Conflicts

Bangladesh and India Sharing fifty-four trans-boundary rivers water that flows from India to Bangladesh. Bangladesh is mostly dependent on India for their water and has no control over the water shed management policy of the rivers. Being a smaller, weaker military and economy than India, Bangladesh cannot influence the watershed management policies and face floods and water scarcity, reducing yield production and fish productivity, an ecological imbalance in estuarine areas, saline water intrusion in the southwestern part of Bangladesh and reduced navigation. Water governance is the combination of the political, social, economic and administrative system, which manage the water resources and provide services in the different level of society. Based on the water governance definition the researchers find out the different stakeholder in the management of water governance and the lack of practices of the theoretical concept of water governance and try to indicate the possibilities of...

"Megaleh Temirin (Revealer of Secrets), ed. Jonatan Meir, Three volumes, Mosad Bialik, Jerusalem

Megaleh Temirin (Revealer of Secrets), first published in Vienna in 1819, is one of the sharpest and wittiest pieces of Jewish literature written in the first half of the nineteenth century, and is perhaps the most important piece of Hebrew prose composed before the stories of Mendele Mocher Seforim. A sly and complex story deriding Hasidism and Hasidim, it is told through the correspondence between the beadles of Hasidic courts and contemporary rabbis, and it presents a dark picture of  avaricious frauds and swindlers whose main concern was control over territory and the souls of believers, a goal achieved by beguiling the authorities and attacking all opponents. Perl lends his book a ‘Hasidic’ feel both in its physical design and in its language, presenting a Maskilic version of In Praise of the Ba’al Shem Tov that lays Hasidism bare so that no reader will ever be able to look at that, or any other Hasidic book, in the same way again. In addition to the book’s satiric sting, which would have been enough to bring its readers a dual pleasure, Perl’s hints at contemporary people and places, hidden within anagrams and numerological tricks. With the unraveling of these clues, which also include the use of actual Hasidic sources, the book is a valuable, contemporary view of historical reality. A meticulous reading of the book may therefore open a window on the hidden worlds of Hasidism and the Haskalah at the start of the nineteenth century.


The first volume (Imagined Hasidism) serves as an introduction to the complex satirical writings of Josef Perl of Tarnopol (1773-1839). At the center of the book stands an analysis of the satires, Megaleh Temirin (1819) and Bochen Tzadik (1838), including a systematic treatment of the ‘characters’ in the central works and a discussion of the dozens of manuscripts to be found in the Perl Archive in Jerusalem. Perl’s writings are analyzed here in the fuller context of Hebrew and Yiddish literature in general and Maskilic and Hasidic literature in particular, as well as other polemical writings and governmental records critical of Hasidism. The study thus presents a complex and nuanced picture of the relationship between literature and history, between the anti-Hasidic reports and the more complicated historical reality, and lays the groundwork for further research into the genre of nineteenth-century Maskilic satire.

The second and third volumes (Megaleh Temirin) present for the first time an annotated edition of Megaleh Temirin. It is based on the first edition and the scattered manuscripts and it includes a comparison to its Yiddish translation. The book is accompanied by appendices on its origins and contents, including fundamental treatments of several passages: an explication of the encoded names, the Hasidic sources used by the author, and the variants found in the manuscripts and in the only edition of the book in Yiddish.

The editor of the book, Professor Jonatan Meir, teaches in the Goldstein-Goren Department of Jewish Thought at Ben-Gurion University. He has published several articles on the Haskalah of Eastern Europe, Hasidism, and a number of varied topics in twentieth-century Kabbalah.


Contents

Volume 1  - Critical Edition

Concerning this edition
Key personalities
Sefer Megale Temirin – Critical Edition


Volume 2 - Appendixes:
1. Glossary, Abbreviations, Acronyms
2. Explanation of the Speaking Names
3. Perl’s Hasidic Sources
4. Manuscripts of Sefer Megale Temirin
5. Yiddish Introduction to Sefer Megale Temirin
Bibliographic Abbreviations

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Reviews:
(1) Dan Meron, 2013, ‘Megaleh Temirin’, Kivunim Hadashim 29, 55 pages (Hebrew)
(2) David Assaf, 2014, ‘Hasidim will not Read it but Tear it’, Haaretz, Tarbut ve-Sifrut, p .6 (Hebrew) http://onegshabbat.blogspot.co.il/2014/04/blog-post_18.html
(3) Eliezer Brodt, 2014, 'New book Announcement- Megale Temirin', The Seforim Blog http://seforim.blogspot.co.il/2014/01/new-book-announcement-megale-temirin.html
(4) Matan Hermoni, 2014,  הסבתא המופקרת של הספרות העבריתHaaretz, Sfarim (Hebrew) http://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium-1.2382365
(5) Shinichi Yamamoto, 2015, 山本　伸一, "ヨナタン・メイール編著『想像のハシディズム』", ユダヤ・イスラエル研究　第28号  http://www.waseda.jp/assoc-jsjs/jistudies.html
(6) David Biale and David Assaf,, 2015, 'Revealer Revealed', Jewish Review of Books, pp. 17-21  http://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/1454/revealer-revealed/
(7) Hillel Halkin, 2015, "Sex, Magic, Bigotry, Corruption- and the First Hebrew Novel', Mosaic Magazine,  http://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2015/05/sex-magic-bigotry-corruption-and-the-first-hebrew-novel/
(8) Tomer Persico, 2015, "Interview", Lula'at haEl Blog, http://tomerpersico.com/2015/08/10/meir_perl/

"That Africa is ravaged by conflicts is no longer news. While the conflicts in Somalia, Sierra-Leone, Rwanda and Burundi and the two Congo’s (Kinshasa and Brazzaville) have dominated the headlines in the recent past, others equally important remain pretty unknown. This article examines one of these: the civil war in Guinea-Bissau 1998-1999. The study is interesting in that it provides a unique opportunity to assess simultaneously, the deployment of France's new military policy in Africa, Programme RECAMP , the peacekeeping and peace-enforcement capacities of African states through the activities of ECOMOG  in Bissau and the impact of the clash of interests of Portugal and France on the internal affairs of Bissau-Guinea.  

"

This article shows the political use of the haitian revolution by the pardos in the province of Cartagena. The haitian political

movement constituted in some places in Hispanoamerica  a symbol of their political strugles in order to eliminated the white´s dominión this symbolic appropiation led to adopt extreme positions among popular sector, and according to the high elites to an inminent danger of a racial war.

Water resource access as an integral part of everyday life serves multiplicity of purposes from agriculture to the hydroelectric power needs of most areas. However, in the Nile Basin region where major water sources for nations pass through international boundaries, limited access to water and lack of it can be a source of economic, political and ecological conflicts. Accordingly, in the last several years, the complexities and processes involved in transboundary water use under the ambit of hydropolitics in the Nile Basin region, continue to stoke anxieties and tensions among the nations in their strategic relationships. Given the high stakes, occasional responses to addressing hydrological stress can sometimes involve unilateral investment in the latest advances in technology to extract water, recourse to negotiated settlements and multilateral accords. Conversely, unilateral responses to water insecurity in such a region when not properly negotiated often create uncertainties and distrust that threaten regional stability. Even in the face of such volatilities, nations that were once at odds in the past over water insecurity are resorting to negotiations instead of the drumbeats of war in the Nile Basin of Africa. This is compounded by rapid growth in population, the threats of climate change through recurrent drought amidst high propensity to instability and poverty. Having said that, very little exists in the literature on current state of water politics of the study area using a mixscale model of GIS and descriptive statistics. At the same time, there has been limited coverage on the scale of water use, the different uses, and the distribution patterns in the study area. To bridge that void, the study will focus on transboundary water use within the purview of hydropolitics along the Nile Basin with emphasis on the issues, trends, factors, impacts and efforts. While the paper used mixscale techniques of GIS and descriptive statistics to analyze the trends. The results reveal notable disparity in hydrological parameters with evidence of water stress and abundance in various areas of the study area. For that, irrigation water use was more pronounced in the Northern nations of Egypt and Sudan coupled with cases of unmet water needs in the heavily populated places (Egypt and Ethiopia). Both nations experienced more cases of unmet water needs compared to the countries in the South. Notwithstanding, the higher volumes of rainfall and more per capita fresh water in the Sub Saharan Africa portion, than the North African zone, areas classified as water bodies and wetlands declined substantially throughout the Nile Basin. This could lead to depletion and growing anxiety. Considering the role of socioeconomic , political and physical elements in all these, the paper proffered solutions ranging from education, conservation, mediation and negotiated settlements as well as effective policies, and mutually binding agreements among nations in the region on water use.

Randall Collins is coming to the theory of conflict as a model that describes the diversity of the social world and, at the same time includes all of its variety. I’m going to show how conflict theory is applicable to different levels of social interaction in everyday life. In particular, I will focus on mediated kinds of conflicts that occur on-line and off-line. Given the wide distribution of mediated interaction, it is necessary to compare the mechanisms of interaction face to face in everyday life and the mechanisms of solidarity and emotional energy production while communicating through electronic media. Speaking about the interaction at the micro level, we are faced with a number of similar patterns. Solidarity, produced by making "friendship" on social networks can easily lead to conflicts of dominance similar to those that occur in small groups. Analyzing the features of the mediated network interaction, Randall Collins finds that such communication is not a substitute for bodily face-to-face interaction, but only supplements it. In addition, he notes that the degree of emotional solidarity that arises in this kind of interaction is much lower than those constitutes the social movements that have in its core bodily interaction. Separating these types of conflicts as a ‘virtual’ and ‘violent’ in this paper, we’ll try to pay attention to the similarities and differences in the effects of these kinds of conflicts.

Key words: virtual conflict, Randall Collins, solidarity, emotional energy, mediated interactions

The course aims at presenting various approaches to explain reasons for violent conflict. It focuses on social and political violence, and their short and long-term effects on social development. The topics covered address why and how people turn to violence. They provide a map to conflicts and wars nationally and internationally. The course examines diverse research traditions to comprehend violence in a critical way. It looks at ideologies, social groups and social organizations that nurture the participation of individuals in violent actions. There will be two primary traditions that will be focused on; the first focuses on the “conditions” under which conflicts are produced and the second emphasizes the “attitudes” motivating individuals to engage in conflict. As each tradition possesses its own vocabulary, theoretical distinctions will aim at providing students with a broad spectrum of tools to comprehend the complex, paradoxical relationship between humans and war and violence. For example, though most world nations have ratified the International Bill of Human Rights, intra-state conflicts are an enduring reality.

Livorno’s fourth occupation by the French (1806-1814) witnessed the creation of an Ottoman consulate in the Tuscan port. First entrusted to the trader from Epirus Niccolò Petrococchino, it was passed on to the Ionian merchant Angelo Cazzaiti in 1817. This episode is to be read in the context of a larger transformation of the Ottoman Empire’s foreign policy under sultan Selim III, as well as that of political troubles on a European scale (most notably with the Greek war of Independence from 1821 onwards). In my paper, I intend to analyse the role played by these consuls in representing both the Ottoman state and the interests of the Greek merchants in Livorno. I shall pay special attention to the many intra-communal conflicts that emerged in part because of the ambiguous nature of this mission.

The conflicts between herdsmen and farmers in different parts of Nigeria are one of the major national discourse in recent times because of the security challenges that are involved. This study was carried out to identify the security implications of these conflicts on Kogi State and the nation at large and suggest possible way forward. Data were generated from primary and secondary sources via interviews and literature search derived from earlier research work by these same authors titled "Farmers/Herdsmen Crisis in Kogi State: Security and Developmental Implications". Analyses were qualitatively and quantitatively carried out. Findings reveal gross material, physical and psychological consequences of these conflicts, which suggest that the security implications are alarming. These combine with the existing national security issues facing Nigeria are signs that the country is drifting into a failed state. A policy formulation and implementation that recognizes the role of modernization and political economy to development and good governance are necessary antidotes to this drift.

This article takes into consideration the presence of transnational mercenaries in the conflicts around the world and the national security implications of their returning to home countries. Many European states are nowadays worried because of the threats posed to the international security by foreign fighters that are currently fighting in Syria. This phenomenon must be carefully analyzed by the national authorities because such individuals could become radicalized and their new skills and fighting experience could be used for organizing terrorist attempts. The research underlines some measures taken today by the states against the mercenaries, in order to protect the public order and national security, and also offers some ideas for the Romanian authorities in order to develop action plans and foreign fighters counter-strategies that go in line with those of EU and European countries.

U radu se predstavljaju koncepti efektivna demokratija i kvalitet vladavine, kao i indeks efektivne demokratije koji je osmislio autor. Istraživanja pokazuju da je efektivna demokratija ključna za ostvarivanje ekonomskog rasta i da ima potencijal da anticipira moguće sukobe i spriječi da se preliju iz političke arene u stvarni život. Autor zaključuje da nijedna zemlja uključujući BiH, Srbiju, Hrvatsku i Crnu Goru još nije potpuno konsolidovala svoju demokratiju, pri čemu je utvrđeno da je najniži stepen efektivne demokratije u BiH. Osnovni razlozi koji utiču na sadašnji nivo efektivne demokratije je nizak nivo kvaliteta vladavine (QoG) koji se manifestuje kroz veoma nizak nivo poštovanja vladavine prava, visok nivo korupcije i nekvalitetnoj zakonskoj regulativi. Imajući u vidu da je visok nivo efektivne demokratije obrnuto proporcionalan sa mogućnošću izbijanja sukoba, autor brani argument da BiH još nije u potpunosti izašla iz ‘zamke konflikta’.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT
This paper presents the concepts of effective democracy and the Quality of Government (QoG), and the index of effective democracy created by the author. Studies show that effective democracy is critical for the economic growth and has the potential to anticipate and prevent possible conflicts from spilling-over from political arena to the real life. The author concludes that neither BiH, Croatia, Montenegro, nor Serbia have consolidated their effective democracies, while the lowest effectivce democracy has been detected in BiH. The basic reason that influences the current levels of effective democracy is the low level of QoG, in particular low levels of the respect of the rule of law, high level of corruption and poor quality of legal regulatory framework. Having in mind that the high level of effective democracy is inversely proportional with the probability of starting a conflict in the future, the author defends an argument that BiH is not completely out of the ‘conflict trap’.

In the context of globalisation Africa requires investment by multinational corporations (MNCs) to improve its competitiveness and to facilitate micro-level structural changes required for alleviating poverty and reducing its riskiness for investment. Economic theory recognises that MNCs can contribute to economic growth in developing countries through generating positive externalities. However, the extent to which Africa benefits from spill-over effects of MNCs remains to be empirically investigated. While some multinational corporations that operate in Africa take the corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies seriously, on the other hand there had been several complaints in many African countries on how these French multinational corporations conduct business within the continent. Thus, this paper intends to analyse the various paradoxes that are surrounding the activities of French multinational companies operating in Africa.

Abstract:- This paper outlines the fundamentals of a mathematical model for the quantitative analysis of the legal phenomena. This model is not intended to be confined to a certain area of law, nor to a specific legal system, instead it is meant to provide with a framework of legal general theory, applicable to every legal situation. The model works conditionally upon the fact that any legally material event is described using a logical hypothetical tool (the Model Situation). This model associates any Situation with a certain axiological potential, what makes possible to determine even the discretionary amount of axiological potential, at disposal for the tactics of the legal operator. Legal conflicts among axiological potentials could be easily and objectively adjudicated.

In this study, a teaching episode is analyzed to determine how a conflict is perceived as such and overcome by students as a result of the verbal interaction between the teacher and the students. The episode is part of a teaching sequence aimed at discussing the particulate nature of matter with students aged 15–16 years. In the task that generated the episode, the students observed a glass of water with a piece of rock and a ice cube and represented, by particles, the constitution of these three materials. The students represented the particles of ice closer than the particles of water, ignoring the observation that the ice cube floated on the water. The episode consisted of a discussion between the teacher and a group of students and shows the laborious construction of the conflict in the verbal interaction. The episode is analyzed by drawing from two different theoretical perspectives. The Piagetian theory of equilibration is used to describe the phases of compensatory construction in the students' attempts to deal with the problem. Analysis of the verbal interaction that resulted in the conflict's compensation is based on the work of investigators such as Vygotsky, Bakhtin, and Wertsch, and allows us to redefine the Piagetian constructs. The main theoretical issue raised by the present analysis is the shift from a personal perspective to a social one, which is a consequence of changing from personal construction to verbal interaction as the unity of analysis.

Following the break up of the Former Soviet Union , the fifteen  post soviet states  emerged as independent nations  spliting  off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics  in December 1991. They were also referred to as the Newly Independent States (NIS) even though  the Baltic states following their separation from the Soviet Union, felt they had been able to regain their  sovereignty, that they enjoyed before the  Second World War began.

It has to be borne in mind that these  fifteen  post-Soviet states historically  possess  different  common set of traits,not only due to their to geographic al location and cultural factors  but also with regard to their  region's historical relations with  Russia.
Though in the aftermath of their emergence,most of these  new post Soviet states set upon their  transition to a market economy  and made valiant efforts for  rebuilding  and restructuring of their  economies, they could not achieve very positive results to lessen the economic hardship of their respective population. The transition process  not only brought down the  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) but itw as felt to be a much more intense one  which threatened to take these countries to the brink of socio economic collapse as in keeping with the principles of market economy, the public  spending on health, education and other social programmes,had to be dramatically reduced ,which also led to a sharp increase in the poverty ratio within these countries .
It is now seen that another element has affected  the politics of some post-Soviet States ,forcing these countries to be in a political transition mode as several of these post-Soviet states are now experiencing changes in their inherited political leadership since their independence,with the traditional leaders now not only being proved corrupt and inept resulting in their overthrow by their population putting an end to the issue of dynastical succession and personality cult  around them as was being sought to be perpetuated by these leaders. This has also resulted in some kind of political instability which has endangered the newly established democratic governance structure  but also in the slowing down of economic growth,howsoever low it may be.

Besides these countries have also experienced territorial claims often leading to military conflicts ,which is another disturbing trend.Most important of them is the Chechnya, where separatists are demanding  independence from Russia and Nagorno-Karabakh,insisting on de facto separation from  Azerbaijan. The security situation has become worse  with continuing conflicts between the separatists and the federalists .Besides these separatist movements, there are also greater demands for higher level of autonomy from within the existing regions. The separatist conflicts are still labelled as "Frozen conflicts" though  mass bloodshed has almost stopped yet  there remains the grater danger since these  sentiments and opinions are now being  passed onto  new generations in a mobilizational mode aimed at securing the fulfilment of their demand in the future..

These countries have also witnessed Civil wars twice in the region,i.e., the Georgian Civil War between the forces of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Eduard Shevardnadze,which ended after the intervention of the Russian forces  and  the Tajikistan Civil War between 1992 and 1997apart from the aforesaid separatist movements,which has made the existing security scenario more complicated as the fear of further civil wars loom large in the regions with the unresolved question of nationalities vis vis the presence of  large Russian population in post-Soviet states ,whose political position as an ethnic minority is of varied nature  from country to country beside the claims to make Russian the official language in these countries  since the language has lost its official status in some  post-Soviet states since  the dissolution of the former Soviet Union.

After the so called collapse of the Soviet Union, the emergence of Islamic movements alongside ethnic and secular ones has further raised stakes for the national security in these countries.The increased mobilisation,Islamists are now seeking to use Islam to act  as a symbol of identity for the followers of this faith, a potent and actual force for mobilization and a pressure for changes in the peoples lives, often at great stress to the political system.

In my proposed paper I have examined these challenges in greater detail and analysed  the various socio economic and security dilemmas that have to be considered for mapping the future of  the conflict ridden post soviet states in Central Asia and in the redrawing of the security map of the region

Dr Biswajit Mohapatra
North-Eastern Hill University,Shillong

"This document serves as introduction to the system theory of violence hypothesis and concepts. It explains the cultural background of violence.

It was first published at a conference in Room: Edificio Principal, Seminario 1, University of Barcelona, Law faculty, 17:30 - 18:45 h. SESSION 2 , WORKSHOP MEETINGS
UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA
FACULTAT DE DRET, Av. Diagonal 684, Barcelona
MONDAY 21.07.2008 given under the title:
Room: Edificio Principal, Seminario 1
Criminology and Transdisciplinary Working
Chair: Andrés Ginestet Menke
Andrés Ginestet Menke; Karolin Eva Kappler (Federation of German Scientists - VDW)

The entire program of the ISC is to be downloaded here: https://www.academia.edu/30312690/XV_WORLD_CONGRESS_OF_THE_INTERNATIONAL_SOCIETY_FOR_CRIMINOLOGY

Paper considers different aspects of spatial development management in the zones characterized by significant spatial interventions, whose consequences are structural changes in usage of space, social and economic development, environmental and ambient quality. Those are, above all, big mining regions, zones of big water accumulations and main infrastructure corridors. Paper deals with normative, institutional and organizational assumptions for managing spatial development, planning approaches, construction and spatial arrangement, searching and structuring data basis and development of information system, system of indicators and monitoring system. Special attention is given to balance and synchronization of activities during compilation of study, planning and technical documentation, as well as procedures of considering and enacting appropriate decisions by competent authorities on national, regional and local level.

Keywords: spatial development, management, structural changes, production system, conflicts, planning, indicators

The transition from conventional energy sources toward a sustainably renewable energy-based system is being discussed in many parts of the world, on regional and larger levels. This article aims to broaden the understanding of regional transition processes by exploring the case of Marin County in the United States. The article expands on the heuristic Three-Phase-Model of regional transition (3PM), which was grounded on three case studies in Germany. As such, we compare the Marin County case with the original three cases. We present results on how the transition toward a local, renewable energy-based system emerged and developed in Marin County. Using the 3PM as a guideline, we also explore the differences and similarities to transition processes in the German cases. Although the wider institutional context is very different from Germany, the overall regional transition process in California was very similar in regards to the specific type and role of actors, their activities, the role of motives and artifacts. What differed most was that conflicts influencing process dynamics were much more evident in Marin County, especially the conflict with the incumbent utility and the conflict over localization of renewable energy production. We suggest adapting the 3PM according to these findings.

The Virginia State Bar continues to protect its self-interests and ignores blatant conflicts of interest in processing Complaints filed by the public against VSB lawyers.

The VSB is supposed to be the "Virginia Agency" that investigates Complaints filed by the public against lawyers practicing law in Virginia.

Voluntary certification schemes have grown in popularity since the late 1980s. Today, a large number of consumer items from coffee and chocolate to oil palm and soya products carry labels that supposedly attest their contribution to promoting fair trade or a reduction of negative environmental impacts. Many printed books, magazines and other paper products carry a label promising 'environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable' management of the tree plantations that deliver the raw material for the pulp and paper from which these products are made. This article explores the role that one such voluntary certification scheme used by the pulp and paper sector plays in maintaining ecologically unequal exchange. Would ecologically unequal exchange in a certified product cease to exist if the voluntary certification schemes available for pulp and paper products were to become the norm, instead of just catering to a niche market? If the answer to that hypothetical question is 'no' – which it is – then the question that arises is: what role does the voluntary certification scheme play in upholding ecologically unequal exchange? This article explores the role of one particular voluntary certification scheme – by the Forest Stewardship Council – in maintaining ecologically unequal exchange in the trade of pulp products between industrialised countries with a relatively high per-capital consumption of pulp and paper products and the global South, in this case Brazil. It shows how, from the perspective of communities who bear the ecological, social and economic cost of industrial tree plantations and who oppose further expansion of these plantations, voluntary certification schemes have (inadvertently?) helped tilt the balance of power even further in favour of corporate interests for expansion. An unacknowledged imbalance of power between corporations and the certification schemes, on the one hand, and communities and their allies, on the other, has become manifest and aids further expansion of industrial tree plantations for production of pulp for export, thus contributing to maintaining ecologically unequal exchange.

Les systèmes de certification volontaire sont devenus plus populaires depuis la fin des années 1980. Aujourd'hui, un grand nombre d'articles de consommation comme le café, le chocolat, l'huile de palme et le soja portent des étiquettes qui attestent de leur contribution à la promotion du commerce équitable ou à la réduction des impacts environnementaux négatifs. Plusieurs livres imprimés, magazines et autres produits de papier portent une étiquette prometteuse de gestion «respectueuse de l'environnement, socialement bénéfique et économiquement viable», avec du papier provenant de plantations qui fournissent la matière première pour la pâte et le papier à partir de laquelle ces produits sont fabriqués. Cet article explore le rôle qu'un tel système de certification volontaire utilisé par le secteur des pâtes et papiers joue dans le maintien des échanges écologiques inégaux. Les échanges écologiques des produits de la pâte et du papier seraient-ils rectifiés si les régimes volontaires de certification devenaient la norme? Si la réponse à cette question hypothétique est «non»-ce qu'elle est-alors la question inverse qui se pose est: Quel rôle le système de certification volontaire joue-t-il dans le maintien d'un échange écologique inégal? Cet article explore le rôle d'un système de certification volontaire particulier – le Forest Stewardship Council-dans le maintien d'un échange écologique inégal pour le commerce avec les pays industrialisés qui ont une consommation par habitant relativement élevée de produits de pâtes et papiers, et le Brésil. Du point de vue des communautés qui supportent les coûts écologiques, sociaux et économiques des plantations industrielles d'arbres, les systèmes de certification volontaire (par inadvertance?) ont contribué à faire pencher l'équilibre du pouvoir encore plus, en faveur des intérêts des entreprises industrielles. Un déséquilibre non reconnu du pouvoir entre les entreprises et les systèmes de certification, les communautés et leurs alliés est visible et contribue à l'expansion des plantations industrielles d'arbres pour la production de pâte à papier pour l'exportation. Cela contribue à maintenir des échanges écologiquement inégaux.

La popularidad de los esquemas de certificación voluntaria ha crecido desde la década de 1980. Actualmente, muchos productos de consumo como café, chocolate, aceite de palma y de soja llevan etiquetas que intentan demostrar su contribución al comercio justo o la mitigación de impactos ambientales. Asimismo muchos libros, revistas y otros productos de papel llevan etiquetas que aseguran que las plantaciones de árboles que producen materias primas para la pasta de papel gozan de una gestión ambientalmente adecuada, socialmente beneficiosa y económicamente viable. Este artículo estudia el rol que tiene uno de estos esquemas voluntarios de certificación en la industria del papel para mantener el intercambio ecológicamente desigual. Nos preguntamos si, en el caso que los esquemas de certificación voluntaria fueran la norma general y no solamente para nichos en los mercados, la desigualdad del comercio sería menor. Si la respuesta a esta hipotética pregunta es que "no", entonces surge esta cuestión: ¿Cuál es el papel de los esquemas voluntarios de certificación no en corregir sino al contrario en apoyar el intercambio ecológicamente desigual? Este artículo estudia un esquema en concreto, el del Forest Stewardship Council, en el contexto del intercambio ecológicamente desigual de pasta de papel entre países industriales con consumos per capita relativamente elevados y un país del Sur, Brasil. Desde el punto de vista de las comunidades que sufren los costos ambientales, sociales y económicos de las plantaciones industriales de árboles y que se oponen a su expansión, el esquema voluntario de certificación ha ayudado (¿sin querer?) a inclinar la balanza todavía más a favor de los intereses empresariales para la expansión. Es manifiesto que existe una asimetría de poder entre, por un lado las empresas y los esquemas de certificación, y por otro lado las comunidades y sus aliados, y ese desbalance ayuda a la expansión de las plantaciones industriales de pasta de papel para exportación y por tanto contribuye al comercio ecológicamente desigual.

Regions in the Middle East are still experiencing political and military hostilities which negatively affect the health and health services of millions of people. Cancer is one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality in the region. Palliative care for the cancer patient is one of the care options available for all those suffering from such a life-threatening disease. The Middle East Cancer Consortium (MECC) initiated a regional plan to implement palliative care approaches both in hospitals and the community. Moreover, the region lacks experienced professionals who could pave the way for establishing national palliative centers and guide primary care physicians and nurses to exercise this relatively new discipline in clinical practice. This report describes, in short, the endeavors, barriers and successes of this project, which are intended to bring medical professionals closer, thereby promoting understanding, respect and tolerance among individuals and communities in conflict.

The pertinence of the exploration alludes to the way that conjugal relations are the center of rela-tionships in any family and the longing for sound connections involves the need to examine the ten-sion and clashes inside the family space life. Be that as it may, there is an absence of studies in field of the character show among the marriage accomplices and their impact on explicit clash connection ships. There are numerous different edges of reference as to narcissism and narcissistic individual ality qualities, just as about the highlights of their impact inside the relationship and particularly inside the conjugal clash connections. Subsequently, the article expects to dissect the data as to the issue under investigation and discoveries about the relations structure of conjugal negative narcissism and highlights of conjugal rela-tionship working, just as the impact of the conjugal negative narcissism on the contention dad rameters as per the sexual orientation contrasts. The key examination way to deal with the investigation of this issue is a cutting edge psychoanalytic ap-proach that permits us to completely consider the issue of the narcissism show and to separate the clinical ramifications of this wonder inside the conjugal relations (this article is without thought) and typical advancement of narcissism. As per the last mentioned, one can recognize the conjugal negative narcissism as the zenith of narcissism, however inside the standard, which permits us to build more exact partialization inside the scope of "standard pathology". This issue have a place with the investigation of the Department of advising inside the structure of initi-ative logical activities. As per the psychoanalytic model of accomplices character, in 2016-2020 there was an experimental examination in regard to the impact of conjugal negative narcissism on the boundaries of contention between the marriage accomplices. The investigation incorporated the mates that educated about the contention with one another and communicated a craving to partake in the examination The examination results dependent on an arrangement of connection study and utilization of discriminative analy-sister so as to decide the impact of negative narcissism on conjugal clash inside the gatherings of people who are in marriage through the quantitative techniques for data favorable to cessing comparable to information from wedded accomplices. The paper presents the highlights of approaches in current therapy so as to consider the wonder of narcissism. There is a portrayal of partialization levels in regard to narcis-sism inside the "standard pathology" under the ideas of H. Kohut and O. Kernberg. There is a concentration to the investigation standards and pointers of psychodiagnostics according to negative narcissism inside the conjugal clash. There are quantitative and subjective consequences of an exact examination as to the impact of conjugal negative narcissism on the contention boundaries, and their between pretations. The materials of the article have reasonable incentive for specialists of the advanced family and family relations.

Minority rights, a subject with impact in a region marked by the existence of
numerous minorities and conflicts generated by their particular interests. Is there a maximum
limit that can be reached without endangering the state project of the majority or, regardless
of the quality of the granted rights, will they remain faithful to the project of constructing their
own nation? We respond with a case study of the Hungarian minority in Romania compared
to the Romanian one in Hungary.

The critical security studies should be not to establish "objective truth" but to enable a broader understanding of security based on respect for specific theoretical and political starting points in its conceptualization. Issues of environmental security and environmental protection are issues of overall security because they directly cause: open conflicts, have the potential to destabilize the regime, can lead to the displacement of the population and the disintegration of the states. Regarding the geopolitical consequences of climate change, climate change consequences, such as global warming, rising sea levels, droughts, melting glaciers, and many others, significantly impact the world geopolitics. The level of conflict between states depends on how strong the ties and common interests of the entire region states and globally. Some states depend on what the atmosphere will be like in their environment. If they are stable and economically prosperous, so will they affect neighboring countries. When climate change has reduced living resources, the economic framework played a much more critical role than religion in joining terrorist organizations. There is a need for research initiatives on how modern technologies, on the one hand, and the involvement of the younger generations and minorities on the other, can be used and increased as ways to strengthen communities' resilience to disasters and ensure an effective, comprehensive, and sustainable approach. Quality governance and leadership in the field of climate change is crucial for environmental safety.

In recent years, epigenetics have been shown to be a key element to embed the
effects of the environment on the programming of the genome and thus stable affect
different brain functions and human attitude. The optimistic message is that
epigenetic processes could be prevented or reversed by the appropriate interventions
that take into account these processes. In 2008, Szyf et al. proved that sexual abuse
results in an epigenetic marking of genes in the brain that is strongly associated with
altered behaviors later in life including potentially empathy. By this, they have
demonstrated, that there is a direct correlation between a specific form of trauma,
epigenetic aberration and the gene expression controlling stress responsivity and
other behaviors. Hence, any (traumatic) event is to the brain a trigger for change in
a lesser or larger way that is stable embedded in the biochemistry of DNA and alters
the phenotype triggering, e.g., suicidal and aggressive behaviors. This means that
human behavior is to a large extent modulated by epigenetic processes. Victimology,
as the science which translates the phenomenon of victimization into clinical
disciplines, social sciences, and law, can be seen as a form of epigenetic engineering
to reduce trauma. Thus, victimology should be conscious of its epigenetic impact as
to avoid trauma and its consequences. We will offer a short introduction in which,
first, Moshe Szyf presents concepts about his research in epigenetics. Second,
Karolin Kappler puts these findings into a wider social context. Third, Andrés Ginestet
draws conclusions of both previous speakers and translates them into social
engineering- and crafting-terms, followed by a debate about epigenetic modeling and
the (possible) future of a non-violent society.

Ce livre fait découvrir un phénomène religieux très présent en Méditerranée et pourtant encore fort peu connu : la fréquentation des mêmes sanctuaires par des fidèles appartenant à des groupes confessionnels différents. La mixité, cette aberration pour tout intégrisme, s’avère être un phénomène traditionnel, surtout dans les régions orientales du Bassin, là où les populations ont su s’adapter depuis de nombreux siècles à une vie politique et religieuse instable. Loin d’être des ensembles monolithiques, les religions apparaissent en effet «traversées». Ce livre en est une éclatante illustration.


This book introduces to a religious phenomenon, very present in the Mediterranean and yet not very known: the attendance of the same sanctuaries by believers from different faith groups. The mixed attendance of these places, this aberration for any fundamentalism, proves to be a traditional phenomenon, especially in the Eastern regions of the Basin, where the populations have adapted over many centuries to an unstable political and religious life. Far from being monolithic sets, religions appear indeed «crossed». This book is a vivid illustration.

As peace consolidates in Colombia, can biodiversity survive development? We discuss challenges and opportunities for integrating forest biodiversity conservation into developing, war-dilapidated economies of post-conflict regions, paving the way for a green economy and climate resilient society.