks represent a significant distraction from implementing features that actually matter to end users. While some APIs exist for supporting the setup of multi-surface systems, they are directed at specialist developers. We propose to develop a highly learnable API for constructing multi-surface systems, which is targeted at non-specialists.

Education system has been gravely affected due to widespread of Covid-19 across the globe. In this paper we present a thorough sentiment analysis of tweets related to education available on twitter platform and deduce conclusions about its impact on people's emotions as the pandemic advanced over the months. Through twitter over ninety thousand tweets have been gathered related to the circumstances involving the change in education system over the world. Using Natural language tool kit (NLTK) functionalities and Naive Bayes Classifier a sentiment analysis has been performed on the gathered dataset. Based on the results of this analysis we infer to exhibit the impact of covid-19 on education and how people's sentiment altered due to the changes with regard to the education system. Thus, we would like to present a better understanding of people's sentiment on education while trying to cope with the pandemic in such unprecedented times.

A total of 299 microorganisms were isolated from 100 bovine mastitic samples and 62 bacterial isolates from 40 swabs from milker's' hands in different localities of Khartoum State. These isolates were subjected for further confirmation by using

Harvard has been able to leverage the promise of interoperable APIs by replicating the IIIF/Mirador design pattern across multiple functional areas sharing core Image API and digital repository services. Sharing knowledge, expertise, and digital content, and Mirador, multiple “heads” have sprouted: a viewer application for the HarvardX course “The Book”, a new Harvard Library Viewer, faculty image collections that can be created and curated in course websites via LTI, and walls of images in the Harvard Art Museums. What did it take to enable this level of collaboration in a large distributed organization?

With R. Stern, J. Harward. R. Singhal, and J. Steward

The standard approach is usually to determine the actual target value as well as discover the hest-focused image location by means of ascending lookup approach. Due to the fact auto-focus algorithm need to be real-time, the standard auto-focus algorithm may have several issues because of growing calculations as number of window region position may vary frequently. A distinct issue will be the frequent interpolation of auto-focus gets slowed because of growing computations. Furthermore, the likelihood associated with de-focusing of target picture may possibly rise as a result of mismatch of the algorithm execution and output of focus. Local-aliasing-sampling approach is apparently utilized to cut back the calculation particularly in HD-dig-cam. Nevertheless, within the Local-aliasing-sampling approach, many precise details may misplace along with raise in noise element. Consequently, the lens deviates through the accurate-position and image blur may occur. To overcome this problem, the recommended technique " micro-patch interpolation " quotes each and every lost pixel through a collection of texture-relevant semi-local pixels while using the consistency likeness recurrently calculated from a series of patches of numerous dimensions. Particularly, using iteration, major texture-relevant pixels are employed to develop an information faithfulness expression in an optimum a posteriori evaluation, along with a bilateral complete deviation is employed as the regularization expression. Experimental outcomes weighed against present interpolation approaches prove that our technique can't merely significantly reduce the aliasing issue but additionally develop much better results all over an array of views equally regarding quantitative analysis along with subjective image quality. The presented algorithm can be further used as an API for digital camera image quality enhancement.

https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/

We describe how faculty desire for a state-of-the-art platform to study and teach Harvard Library’s digitized books and manuscripts found an eager sponsor in HarvardX and HUIT. The project has joined an open source software consortium based on open APIs (Shared Canvas, IIIF) led by Stanford. Harvard Library is championing the project as a successor to the web tools that currently access the Digital Repository. Oculus will debut in HarvardX’s History of the Book modules in early 2015.

El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar el método denominado panel online desde la perspectiva de las ciencias sociales, como un recurso creado para aportar al debate del desarrollo de métodos digitales. Para ello, se ha adoptado la metodología del estudio de caso, examinando la experiencia del Living Lab on Media Content and Platforms (LLMCP), un proyecto de investigación sobre el comportamiento en línea, donde los datos se recopilan a través de la tecnología de web tracking. La recopilación de información se basó en la observación del panel, la lectura del proyecto, el examen de sus sistemas de información y acceso privilegiado a sus miembros. Los resultados permiten considerar el panel online como una técnica de recopilación de datos con potencial para el desarrollo de las ciencias sociales, que puede proporcionar información más detallada sobre el comportamiento en línea.

Berbagai permasalahan yang harus dihadapi dalam implementasi teknologi komputasi saat ini yaitu input data masih dilakukan secara manual. Dalam proses pemasukan data sering kali mengalami keterlambatan pada saat mengirim data, sehingga kurang efisien. Oleh karena itu, maka perlu diciptakan sebuah inovasi baru di bidang teknologi otomatisasi input database. Pada penelitian ini, kami membangun aplikasi auto input data yang datanya diperoleh dari kartu RFID melalui RFID Reader dengan bantuan fungsi event keyboard, sehingga dapat memasukkan data kedalam database tanpa harus mengetik secara manual. Aplikasi ini berbasis desktop yang dijalankan pada sistem operasi Windows. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu diharapkan nantinya dapat meningkatkan kecanggihan teknologi informasi secara akurat dan otomatis, sehingga dapat memudahkan pekerjaan manusia.

Many SACCOS in Tanzania face problems of poor management, embezzlement, lack of working capital, high loan delinquency rates and poor business practices. Poor management and lack of commitment has resulted in many SACCOS having high levels of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) hence threatening their survival.The challenges facing MFIs and SACCOS in managing their credit portfolio prompted us to develop a web based financial and credit management system called SACCO MIS in 2014. The system developed was built on open source core, is capable of managing SACCOS and MFI revenue, expenditure, members’ contributions, shares as well as bookkeeping and loan processing.

In a period where information develops with great amount regularly, it's getting harder to look and find pictures, their
suppositions, visual articles, individuals, and so forth of decision in SharePoint in view of the way that they are once in a while
looked with the record name that they were spared with. Any client with contribute rights on a Picture Library could transfer any
substance, even Grown-up or Suggestive substance. Such substance must be physically filtered and managed, acquiring colossal
endeavors and cost. Likewise ordinarily, pictures contain visual writings and this data can never be looked until clients
themselves update the metadata with that text, which is seldom a case. To solve these problems, we can use Artificial Intelligence
with the help of Azure Cognitive Services such which includes- Computer Vision, Text Analysis, and Content Moderator with
MS Flows in SharePoint.

A stateless architecture design is a web architecture design that typically does not persist data in any database and such applications also does not require any kind of backup storage. Data that flows through a stateless service is data in transition and such data is never stored in any data store. The processing requests that arrive to such architecture does not rely on information gathered or persisted from any previous session. API (Application programming interface) which consists of subroutines, definitions & procedures that can access data on the applications are the communication points between applications and management of API endpoints using stateless architecture is less complex as there is no server side retention of the client session and each client sends requisite information in each request to the server. GraphQL and RESTful services are means of designing such API architecture. This paper discusses and explains in detail both GraphQL and REST API architecture design and management methods and does an analysis of the potential benefits of GraphQL over REST in Stateless architectural API designs.

Building an effective Information Retieval (IR) System for such a complex sector like a library, is indeed a challenging task. Creating this kind of applications, one must be aware of basic IR methodolo-gies and structures used, as well as the User's Experience requirements. Combining different technologies for creating different kinds of applications has been one of the major problems in software reuse. However, in recent years, many frameworks that offer a complete suite for developing cross-platform applications have been developed. In this paper, we present a combination of breakthrough technologies and frameworks for developing a Python based RestAPI, an Administrator's side desktop application and a cross-platform application powered by Ionic, Angular, HTML and CSS, as the main IR tool of UCY's library.

Many metadata repositories have been used to enrich music information retrieval applications, focusing on topics such as recorded music or performance catalogues. We present a database of biblio-graphic information that focuses on indexing writings on music, containing expert-curated subject terms from a controlled vocabulary , embedded inter-lingual equivalencies of these terms, and links that connect works and terms with canonical reference identifiers. An ontology of these terms, as well as an API to programatically access them, is under development for use in exploring and analyzing musicological bibliographic networks across domains, languages, and cultures.

Background: Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are key to software reuse. Software developers can link functionality and behavior found in other software with their own software by taking an API into use. However, figuring out how an API works is usually demanding, and may require that the developers spend a notable amount of time familiarizing themselves with the API. Good API documentation is of key importance for simplifying this task.
Objective: To present a comprehensive, unbiased overview of the state-of-the-art on tools and approaches for API documentation generation.
Method: A systematic mapping study on published tools and approaches that can be used for generating API documentation, or for assisting in the API documentation process.
Results: 42 studies on API documentation generation tools and approaches analyzed and categorized in a variety of ways. Among other things, the report presents an overview of what kind of tools have been developed, what kind of documentation they generate, and what sources the documentation approaches require.
Conclusion: Out of the identified approaches, many contribute to API documentation in the areas of natural language documentation and code examples. Many of the approaches contribute to the accuracy and correctness of API documentation , but also to ease developers understanding of the documentation. Most of the approaches are automatic, simplifying the API documentation generation notably, under the assumption that relevant sources for the generation are available. Most of the API documentation approaches are evaluated either by execution of the approach followed by analysis of the results, or by empirical evaluation methods.

Online marketing has now invaded every business. Whatever is the business type the aid of internet is leading the business houses towards development. Travel industry is also not untouched by the same. With the invasion of World Wide Web and convenice brought by it, it is now very much convenient for both the travellers and travel agents to meet with the travel expectations. It brought convenice to travelers because they can get every relevent and desired information at a place and at the shortest span of time, on the other hand travel agents are also getting good taffic at their website due to this. An integration in travel industry is brought by API XML integration.

The desired information is being transferred from the source to the destination at no time. With ease and comfort in getting quotations for travel related booking, travelers trust the website and also recommednd it to their friends and relatives. Hence, in a collective manner it brings great business to the travel agents. Travel portal development is a much needed part for the travel agents in order to get a global recognition for their business. They need to make their website travelers frinedly so that they may get each and everything they are looking for at a place only. If a person will get eveything relevent at a place then it will also generate the authenticity of the website.

This can be understood with a very good example, if a traveler is supposed to make a travel plan for Goa, he will go for a travel website where he can find appealing images, videos and affordable travel deals. The white label solution and XML integration helps in coding the information of traveler searches, hence lets the travel agents know what the travelers are actually looking for. Along with this the perfect balance of metatags and keywords in a travel portal also helps in making the travel website search engine friendly and as a result of it helps in getting huge traffic in the website. So, this can be said as a conclusion of all that travel portal development is a much needed part of travel business and a mandatory thing for the agents to get in order to get the maximum attention from the travelers as well.

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Service discoverability during the learning stage of an Application Program Interface (API) has a great affect on the productivity of developers and is of great importance to businesses. The adoption of Resource Oriented Architecture (ROA) and Representational State Transfer (REST) Web services/APIs have increased in recent years, mainly because of its perceived ease of use in comparison to the industry standard for Web service: World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), also known as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). But difficulty in assembly of service calls presents a usability problem. The difficulty is mainly due to lack of discovery mechanisms and poor documentation, which lead developers to resort to trail and error, that causes a decrease in productivity and increase in cost of service integration to businesses.

In this research we study discovery of REST architectural style from a usability standpoint. We also present an approach for enhancing discoverability using the OPTIONS Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) method. And demonstrate the approach as well as our findings on best practices of REST APIs through the development of a hypermedia driven API prototype. The usability problems and the approach to enhance the discovery problems were validated by case study using Usability Evaluation Method (UEM)s.

This study is tried to investigate the flow characteristics and velocity imaging of a diesel fuel through a diffuser pipe in a
storage tank. The fuel in the tank shall be spread into a tank in a range of as wide as possible. The ANSYS FLUENT software is used to get data and plots to understand situation and solve the problem.

This paper aims to analyze the current context of
Application Programming Interface (API) technology,
with focus in External API (Public API or Open API)
by news organizations. The adoption of API has
been considered a technological strategy that
introduces innovation processes in media groups.
This technological approach allows the public access
to data, increase the distribution of journalistic
information and transparency which improves the
credibility of organizations. However, there is not a
pattern strategic in the use of API adopted by news
organizations and the external developers have used
various technologies, named toolkit, to store, process,
analyze and visualize data. The study cases were The
New York Times, The Guardian, NPR and, ESPN.