Bussiness Law

Abstrakti: Përmes këtij punimi kemi paraqitur sfidat kryesore që polikat fiskale kanë në
Kosovë dhe poashtu kemi paraqitur se cilat janë alternativat procedurale ligjore për ti
eliminuar defektet e politikave fiskale në Kosovë. Një nga sfidat kryesore që politikat fiskale në Kosovë janë duke u përballur në periudha të ndryshme të zhvillimit të shtetit janë harmonizimi i legjislacionit vendor me legjislacionin e BE-së lidhur me politikat fiskale. Parimisht Kosova ka përafrim të legjislacionit rreth politikave fiskale me BE-në, mirëpo paknaqësia lind këtu se tek ne aplikimi i këtyre dispozitave nuk bëhet në mënyrë profesionale dhe shpesh herë me ndërhyrje duke e shpërndarë buxhetin e shtetit nëpër rajone dhe komuna të ndryshme të cilat i sjellin më pak të hyra vendit sesa marrin buxhet dhe kjo politikë disbalancuese fiskale tek ne ka ndikuar shumë ne stabilitetin financiar dhe fiskal të vendit. Republika e Kosovës parimisht është shtet unitar dhe poashtu edhe të hyrat fiskale janë të koncentruara në buxhetin e shtetit,
mirëpo nuk kemi shpërndarje të barabartë nëpër regjionet apo komunat të cilat kanë
kontribuar në thithjen e tatimeve dhe taksave të ndryshme, duke u dërguar më shumë buxhet komnave të preferuara dhe këtu nuk kemi shkelje ligjore mirëpo kemi shkelje të parimeve të demokracisë, sepse ai që paguan më shumë tatime dhe taksa duhet edhe të merr më shumë të hyra buxhetore.

Fjalët kyçe: Politikat fiskale, harmonizimi i legjislacionit, stabilitet financiar dhe fiskal,
buxheti i shtetit, alternativa procedurale ligjore.

En el presente artículo trata de dar respuesta a las siguientes interrogantes ¿Qué debe entenderse por reducción de capital social? ¿Cuál es la justificación para que la sociedad
pueda hacer ésta reducción? ¿Cuál es el papel que juegan los
acreedores societarios respecto a ésta reducción?

Abstrak Cek adalah salah satu surat berharga yang diatur dalam Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Dagang, penggunaan cek semakin hari semakin meningkat, Cek sebagai alat pembayaran sangat bermanfaat bagi penerbit, karena cek ini memberi rasa aman bagi penerbit yang menerbitkan cek dan juga penerbit bisa menerbitkan cek mundur apabila pada saat penerbit menerbitkan cek, dana yang ada di bank belum cukup. Namun dalam praktek sering terjadi penyalahgunaan penerbitan cek dengan menerbitkan cek kosong. Dengan menerbitkan cek yang kosong akan berakibat rekening penerbit akan ditutup dan pelaporan kepada Bank Indonesia, dan penerbit rekening tidak boleh berhubungan bank-bank dan juga dapat dikenakan tindak pidana penipuan. Kata kunci: cek, hukum, bisnis A. Pendahuluan Dalam dunia perdagangan sekarang ini lembaga perbankan sangat diminati dan dibutuhkan dalam masyarakat, karena produk-produk yang dihasilkan oleh lembaga perbankan sangat membantu masyarakat dalam melakukan transaksi keuangan. Disamping itu dengan adanya lembaga perbankan, pengusaha dalam melakukan transaksi jual beli yang nominalnya cukup besar sangat terbantu , karena seringkali disepakati oleh para pihak dalam pembayarannya menggunakan produk dari perbankan yang berupa surat berharga antara lain cek. Menurut Abdulkadir Muhammad surat berharga adalah surat yang oleh penerbitnya sengaja diterbitkan sebagai pelaksanaan pemenuhan suatu prestasi yang berupa pembayaran sejumlah uang, tetapi pembayarannya ini tidak dilakukan dengan menggunakan mata uang, melainkan dengan menggunakan alat bayar lain. Alat bayar itu berupa surat yang didalamnya mengandung suatu

Articolul este consacrat prezentării generale a contractelor cărora legea le recunoaşte puterea de titlu executoriu, într-o succintă retrospectivă facută prin prisma dreptului roman şi a evoluţiei acestora până în zilele noastre, aşa cum se regăsesc ele în Codul Civi sau în legile speciale care le guvernează. Contractul reprezintă în fapt, cadrul convenţional prin care părţile îşi asuma obligaţii şi dobândesc drepturi în raport unul faţă de celalalt, el reprezentănd concretizarea acordului de voinţă a părţilor şi se considera valabil încheiat doar dacă părţile şi-au exprimat consimţământul în mod liber şi neviciiat. Partenerii contractuali au libertatea să insereze în covenţia încheiată orice clauze doresc, singura condiţie fiind de a nu contravenii ordinii publice sau bunelor moravuri. Însa scopul urmărit este de a sublinia atât puterea contractului, dar şi mai mult importanţa exprimării de voinţa a individului privind soarta acestuia. Importanţa acestui act juridic, niciodată contestata, a făcut ca legiuitorul să-l investeasca cu putere de lege între părţile contractante. Astfel că în cazuri expres prevazute de normele de drept, acestui act juridic i-a fost acordat beneficiul de titlu executoriu, totuşi fără a se aduce atingere în vreun fel principiului autonomiei de vointa şi fără a se crea un dezechilibru contractual, privilegii sau discriminări. Orice lucru din viaţa noastră este guvernat de contracte. Din primul moment, viaţa noastră este sub semnul lor. Cetăţenia, spre exemplu, este un contract cu statul în care te-ai născut. Orice vânzare sau cumpărare, căsătoria, munca prestată, şcoala pe care o urmăm noi sau copii noştri, o casă sau o maşină nouă, vacanţele sau bolile de care suferim, orice mişcare facem, conduce la acceptarea unui contract, sau este o consecinţa a existenţei lor2. Contractul este, în întreaga lume, instrumentul cvasiexclusiv al circulaţiei averilor şi unul dintre mecanismele juridice esenţiale ale activităţii economice3. Contractul – reprezintă în fapt, cadrul convenţional prin care părţile îşi asumă obligaţii şi dobândesc drepturi, în raport unul faţă de celălalt. El reprezintă acordul de voinţă al părţilor şi nu poate fi considerat valabil încheiat decât dacă părţile şi-au exprimat consimţământul în mod liber şi neviciiat, iar obiectul acestuia este moral şi licit. Lumea afacerilor este, prin excelenţă, o lume a actelor de comerţ, materializate în general prin contracte, iar contractele înseamnă libertate de voinţă a parţilor contractante şi previzibilitate, manifestate cu privire la întreaga perioadă de valabilitate a contractelor, de la încheierea lor şi până la ultimul act de executare. Aşadar, participanţii la relaţiile de comert au nevoie în acelaşi timp de o certitudine juridică privind evoluţia relaţiilor lor contractuale, dar şi de un drept de opţiune, în cazul deteriorării acestor relaţii, astfel încât părţile să poată decide, în masura în care legea le permite, atât sub aspectul dreptului care le va guverna în viitor, cât şi cu privire la jurisdicţia care va interveni, la nevoie. Contractul nu este un produs al lumii moderne, poate cea mai valoroasă legislaţie a contractelor a fost elaborată de juriconsulţii romani. Aceştia cu pragmatismul, ingeniozitatea şi fineţea ce-i caracteriza, au creat un drept contractual empiric dar logic, cu un grad mare de perfecţiune şi cu valoroase constante pentru posteritate, atât prin conţinutul lui bogat, cât şi prin forma sa ireprosabilă de exprimare. Acelor timpuri trebuie să le recunoaştem statornicirea dată structurii tehnice a contractelor 1

Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1993 tentang Wajib Daftar
Perusahaan (UU-WDP) pada Pasal 1 butir (b) disebutkan perusahaan adalah “setiap bentuk usaha yang menjalankan setiap jenis usaha yang bersifat tetap, terus-menerus, dan didirikan, bekerja serta berkedudukan dalam wilayah negara Indonesia dengan tujuan memperoleh keuntungan dan atau laba”. Pada butir (c) disebutkan bahwa pengusaha adalah “setiap orang perorang atau persekutuan atau badan hukum yang menjalankan sesuatu jenis perusahaan. Dari pengertian tersebut di atas dapat diambil tolak ukur bahwa badan usaha dapat berbentuk perorangan, persekutuan (partnership), atau badan hukum (corporation). Badan usaha yang bukan badan hukum dapat diartikan dapat berbentuk perorangan atau persekutuan.
Perusahaan perseorangan merupakan perusahaan di mana wewenang sepenuhnya berada pada si pengusaha dan pertanggungjawabannya dipikul secara pribadi, yaitu oleh si pengusaha itu sendiri. Di samping itu, perusahaan yang memiliki bentuk sebagai badan hukum dapat berupa Perseroan Terbatas atau Koperasi. Perusahaan yang berbadan hukum merupakan subjek hukum yang dapat memikul hak dan kewajiban yang terpisah dari pengusahanya. Pengusaha yang terlibat dalam perusahaan berbadan hukum tidak terlibat langsung dalam pertanggungjawaban perusahaan terhadap pihak ketiga sebab perusahaan berbadan hukum memiliki harta kekayaannya sendiri dan dapat menjadi pihak dalam perikatan.
Bila seorang pengusaha ingin menjalankan kegiatan usaha dengan kawan- kawannya, maka bentuk usaha yang dapat dipilih adalah bentuk usaha persekutuan. Persekutuan artinya persatuan orang-orang yang sama kepentingannya terhadap suatu
1
perusahaan tertentu, sedangkan “sekutu” di sini artinya peserta pada suatu perusahaan. Bentuk usaha persekutuan terdiri dari tiga jenis, yaitu Persekutuan Perdata (general partnership), Firma, atau Commanditaire Vennootschap (persekutuan komanditer). Dengan bentuk usaha ini, pengusaha akan berbagi dengan sekutunya baik dalam hal manajemen maupun pembagian untung dan rugi. Dalam hal pelaksanaan kewajiban dan tanggung jawab, bentuk usaha ini memberi beban pada semua sekutu sesuai dengan kesepakatan di antara mereka atau disesuaikan dengan ketentuan undang-undang.

ABSTRAK Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat dan kompleks melahirkan berbagai macam bentuk kerjasama bisnis, yang meningkat dari hari ke hari. Semakin meningkatnya kerjasama bisnis, menyebabkan semakin tinggi pula tingkat sengketa diantara para pihak yang terlibat didalamnya. Penyelesaian sengketa secara konvensional dilakukan melalui sebuah badan yang disebut dengan pengadilan. Sudah sejak ratusan bahkan ribuan tahun badan-badan pengadilan ini telah berkiprah. Akan tetapi, lama kelamaan badan pengadilan ini semakin terpasung dalam tembok-tembok yuridis yang sukar ditembusi oleh para pencari keadilan, khususnya jika pencari keadilan tersebut adalah pelaku bisnis dengan sengketa yang menyangkut dengan bisnis. Maka mulailah dipikirkan alternatif-alternatif lain untuk menyelesaikan sengketa, diantaranya adalah lewat badan arbitrase. Kata Kunci : Penyelesaian, Sengketa, dan Bisnis A. LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH Di zaman modern seperti saat ini bangsa Indonesia banyak mengalami berbagai polemik yang beredar di dalam masyarakat yang menimbulkan suatu pertentang bahkan sampai menimbulkan perikaian diantara masyarakat. Pertikaian yang ada muncul dari berbagai masalah yang biasanya timbul karena perbedaan pendapat atau paham yang mereka anut. Pertikaian bermula dari suatu persoalan yang kecil karena tidak cepat diselesaikan maka persoalan tersebut menjadi besar. Persoalan ini sebaiknya cepat diselesaikan agar tidak menjadi besar. Sengketa bisnis, pada uumnya dimulai dengan adanya wanprestasi atau ingkar janji sehingga pihak yang lain merasa dirugikan 1. Sebuah konflik, yakni sebuh situasi dimana dua pihak atau lebih dihadapkan pada perbedaan kepentingan, tidak akan berkembang menjadi sebuah sengketa apabila pihak yang merasa dirugikan hanya memendam perasaan tidak puas atau keprihatianya istilah orang jawa "nrimo ing pandum". Sebuah konflik berubah atau berkembang menjadi sebuah sengketa bilamana pihak yang merasa dirugikan telah menyatakan rasa tidak puas baik secara langsung kepada pihak yang dianggap sebagai penyebab kerugian atau kepada pihak lain 2 1 H.R. Daeng Naja, 2009, Pengantar Hukum Bisnis Indonesia, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Yustisia, hlm 131 2 Ibid, hlm 2

Pemprov Sumsel merencanakan program pembangunan Light Rail Transit di kota Palembang yang akan menguhubungkan dari Bandara Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II ke Jakabaring Sport City yang akan direncanakan selesai pada saat pertengahan tahun 2021. proses open tender dibuka untuk berkerjasama mewujudkan pembangunan proyek LRT.

A lease agreement is an appointed legal transaction arose
from business and legal construction created with the aim of the efficient
meeting the needs of participants in the transaction. The legal theory and
practice set out the criteria for the division of leasing contracts, so this
legal transaction got its basic characteristic features. That is the way of a
creation of basic forms of leasing agreements. According to its characteristics,
a lease agreement has a mixed legal nature. Depending on the type
of a contract, it may have the characteristics of a contract of sale, tenancy
agreement, loan agreement, etc. In certain types of leasing, some characteristics
of one of the listed traditional contracts dominate in a weaker or
stronger intensity. This paper deals with a theoretical analysis of the relationship
of the leasing contract with the contract law agreements. A special
emphasis is placed on the operating and financial leasing as two basic types
of leasing contracts varying by their nature.
Keywords: legal nature, lease agreement, contract of sale, tenancy agreement,
loan agreement

Perdagangan jasa merupakan fenomena ekonomi yang telah menjadi global dewasa ini. Adanya pertukaran barang yang melintasi batas negara-negara memungkinkan hal-hal lain untuk dimasukkan sebagai objek dalam perdagangan atau bisnis internasional ini, termasuk jasa di dalamnya. Makalah ini akan mengupas mengenai bisnis jasa lintas negara secara umum dalam bentuk makalah.

The content of this study is the introduction to Business Law – the general part, Industrial Property and Competition Law ,  Corporations Law, Bills / Securities  Law ( bill of exchange and checks ) , Insurance Law, Insolvency Law and Maritime Law.

Disputes settlement arising from transactions with private-elements is complex
issue that is particularly concerned with the theory of Private International
Law. In addition to the conflict of laws, transactions with foreign element
inevitably lead to conflicts of jurisdiction of the courts of various states in the
settlement of disputes (conflict of jurisdictions). One of the basic principles of
international relations is the principle of national sovereignty. Accordingly,
each sovereign state could subjected to competencies of their bodies any cases
before them, including those that are factually related to foreign countries. In
doing so, the character and factual connections with foreign sovereignty are
not essential. Such a concept of jurisdiction, states generally do not practice.
For international business transactions, the way of resolving disputes is very
important. Arbitration to settle disputes is one of the specificities of modern
private legal relations with a foreign element. They are often used in practice.
As an alternative means of dispute resolution in practice, arbitration is
proved to be more efficient for the parties to the dispute, and this method
of dispute resolution in contemporary private transactions are increasingly
used in our legal system.
Keywords: private legal transaction, arbitration, arbitration agreement.
Compromis

The content of this study is the introduction to Business Law – the general part, Industrial Property and Competition Law ,  Corporations Law, Bills / Securities  Law ( bill of exchange and checks ) , Insurance Law, Insolvency Law and Maritime Law. This present study has taken into account almost all of the rapid mass legislative modifications which have taken place in the aforementioned classical branches of Greek business law, especially pertaining to the years of the economic crisis in Greece. It basically concerns transitive and conjunctive regulations of law, which have a uncertain existence as enduring abiding regulations. In recent years there is a turn in business  law because of its characteristic inherent necessity to become a soft law, which can contribute, as is required, to the running of the private global economy. In order to satisfy contemporary commercial transactions, and its expediency to contemporary entrepreneurial activity, the Greek legislator will have to be more venturous in the difficult but necessary transition from the traditional commercial law of commercial undertakings to a much more broader and self-contained business law , which will also comprise of classical commercial law, labor and tax law. The law of commerce should be the equivalent of the global business in the sense that it should be adapted to the needs of the international environment as a more comprehensive  law of the economic market, but also to the particularities of the Greek social environment with respect to the restrictive principles of the current Greek law.

Abstrak Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) merupakan independent power producer (IPP) yang memproduksi energi listrik panas bumi di Indonesia. Penjualan energi listrik panas bumi oleh PGE melalui Perjanjian jual beli listrik (PJBL) selama ini masih didominasi oleh PLN selaku pembeli. Hal tersebut karena PGE tidak mempunyai infrastruktur kelistrikan berupa jaringan transmisi untuk menunjang adanya penjualan langsung. Sejak terbitnya Permen ESDM No 1 Tahun 2015, maka hambatan PGE untuk melakukan penjualan langsung dapat diatasi. Permen tersebut memberikan payung hukum bagi adanya open access dalam bentuk power wheeling / pemanfaatan bersama jaringan transmisi listrik milik badan usaha transmisi tenaga listrik. Dengan adanya skema open access ini maka PGE berpeluang untuk melakukan penjualan langsung energi listrik panas bumi kepada captive market di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: open access, penjualan langsung Abstract Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) is an independent power producer (IPP) which produces geothermal electrical energy in Indonesia. Geothermal electrical energy's selling by PGE is based on a power purchase agreement (PPA) and yet it's still dominated by PLN as the buyer. Because PGE did not have electricity infrastructure which is the transmission lines to support the direct sales. Since The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources regulation No. 1 of 2015 has been released, its barrier to do a direct sales could be overcome. The regulation provides a legal basis for the existence of open access in a form of power wheeling for power transmission lines owned by electric power transmission enterprise. The open access scheme expands PGE's opportunity to make direct sales of geothermal electrical energy to the captive market in Indonesia. Keynote: open access, direct sales

The Romanian small claims procedure was introduced by Law nr. 134/2010, Code of Civil Procedure, under the influence of European Union regulations. According to art. 1026 (unchanged since 2010), the value threshold up to which this track can be used was set at 10,000 lei, on the date of the court referral (i.e. 2,375.35 euros, at the average annual exchange rate of the euro in 2010). At the same time, Regulation (EU) No 861/2007 fixed the value threshold of the European Small Claims Procedure at EUR 2000. Currently, by Regulation (EU) 2015/2421, the scope of that procedure has been extended to the amount of EUR 5000. Considering the intention of the Romanian legislator to grant this procedure a broader internal scope than that outlined by the EU law, the inflation rate in Romania and the need to harmonize the internal procedure with that of cross-border disputes, we infer the need to update the value threshold up to the equivalent in lei of 5000 euros or more.
Keywords: small claims, value threshold, Romania, Code of Civil Procedure, jurisdiction, special civil track

Indonesia yang menjunjung tinggi keberagaman memiliki potensi kekayaan alam yang tak ternilai harganya. Di setiap pulau-pulaunya menyimpan berbagai keanekaragaman hayati maupun nabati yang unik dan memiliki nilai ekonomi potensial bagi setiap masyarakat. Hal ini sejalan dengan apa yang telah diamanatkan dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Pasal 33 ayat (3) yang berbunyi " bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasi oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat ". Dalam ayat tersebut dijelaskan bahwa segala bentuk kekayaan alam Indonesa menjadi hak dan tanggungjawab negara untuk menguasai serta mengelola dengan sebaik-baiknya demi kesejahteraan dan kemakmuran rakyat

Abstrac
Commodities markets have had an existance which is as old as human history itself. These markets have influenced not only the dynamics of production and resource utilisation in the primary sector but also served as the mechanism through which the term of trade played out and surplus was extracted. Creation of Derivatives market in commodities was a significant human innovation. Futures contracts are the oldest way of investing in commodities. Futures are secured by physical assets. Commodity markets can include physical trading and derivatives trading using spot prices, forwards, futures, and options on futures. Futures markets perform two main economic functions: price discovery and hedging. Price discovery has been defined asrevealing information about future cash market prices through the futures market. There is a relationship between the futures price of a commodity and the price that market participants expect to prevail at the time of delivery of the futures contrac. Conventional fiqh doctrine considers a sale valid only if goods are present at the time of contract, its based on direct translation the well known hadith: Do Not Sell What Is Not With You. the item must exist and be owned by the seller at the time of the contract.But some contemporary scholar argue the hadith only prohibited the sale of items that were not availabel at the time of sale.This is indicated in modern market which means that the sller can find the goods at almost any time and make delivery whenever required.Indonesia one of the top producers of a large number of commodities has no long time of trading in commodities and related derivatives. The institution of a formal commodity futures market in Indonesia which was formed in 1971. The government originally only meant to set up rubber exchanges. The regulation of a new Indonesian Commodity Exchange implemented in 1982 with the issuance of Government Regulation No. 35 of 1982 on the Commodity Exchange. A number of regulatory measures were also imposed on existing Commodity exchanges in line with international best practices. At present adjusted on both The  derivatives as well as the spot markets in commodities were Imposed by way of the Commodity Exchange (Regulation) Act,2011 that islamic derivatives market are permitted to engage in derivatives transactions regional and country-wide.

The main problem with the execution of a leasing contract in Romania is that there are still shortcomings to
the laws in force. The complexity of this contract which, at first sight, seems so commonplace, as well as the
void in our ambiguous law are an inexhaustible source of research and exploration, but also the origin of
controversial conflicts. With this paper I decided to elaborate I would like to contribute to consolidating the
”status” of national leasing operations, which are still in search of their own identity. Aiming to place the
leasing contract back in its rightful place, that of a contract from which nobody has anything to lose but
everything to gain, I consider it appropriate to analyse the conditions and effects of the commissoria lex
fragments inserted in the leasing contract. One of the most controversial aspect of these last years brought to
the attention of the courts of law cases where the financier, once the leasing contract was cancelled, requests
the foreclosure of the user. The cancellation we are taking into account is based on the commissoria lex
inserted in the clauses of the leasing contract. We have therefore to analyse whether the foreclosure of the
user can be carried on, based on the provisions of GO 51/1997 referring to leasing contracts.
Keywords: comissory pact, lease contract, termination agreement

El presente trabajo estudia la protección constitucional de la empresa, el emprendimiento y la libre competencia en Chile y Colombia. Para lograr aquello, se realiza un estudio en derecho comparando ambos países, en que se analizan las acciones o recursos constitucionales de los que pueden ser sujetos activos legitimados los emprendedores y cómo se relaciona con la libre competencia. Considera en su desarrollo doctrina jurídica, análisis de normativa y de jurisprudencia relevante. Destaca entre las conclusiones que en ambos sistemas estudiados al emprendimiento o, inclusive, a las empre- sas, se les reconozca una serie de derechos y libertades fundamentales, y, además, ser sujetos activos legitimados de una serie de acciones y recursos constitucionales. No obstante, y, al mismo tiempo, la actividad económica debe estar en armonía con los derechos humanos de los demás en una faceta que reconoce no solo los derechos sino las obligaciones de la empresa en el marco del Estado constitucional. De ahí lo de las dos caras de la moneda, derecho fundamental de emprender, pero respetando los derechos funda- mentales de los demás. Y, como perspectivas de futuro, elevar el emprendi- miento, de libertad a un derecho justiciable, especialmente cuando este sea una actividad de subsistencia, en el que la libre competencia también tiene un rol de garantía para la función de la propiedad.

Penelitian dengan judul Dampak Kredit Macet Terhadap Kesehatan Bank di Kota Jayapura (Studi pada PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (PERSERO), Tbk (Terbuka). Cabang Jayapura). Dengan tujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis dampak, faktor penyebab terjadinya kredit macet dan upaya penanganan di PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (PERSERO), Tbk. Cabang Jayapura.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tipe penelitian Yuridis Empiris yaitu mengkaji pelaksanaan atau implementasi ketentuan hukum positif dan kontrak secara faktual pada setiap peristiwa hukum tertentu. Pengkajian tersebut bertujuan untuk memastikan apakah hasil penerapan pada peristiwa hukum inconcerto itu sesuai atau tidak dengan ketentuan Undang-Undang atau Kontrak. Teknik analisis data menggunakan pola pikir/logika induktif, yaitu pola pikir untuk menarik kesimpulan dari kasus - kasus individual nyata menjadi pengetahuan baru yang bersifat umum dengan pendekatan kualitatif sebagai data primer dan data sekunder.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, dampak kredit macet mempengaruhi Laba bank yang menurun, Bad Debt Ratio menjadi lebih besar, Biaya pencadangan penghapusan kredit meningkat, Return On Assets (ROA) dan Return On Equity (ROE) menurun dan merupakan dampak yang dialami semua bank secara umum, bahkan juga dialami oleh Bank BNI cabang Jayapura. faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya kredit macet di Bank BNI cabang Jayapura adalah karena penggunaan dana yang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan awal debitur mengajukan kredit. Biaya-biaya tak terduga seperti sakit dan musibah, serta penurunan daya usaha adalah beberapa faktor penyebab terjadi kredit macet. Penanganan yang diupayakan Bank BNI cabang Jayapura sudah mengikuti peraturan yang dikeluarkan OJK, dan juga melakukan edukasi dan pemantauan kepada Debiturnya.
Kata Kunci: Perbankan, Kredit Macet, Kredit Bermasalah, Dampak, Faktor, Penanganan, BNI, OJK, Kreditur, Debitur

Um erro comum entre as pessoas que costumam falar em empresa. Tratam-na como sujeito, como se tivesse vida própria, independente do seu empresário. Empresas não são sujeitos, nem entes personalizados, mas sim objeto da atividade do empresário. E é isso que o texto visa mostrar.

Kompensasi kerugian Fiskal adalh skema ganti rugi yang dilakukan oleh WP Badan atau WP Orang pribadi yang berdasarkan pembukuan nya mengalami kerugian. Kompensasi tersebut akan dilakukan pada tahun berikut nya secara berturut-turut hingga 5 tahun

NBLC Legal Discussion 2021 is an essay competition themed Potential Violations of Business Competition in the Digital Era organized by NBLC Indonesia which held on August 1-8 2021. On this occasion, Brawijaya University is chosen to be the host and the organizer, the participants are members of NBLC Indonesia.

This document analyzes the legal notion of compliance in relation to the activity of business administration. We will see that this institution expresses itself through a set of norms that guide the performance of companies seeking to mitigate the risks arising from the activities of the corporate purpose. In this regard, compliance can be interpreted as an auxiliary instrument, which helps management achieve a company's goals, by providing relatively safe standards of action. In this way, the law manifests itself as a guide that serves to channel the economic activity of a company. However, regulations also operate as a standard that allows an expost evaluation on the conformance of business management. The existence of norms that set a previous course of safe action implies risks for those who choose not to exercise the duty of surveillance. Thus, the administration must combine a careful observation of norms, with the exercise of economic freedom, in order to implement a safe but productive business activity. Resumen Este documento analiza la noción jurídica de compliance en relación con la actividad de la administración de empresas. Veremos que esa institución se expresa a través de un conjunto de normas que guían la actuación de las compañías con miras a mitigar los riesgos que se derivan de las actividades propias del objeto social. En tal sentido, la compliance puede interpretarse como un instrumento auxiliar, que ayuda a la administración a lograr los fines de la empresa, al proporcionarle estándares de acción relativamente seguros. De esa forma, el derecho se manifiesta como una guía que sirve para encauzar la actividad económica de la compañía. Sin embargo, la normatividad opera también como un estándar que permite evaluar a posteriori la conformidad de la gestión empresarial. La existencia de normas que trazan previamente un curso de acción seguro implica riesgos para quienes optan por no ejercer el deber de vigilancia. Así, la administración debe conjugar la observación atenta de las normas, con el ejercicio de la libertad económica, a fin de implementar una actividad empresarial segura pero productiva.

This research aims to find out and analyze the legal relationship between the Village-Owned Enterprises and the workers. This research also aims to analyze the wage protection for the workers of Village-Owned Enterprises in the perspective of laws and regulations concerning wages.
This is a normative-empirical legal study. The normative study was conducted through library research, while the empirical study was conducted through field research. The data were analyzed using qualitative analysis. The results are presented descriptively to illustrate the answers of problems discussed.
The results of this research show that the legal relationship among VillageOwned Enterprises with the workers that is bound through written agreement is an employment relationship. The substances of written agreement have been fulfilled the legal terms of employment agreement according to Article 52 paragraph (1) of Indonesian Manpower Act. The workers who are bound by unwritten agreement are not qualified as employment agreement because in this case the unwritten agreement is null and void. The party of Village-Owned Enterprises “X” does not establish the letter of appointment as mentioned in the Article 63 paragraph (1) of Indonesian Manpower Act. This research also shows that the wage system at the Village-Owned Enterprises has not provided wage protection to the workers. This analysis is based on the eleven of wage protection policy benchmarks as regulated in the Article 88 paragraph (3) of Indonesian Manpower Act and its elaboration through the Government Regulation Number 78 of 2015 concerning Wages.

In this paper the authors have analyzed the basic institutions and the different ways of regulating the Serbian International Bankruptcy Law and the Law of the Federation of BiH. Bancrupcy Law of Republic of Serbia is mostly based on the provisions of the Model Law on Cross-Border insolvency adopted by UNCITRAL. This material is regulated differently in legislation of the neighbouring countries and in the Law of Bancrupcy Procedure of the BiH Federation made after the model of the Bancrupcy Act of the Republic of Croatia which contains good-quality and applicable solutions. Serbian legislators should opt for one of three variants of the Regulation of International Bancrupcy at any future amandments. The first one would be related to the detailed regulations, stating the general rules of Private International Law, the second one to shorter regulations with reference to other laws, particularly those governing foreign elements and the third would be related to the overtaking parts from regulations of laws in the region which defined this area in a more succeesful way.

Ključne reči: stečaj, element inostranosti, glavni stečaj, sekundarni stečaj, strana odluka.
Key words: bancrupcy, foreign element, main solvency, secondary solvency, foreign decision.