Government Intervention

Objective. This study examines the effects of union density and government-sector employment on earnings inequality in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States.Methods. Data on 167 MSAs from the 2000 Census are analyzed using standard regression techniques. Four measures of Atkinson's index (e=0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0) are used as the measure of earnings inequality for full-time, year-round workers.Results. MSAs with greater union density and greater government-sector employment have lower earnings inequality. The progressive effect of union density is strongest for earners in the middle of the distribution and less beneficial for workers at the bottom of the distribution. Government employment is generally associated with lower levels of earnings inequality, but state and federal government employment have the strongest effects.Conclusion. Even in the late 1990s, unions and government-sector employment remain effective at reducing earnings inequality.

Farms in Tajikistan currently face a severe debt crisis. This is part of a more general problem, as many transition countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) have been struggling with farm debt overhangs. Debt resolution discussions have been ...

This paper analyses how governance or institutional quality and tax morale affect the shadow economy, using an international country panel and also within country data. The literature strongly emphasizes the quantitative importance of these factors to understand the level and changes of shadow economy. However, the limited number of investigations use cross-sectional country data with a relatively small number of observations, and hardly any paper has investigated tax morale and provides evidence using within country data. Using more than 25 proxies that measure governance and institutional quality we find strong support that its increase leads to a smaller shadow economy. Moreover, an increase in tax morale reduces the size of the shadow economy.

Climate change challenges also present opportunities for influencing related regulations and Government intervention and creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship in individual corporate and collaborative responses to break free of constraints, help people to benefit and cope and achieve sustainable growth. Engagement and consultation with stakeholders to appreciate their perspectives and requirements may be advisable. Better understanding of developments and their impacts upon others can identify opportunities. Changing direction can be challenging and may require collective action. Better understanding of influencing factors and policy options can help to determine future scenarios.

While we can rely on markets to match producer supply with consumer demand for most goods and services, markets fail to yield the socially optimal outcome in the case of pollution so that government interventions are desirable. However, determining the "right" level of environmental protection is a question that holds both a social and a political component. Policy makers are

This paper examines the association between government policy interventions, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and exports in Taiwan and China by applying the LP (Lumsdaine and Papell, 1997), approach allowing two endogenous structural breaks. This paper further explores the cointegrating relationship between FDI and exports in Taiwan by using the Johansen and Juselius (1990) approach and causal relationships between FDI and exports in both Taiwan and China by using the Granger causality tests respectively. We found that significant trend breaks in the FDI and export time series detected in both countries coincided with extensive government interventions, mainly in the form of Export Processing Zones (EPZ), encouraging FDI during a transition period from import substitution to export orientation. The results emerging from our research indicate no long-run cointegrating relationship in Taiwan and one-way causal relationship flows from exports to FDI in China and FDI to exports in Taiwa...

As a small village in a micro state, Marsaxlokk always depended on actions undertaken by the central government. Thus the development of Marsaxlokk is directly correlated with the development policies undertaken by government. This dissertation will try to shed light over how three policy areas have affected the day to day life of residents of Marsaxlokk and how these policies have shaped their future. Chapter 1 will help the reader better understand the Aim of the Study, the History of Marsaxlokk and the Methodology used. Chapter 2 will first analyse existent literature that better explains development and its many facets, then Housing, Education and Fisheries policies will be investigated. Chapter 3 will first present a study of the Demographic Changes in Marsaxlokk, then the three policies analysed in the previous chapter will be studied in relation to their relevance to the Marsaxlokk community. In Chapter 4, Evaluations, Conclusions and Recommendations will be made.

This paper seeks to explore and to critically evaluate, from an economic standpoint, Joseph Schumpeter’s theory of the decline of capitalism, as put forward in his Capitalism, Socialism,
and Democracy. It begins by exploring and criticizing Schumpeter’s entrepreneurial theory, and then explains how this flawed theory led to Schumpeter’s conclusion vis-à-vis capitalist evolution into socialism. It then introduces into the theory of capitalist evolution an uncertainty-bearing entrepreneur, and re-examines the theory on this basis, both in general and, in the appendix, for the specific case of artificial increases in the supply of bank credit. The conclusion reached is that Schumpeter’s argument cannot hope to explain the decline of capitalism into socialism. However, while not valid for a truly capitalist system, Schumpeter’s theory is nevertheless applicable to an interventionist economy.

These are the proceedings from the Conference on Reforming the Public Expenditure Management System, which offered an opportunity to discuss a variety of policy recommendations and proposals. It is expected that these will provide momentum for reforming the public expenditure management system in Korea, and serve as references for fiscal reform in other countries as well. Moving towards a Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) involves building upon the current budget and policy decision-making process, with an aim to overcome some of the current incentives in the process and improve public expenditure decisions and management. Discussion papers explore the stages of a MTEF process, the role of some of the key institutions in the MTEF process, and references international practices to illustrate points. Further papers discuss MTEF implementation in Korea through the starting point of reform, key issues for introducing MTEF and top-down budgeting, as well as the successful installa...

This paper explores the politically determined development objectives and the intrinsic logic of government intervention policies in east developed countries. It is argued that the distorted institutional structure in China and in many least developed countries, after the Second World War, can be largely explained by government adoption of inappropriate development strategies. Motivated by nation building, most least-developed countries, including

... probabilistic' rationality would apply even more to foreign investors.' To what extent is the cross-national result borne out at the level of the firm in the Philippine setting? The issue of differential location behaviour of foreign vir-6-vis local firms is significant for policy and planning ...

Recent attempts at introducing new forms of governance in forest management in India have focused on devolution to user-groups or village level “participatory committees.” Success or failure is attributed to the presence or absence of “social capital” among these groups. These groups have never existed outside the state, however, and social relations, including social capital, are continually being transformed by administrative and market forces. This paper argues that what matters is not the degree of government intervention, i.e., more or less devolution, or the degree of social capital among local communities, but state accountability. This can only be ensured through addressing questions of political reform.