Destination

The striking feature of healthcare industry in India is its potential to grow at a much faster rate in the foreseeable future. In this prevailing situation, Health Tourism has emerged as a separate industry with incredible potential. Health/Wellness tourism refers to trips that are taken by tourists with the principal purpose being to improve their health and/or wellbeing.

The present study aims to outline the growing importance of culture in the field of tourism. More specifically, it highlights culture as a moderating variable in pre-visit tourist destination image formation, through the information sources utilized by the tourist in the selection of a holiday destination (that is, travel agencies alone vs. travel agencies together with the Internet). For this purpose primary research used a multicultural sample of 371 tourists from different European countries. The results show that the formation of a destination's pre-visit image amongst tourists, based on the information sources they use, is moderated by the level of uncertainty-avoidance of their national cultures.

The work on which this paper is based is important because it sheds light on a tourist’s emotional experiences on holiday, which are central to increase our understanding of tourist behaviour. The importance of investigating perceptions of travel risks has been recognized in a number of different factors, such as psychology, sociology, criminology and marketing. It is often assumed that perceptions of safety and security may influence an individual’s destination choice. The study found that most holidaymakers perceive earthquakes, tsunamis, SARS, terrorist activities and swine flu as risks. The results of the study suggest that safety, peace and stability are major concerns for tourists while choosing their travel destinations.

Gaining understanding about customers’ mindset and information on their experiences is a precondition for the formulation of an effective country branding strategy. What potential tourists might learn and how they can be made to feel about a place can help small and not very well-known countries compete with bigger and more popular tourist destinations. The article focuses on the effectiveness of Brand
Estonia and claims that it is still a challenge, despite  the existence of an ongoing strategy. It also favors the revision of the brand identity selection and the promotion of Estonian brand, and supports a customer-based approach for their assessment. Documentary and empirical evidence show that the image of Estonia among its most important target audiences in the field of tourism does not match the Estonian brand identity. The gap in-between was evidenced by the results and content analysis of 24 in-depth interviews made with a selected group of people well acquainted with the country as well as some branding experts. This article contributes to the existing case study literature with findings that also manifest opportunities to strengthen the country brand, if its formulation develops a realistic brand identity and its promotion is based on accurate, unique and appealing ideas. It proposes academic support to innovative or alternative concepts for the country branding, and comments on applications of this study to more specific fields and further research.

Bu araştırmada, Türkiye’nin en önemli turizm destinasyonlarından biri olan Antalya’nın tüketici temelli marka değerinin ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubu, Antalya ilini 2012 yılında Mayıs ile Ağustos ayları arasında ziyaret eden turistlerden oluşmaktadır. Uygulama için veri toplama aracı olarak destinasyon marka değerini ölçen anket kullanılmış olup, toplam 485 turistten veri elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin
analizinde aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma gibi betimsel analizlerden, faktör analizi, güvenirlik analizi, Pearson korelasyon analizi gibi istatistiksel testlerden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, katılımcıların Antalya’nın marka değerine ilişkin görüşlerinin olumlu olduğu tespit edilmiş olup, en olumlu görüş “marka sadakati” faktörü için hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre, marka değeri boyutları arasında pozitif yönde orta seviyede bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
In this research bringing out the consumer based brand equity of Antalya which is one of the most important tourism destinations in Turkey, is aimed. The sampling group of the research includes the tourists who visited Antalya from May to August in2012. The data collecting method is a questionnaire which evaluates the brand equity of
destination and data from 485 tourists has been collected in total. Descriptive analysis such as arithmetic mean and standard deviation; statistical tests such as factor analysis, reliability analysis, and Pearson corelation analysis were used in order to analyse the data. As a result of the research the ideas of the respondents about Antalya is positive in general and the most positive idea was found to be about the “brand equity” factor. However, according to the corelation analysis results, there is a mid level positive relationship among the brand equity dimentions.

Abstract
Different expressions are used in the national and international literature regarding the concept of destination, which includes some touristic activities and directs tourism resources. Destination, which is a versatile concept with its complex structure, is used as a “distension” in our language based on the word “distension” from English, and its tried to be expressed with different definitions and words in the studies of authors and researchers in the national and international literature. The term “destination”, expressed in the Turkish Language Institution as “place to arrive”, is tried to be explained with concepts such as “tourism-related area”, “touristic region”, place of visit”, “touristic center”, and its exact counterpart is uncertain in the relevant literature.
The aim of this study is to contribute to the definition complexity related to the concept of destination in the national and international literature, to develop a definition proposal and to contribute to the related literature. Within the scope of the study, secondary data were used and data were collected using the literature review technique. It has been tried to contribute to the definition of destination, which has a complex structure, with an attempt to define the difference in meaning and complexity in the national and international literature.

Öz
Birtakım turistik faaliyetleri içeren ve turizm kaynaklarına yön veren destinasyon kavramı ile ilgili ulusal ve uluslararası literatürde farklı biçimlerde ifadeler kullanılması söz konusudur. Sahip olduğu karmaşık yapısı ile çok yönlü bir kavram olan destinasyon, İngilizceden “destination” kelimesi temel alınarak dilimizde “destinasyon” olarak kullanılmakta olup ulusal ve ulusal literatürde yer alan yazar ve araştırmacıların çalışmalarında değişik tanımlar ve farklı kelimelerle ifade edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Türk Dil Kurumunda “varılacak olan yer” şeklinde ifade edilen destinasyon kavramı Türkçede “turizmle ilgili alan”, “turistik bölge”, “ziyaret edilen yer”, “turistik merkez” gibi kavramlarla ifade edilmekte olup tam karşılığı ise ilgili literatürde kesinleşmemiş durumdadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ulusal ve uluslararası literatürde destinasyon
kavramı ile ilgili yaşanan tanım karmaşıklığına bir nebze de olsa katkı sağlayabilmek, bir tanım önerisi geliştirmek ve ilgili literatüre katkıda bulunabilmektir. Çalışma kapsamında ikincil verilerden yararlanılmış, literatür taraması tekniği ile veri toplanmıştır. Karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olan destinasyon kavramına yönelik ulusal ve uluslararası literatürde yaşanan tanım farklılığı ve anlam karmaşasına bir tanımlama denemesiyle katkı sağlamaya çalışılmıştır.

ABSTRACT Multi-actor involvement and cooperation are emphasized elements of destination development. Whereas prior research has addressed challenges involved in creating inclusive structures and trust through bottom-up approaches, this paper’s focus is on the less explored attitude of acceptance of a top-down structure. The case study of Ostrobothnia in Finland shows a regional destination organization that went from broad involvement to less inclusiveness and transparency. Through interviews with public and private stakeholders, it was found that the formal exclusion was accepted by all actors, even those who were excluded, based on their common high expectations of enhanced effectiveness of the new organization. Building on institutional theory and inclusiveness, it is suggested that the long-lasting formal collaboration had created the trust needed among the stakeholders for a new, lean management to replace the old. However, lasting formal collaboration may also lead to development of informal networks that hinder further interaction. Any formal collaboration or partnership between the public and private sectors therefore needs to acknowledge the local socio-political context to overcome established social hierarchies and open up for new influences. Co-determination should be held as a potential solution rather than an imposed structure, as it depends on expectations and local conditions.

Gaining understanding about customers’ mindset and information on their experiences is a precondition for the formulation of an effective country branding strategy. What potential tourists might learn and how they can be made to feel about a place can help small and not very well-known countries compete with bigger and more popular tourist destinations. The article focuses on the effectiveness of Brand Estonia and claims that it is still a challenge, despite the existence of an ongoing strategy. It also favors the revision of the brand identity selection and the promotion of Estonian brand, and supports a customer-based approach for their assessment. Documentary and empirical evidence show that the image of Estonia among its most important target audiences in the field of tourism does not match the Estonian brand identity. The gap in-between was evidenced by the results and content analysis of 24 in-depth interviews made with a selected group of people well acquainted with the count...

The entire output of Victoria’s motets consists of about sixty pieces, all sacred. Such a small output for such a major composer and the absence of any secular works has led scholars to deal with the body of work as one whole. Two groupings of the motets, intended as such by the composer, display quite different musical writing. A typological and quantitative analytical approach, applicable to other works, sheds light on the specificities of these musical writings.
The first set comprises the first publication of the musician, a book of thirty-three motets, for 4, 5, 6 and 8 voices, published in Venice in 1572, mainly intended for the Proper of Time and the Proper of Saints. About ten texts set to music are variously modified. In regard of the music itself Victoria shows preference for homophony and more or less resorts to varied alternating vocal combinations depending on the number of voices of the pieces. He employs different durational scales and does not hesitate, for example to write sections in breves or in minims. Finally he frequently omits repetition of the textual units.
The second group comprises the seven new motets for the Common of Saints published in Rome in 1585. Their texts are not revised. The pieces are short and for 4 voices. They are more imitative, only using medium durational scales and repeating their textual units on a broader level, finally incorporating more systematic plainchant. These motets reflect a modest artistic ambition and complement the 1592 short masses of the Spanish composer.
If the 1572 and 1585 books do not share the same formats – upright quarto partbooks and folio choirbook respectively – both collections are however luxurious editions and intended for the best European chapels. More specifically, Victoria attempts to satisfy their various but complementary requirements.

Strategic tasks

a. Standardization of service delivery
b. Development of quality control systems
c. Consistency of promises
d. Improvements in operational management
e. Flexibility in services delivery
f. Training and education im¬provements
g. Smile and personal relation¬ships
h. Augmentation of tourism product
i. Total quality management

a. Niche marketing
b. Lifestyle targeting

a. Quality at each price level


a. Increase tourist volumes
b. Target new markets and pene¬tration in existing markets
c. Use yield management
d. Expand distribution channel mix
e. Aggressive marketing
f. Achieve high average spending per customer
g. Select high-quality specialized tour operators
h. Attract alternative types of tourism
i. Use alternative distribution channels
j. Motivate front-of-house em¬ployees as salesmen

a. Standardize service delivery
b. Increase productivity
c. Reduce labor costs
d. Rationalize supplies manage¬ment
e. Education/training for manag¬ers and employees
f. Use of new technology
g. Integrate service delivery within SMTEs

a. Internal marketing
b. Empowerment
c. Satisfactory salary and working conditions
d. Long-term relations with em¬ployees
e. Motivation and rewards

In the last three years, Sulina has registered a significant increase in terms of touristic traffic, the primary sector accessing this destination being formed of Romanian tourists that spend stays between 3 and 6 da ys. From the marketing research conducted in this city it resulted that this destination is well known among tourists, the most expensive services being, in tourists' opinion, those related to transport. The tariffs applied for transport, which ensures tourists travelling from Tulcea to Sulina, by fast ships, are high. The most accessible services are those of accommodation and related to food. The local leisure services point especially at sky-jet rides, sightseeing on delta channels and lakes with boats of different types. The day recreation, that targets artistic and cultural *ADDRESSES FOR CORRESPONDANCE: Nenciu Daniela Simona, Di mitrie Ca ntemir Christian Uni vers i ty, Fa cul ty of Touri s ti c a nd Commerci a l Ma na gement of Cons ta nta , Dezrobi ri i s tre et, nr.90 A, Cons ta nta , Roma ni a .

This study investigates the economic impacts of the Calabar Carnival Festival in Nigeria. A convenience sample of 464 attendees was used for the study. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was employed in collecting relevant social and economic data from respondents. The result supported the claim that event tourism has positive economic impacts on the host community.

This chapter provides an overview of destination choice models that have been developed to describe the process and strategies travellers use in trip planning. In addition, it discusses travellers' individual sociodemographic and psychological factors that influence the travellers' trip planning process as well as the effect of the decision frames in which travellers are making these decisions. Implications for travel recommendation systems are briefly discussed.

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The cultural pattern of speed perception plays an important role in the shaping of driving style around the world. This study takes a comparative approach in order to explore whether and how differently the driving style is perceived in two varying cultural contexts of Iran and Germany. This study also examines the association between car accidents and the driving style perception in these two countries. In order to collect research data, this study employs qualitative methods including participant observation and interviews. According to the results of this study presented and discussed in this paper, two major historical periods can be highlighted with regard to the cultural transition of driving styles in Iran: pre-modernization period and post-modernization period. The latter is recognized by such characteristics as speed, mobility, place, time, destination and road as a cultural experience.

ABSTRACT This paper revisits the phenomenon of literary tourism and explores the means by which destinations can leverage benefit in the form of destination branding and marketing strategies. The paper commences with an overview of the typologies used to categorise the phenomenon and to outline the various forms it takes in the particular geographic context of the UK. The extent to which literary tourism is a sub-set of cultural and heritage tourism is then explored with the migration from niche to mass tourism opportunity an emerging trend. With regard to literary places, the study identifies author-related, fictional-related, book and festival related forms of literary tourism. Thereafter the study critiques further the migration from niche to mass tourism, the move from cultural and heritage tourism to international literary themed development, the collaborative development of literary destination products and experiences, opportunities for destination brand development and finally broader policy and wider local visitor management issues. The study concludes by advocating a collaborative approach to future literary tourism development with collaboration needing to be consistent with the desired target markets of each stakeholder, consistent with existing brands and perhaps most importantly, sustainable in the longer term.